人眼视网膜成像自适应光学系统设计

设计一套基于液晶空间光调制器的人眼视网膜成像自适应光学系统,以获得高分辨率视网膜图像,并且使该系统实现体积小,功耗低,成本低等优点.采用夏克-哈特曼探测器和基于硅基板上的液晶器件分别作为波前探测器和波前校正器.系统采用双对准光源以主观方式来使人眼对准,近红外光探测成像以减小对人眼的刺激.使人眼对有限距离对焦,以减小离焦对成像的影响,使该系统既可用于正常眼,又可用于近视眼.用ZEMAX软件对系统进行了模拟分析,认为该系统可获得高于3 μm的视网膜分辨率,该系统设计是合理可行的.     

开环双脉冲液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统

为了获得高分辨率视网膜图像,利用液晶空间光调制器作为波前校正器建立了一套开环液晶自适应光学视网膜成像系统。与闭环模式相比,采用开环模式后,系统的能量利用率提高了1倍。系统采用双脉冲照明方式,以减少人眼曝光量,保护人眼安全。在照明光学系统中加入了大小视场切换装置使成像视场由之前的0.8°增至1.7°。同时优化了系统的时序控制流程,对人眼像差连续校正的同时快速调节成像相机的前后位置至最佳像面。对于开环模式对动态人眼像差的校正精度进行了测量,实验测得,经开环校正后,残差波面的均方根值约为0.09λ;相应的斯特雷尔(Strehl)比高于0.70,系统分辨率接近光学衍射极限的分辨率。对两名志愿者进行了实验,获得了清晰的眼底视网膜细胞图像。     

人眼视网膜成像自适应光学系统的初步试验和改进

搭建了一套基于液晶空间光调制器的人眼视网膜成像自适应光学系统,进行了活体人眼视网膜的初步实验.经过系统闭环校正,PV值和RMS值分别从2.293λ降低到0.176 553λ,从0.55129λ降低到0.105 11λ,接近衍射极限的水平.获得了较为清晰的人眼视网膜细胞图像,验证了液晶空间光调制器在人眼视网膜高分辨率自适应成像中应用的可行性,并针对试验中的遇到的激光散斑以及照明控制等问题,对原系统提出了一些改进设计.     

用于人眼视网膜成像照明的激光消散斑技术研究

以近红外激光(808 nm)作为人眼波前像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,液晶空间光调制器(LCOS)作为波前校正器,用哈特曼波前探测器探测人眼像差,构建了人眼像差自适应校正的视网膜成像系统.利用模拟眼分析了激光散斑对相机成像的影响和对哈特曼波前探测器进行像差探测的影响,同时验证了利用旋转散射体的方法消除激光散斑的可行性和有效性;用活体人眼进行了激光消散斑前后照明视网膜进行成像的对比实验,并进一步利用自适应光学技术实现了对人眼像差的动态校正和视网膜细胞的连续成像.校正后,系统波前像差的均方根值小于0.1λ.实验表明激光消散斑后可以同时作为人眼像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,从而可以进行连续自适应校正和成像.     

用于活体人眼视网膜观察的自适应光学成像系统

利用自适应光学技术,研制了两套活体人眼视网膜高分辨力成像系统,在实时校正人眼波前误差的基础上,实现活体人眼视网膜细胞尺度的高分辨力成像。这两套系统分别采用19和37单元小型压电变形反射镜作为波前校正元件,哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack)波前传感器测量波前误差,用眼底反射的半导体激光作为波前探测的信标。在用计算机控制自适应光学系统实现人眼波前误差校正后,触发闪光灯照明视网膜,用CCD相机记录视网膜的高分辨力图像。校正后的残余波前误差的均方根值已分别小于1／6和1／10波长,相当于视网膜上成像分辨力分别为3．4μm和2．6μm,接近衍射极限。试验表明37单元系统的成像质量更好。     

Retina imaging system with adaptive optics for the eye with or without myopia

An adaptive optics system for the retina imaging is introduced in the paper. It can be applied to the eye with myopia from 0 to 6 diopters without any adjustment of the system. A high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) device is used as the wave-front corrector. The aberration is detected by a Shack-Harmann wave-front sensor (HASO) that has a Root Mean Square (RMS) measurement accuracy of λ/100 (λ = 0.633 μm). And an equivalent scale model eye is constructed with a short focal length lens (∼18 mm) and a diffuse reflection object (paper screen) as the retina. By changing the distance between the paper screen and the lens, we simulate the eye with larger diopters than 5 and the depth of field. The RMS value both before and after correction is obtained by the wave-front sensor. After correction, the system reaches the diffraction-limited resolution approximately 230 cycles/mm at the object space. It is proved that if the myopia is smaller than 6 diopters and the depth of field is between −40 and +50 mm, the system can correct the aberration very well.     

Binocular adaptive optics vision analyzer with full control over the complex pupil functions

We present a binocular adaptive optics vision analyzer fully capable of controlling both amplitude and phase of the two complex pupil functions in each eye of the subject. A special feature of the instrument is its comparatively simple setup. A single reflective liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator working in pure phase modulation generates the phase profiles for both pupils simultaneously. In addition, another liquid crystal spatial light modulator working in transmission operates in pure intensity modulation to produce a large variety of pupil masks for each eye. Subjects perform visual tasks through any predefined variations of the complex pupil function for both eyes. As an example of the system efficiency, we recorded images of the stimuli through the system as they were projected at the subject's retina. This instrument proves to be extremely versatile for designing and testing novel ophthalmic elements and simulating visual outcomes, as well as for further research of binocular vision.     

In vivo fluorescent imaging of the mouse retina using adaptive optics

In vivo imaging of the mouse retina using visible and near infrared wavelengths does not achieve diffraction-limited resolution due to wavefront aberrations induced by the eye. Considering the pupil size and axial dimension of the eye, it is expected that unaberrated imaging of the retina would have a transverse resolution of 2 microm. Higher-order aberrations in retinal imaging of human can be compensated for by using adaptive optics. We demonstrate an adaptive optics system for in vivo imaging of fluorescent structures in the retina of a mouse, using a microelectromechanical system membrane mirror and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor that detects fluorescent wavefront.     

基于眼模型的折/衍混合眼底相机设计

应用二元衍射光学理论,设计了一个基于Gullstrand-LeGrand眼光学模型的折／衍混合免散瞳手持式数字眼底相机．该相机的视场角28°,摄影系统由五片透镜构成,其中包含一个二元面．在综合考虑人眼本身和外部系统的像差后,实现了全视场200万像素的高清晰成像,具有较大调焦能力,对-10D至7D屈光度人眼普遍适用．结果显示,该系统成像分辨率高于120lp／mm,场曲值小于0．75mm,畸变仅为7．0％,色差小于3．5μm．衍射光学元件的引入,有效地简化了系统,减小了重量和体积．     

Simulated human eye retina adaptive optics imaging system based on a liquid crystal on silicon device

In order to obtain a clear image of the retina of model eye, an adaptive optics system used to correct the wave-front error is introduced in this paper. The spatial light modulator that we use here is a liquid crystal on a silicon device instead of a conversional deformable mirror. A paper with carbon granule is used to simulate the retina of human eye. The pupil size of the model eye is adjustable (3--7mm). A Shack-Hartman wave-front sensor is used to detect the wave-front aberration. With this construction, a value of peak-to-valley is achieved to be 0.086Λ, where Λ is wavelength. The modulation transfer functions before and after corrections are compared. And the resolution of this system after correction (69lp/m) is very close to the diffraction limit resolution. The carbon granule on the white paper which has a size of 4.7μm is seen clearly. The size of the retina cell is between 4 and 10μm. So this system has an ability to image the human eye's retina.     

Capability of a Liquid-Crystal Adaptive Optics System Based on Feedback Interferometry for Retinal Imaging

A modified arrangement of the adaptive optical retinal imaging system that we described previously is proposed to reduce the intensity loss in the system, so that it works properly even when the intensity of light incident on the eye is very weak. Experiments to verify the system performance were conducted using a conventional artificial eye with a specular reflector as a model retina. We observed that an image of a test target (mimicking a retina) blurred by an aberration plate (mimicking the ocular aberrations) was successfully restored in the adaptive optics fashion even when the intensity of the incident light probing the aberration of the eye became about 1.5% of that required in the previous system. Effect of a more realistic artificial eye with a scattering object as a model retina was also examined experimentally. We found that not only the ocular aberrations, but also the retinal scattering cause the wave-front deformations and that our adaptive optics system compensates for both of them simultaneously.     

基于眼模型的折/衍混合眼底相机设计

本文应用二元衍射光学理论,设计了一个基于Gullstrand-Le Grand眼光学模型的折/衍混合免散瞳手持式数字眼底相机。该相机的视场角28°,摄影系统由五片透镜构成,其中包含一个二元面,在综合考虑人眼本身和外部系统的像差后,实现了全视场200万像素的高清晰成像。而且,具有较大调焦能力,对-10D至7D屈光度人眼普遍适用。结果显示,该系统成像分辨率高于120lp/mm,场曲值小于0.75mm,畸变仅为7.0%。同时,衍射光学元件的引入,有效地简化了系统,减小了重量和体积。     

Chromatic aberration free liquid crystal adaptive optics for flood illuminated retinal camera

A high-resolution, flood-illumination retinal camera using liquid crystal (LC) adaptive optics (AO) is presented. The retinal camera uses light at 780 nm for ocular aberration measurement while light at 655 nm and 593 nm for retinal imaging. In order to avoid chromatic aberrations due to wavelength dependence of LC, we adopt an open-loop technique, in which dynamic correction of aberrations is applied only to the imaging light. A compensation pattern projected on the LC wavefront corrector is adjusted to provide phase wrapping of 2 π for illumination light. We confirmed feasibility of this technique by performing in vivo retinal imaging experiments. Photoreceptors were clearly revealed at both imaging light at 655 nm and 593 nm. Feasibility of the technique was also supported by comparison of the retinal images taken by the present open-loop technique with those taken by the conventional closed-loop one and by analysis of the spatial distribution of the photoreceptors.     

Phase diversity for calibrating noncommon path aberrations of adaptive optics system under nonideal measurement environment

When the defocus cannot be measured and the wavefront solution set is restricted by a multi-channel, some practical problems exist in the calibration of the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system. To solve these problems, an evaluation function of phase diversity algorithm is constructed in this paper. We use the method that the estimated aberration and the modulated deformable mirror iterate each other to make up the nonideal measurement environment. Then the ill-pose problem of the solution by phase diversity, produced as relaxing constraints of the diversity defocus on the wavefront solution set, is solved. We have adopted the proposed method to measure the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system on a 1.23 m telescope. Experimental results demonstrate that wavefront solution is more accurate and the whole imaging quality is improved effectively by using the deformable mirror to compensate the aberration measured.     

Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator

We have developed an adaptive optics (AO) fundus camera to obtain high resolution retinal images of eyes. We use a liquid crystal phase modulator to compensate the aberrations of the eye for better resolution and better contrast in the images. The liquid crystal phase modulator has a wider dynamic range to compensate aberrations than most mechanical deformable mirrors and its linear phase generation makes it easy to follow eye movements. The wavefront aberration was measured in real time with a sampling rate of 10 Hz and the closed loop system was operated at around 2 Hz. We developed software tools to align consecutively obtained images. From our experiments with three eyes, the aberrations of normal eyes were reduced to less than 0.1 μm (RMS) in less than three seconds by the liquid crystal phase modulator. We confirmed that this method was adequate for measuring eyes with large aberrations including keratoconic eyes. Finally, using the liquid crystal phase modulator, high resolution images of retinas could be obtained.     

Wide-field coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with non-phase-matching illumination

We have developed and tested a wide-field coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy technique, which provides the simultaneous imaging of an extended illuminated area without scanning. This method is based on the non-phase-matching illumination of a sample and imaging of a CARS signal with a CCD camera using conventional microscope optics. We have identified a set of conditions on the illumination and imaging optics, as well as on sample preparation. Imaging of test objects proved high spatial resolution and chemical selectivity of this technique.     

超分辨率活体人眼视网膜共焦扫描成像系统

活体人眼共焦扫描成像系统的分辨率受到人眼像差、数值孔径和探测针孔尺度的限制,本文设计了一套超分辨活体人眼视网膜共焦扫描系统,采用自适应光学技术探测并校正人眼像差,结合光学超分辨技术提高系统分辨率,补偿有限尺度针孔对分辨率的影响,并获得活体人眼的实时、高分辨图像. 关键词： 超分辨 共焦扫描光学显微术 眼科光学 自适应光学     

高准确度LCOS自适应光学成像系统的研究

设计了一种液晶自适应光学成像系统.系统中高准确度硅基板液晶(LCOS)器件被用来校正波前位相.LCOS的优势在于它具有几十万个校正单元,而传统的变形镜最多只有1 000左右的校正单元,这种驱动单元的优势使LCOS拥有更高的校正准确度.系统中哈特曼波前传感器被用来测量波前畸变.对点光源进行闭环校正实验中,CCD相机获取了一个高清晰光点图像.实验中波前校正准确度为PV=0.08 λ,rms=0.015 λ(λ=632.8 nm),系统接近衍射极限.     

西安理工大学无线光通信系统自适应光学技术研究进展

总结了国内外自适应光学技术在无线光通信系统应用中的研究进展和技术分类,同时介绍了西安理工大学在该领域的工作,包括有波前测量的自适应光学系统、无波前测量的自适应光学系统、液晶空间光调制器波前校正、偏摆镜和变形镜组合的波前校正、空间光光纤耦合自适应光学波前校正等。自适应光学技术可有效修正无线光通信系统中由大气湍流引起的畸变波前,提高耦合效率和通信性能。虽然这些方法在理论分析和工程实际中尚不完善,但不失为人们在该领域进行的有益探索。     

600mm望远镜液晶自适应系统成像光路设计

为了与600 mm望远镜匹配以验证液晶自适应光学的有效性,利用Zemax光学设计软件进行了液晶自适应光学系统的设计和优化.根据望远镜的参量、大气湍流的特性和液晶的特点提出设计要求,然后进行光学系统设计和Zemax软件模拟优化,设计出了满足要求的系统.对该光学系统进行性能评价.设计出的系统与望远镜的组合焦距为35 m, F数为58.求得光学系统在像面处的极限线分辨力为44.8 μm,成像CCD的像元尺寸为16 μm,满足采样定理.液晶自适应光学系统的调制传递函数与衍射极限传递函数非常接近,而且系统的光程差像差在0.1λ左右,说明系统具备优良的光学性能.