耦合京津冀气溶胶模式的HJ-1卫星CCD数据大气校正

针对目前HJ-1 CCD大气校正没有考虑中国地区气溶胶模式的问题,提出一种耦合中国地区局部气溶胶模式的大气校正方法。以京津冀地区作为研究区域,该方法对地基北京城区和香河站点反演的气溶胶模式参数进行聚类,得到京津冀地区具有代表性的四类气溶胶模式,并根据四类气溶胶模式来建立查找表进行气溶胶光学厚度的反演。HJ-1 CCD数据没有短波红外波段(2.12 μm),无法采用MODIS的气溶胶算法中获得地表反射率的方法来计算蓝红波段的反射率,本文在气溶胶光学厚度的反演中采用HJ-1卫星的蓝色(0.43~0.52 μm)和红色(0.63~0.69 μm)波段的反射率比值作为误差方程的依据,不需要输入地表目标的反射率。基于反演后的光学厚度对HJ-1 CCD数据进行大气校正,并与ASD光谱辐射计测量数据以及MODIS地表产品数据(MOD09)进行对比。结果表明,该方法得到的大气校正结果与ASD测量结果接近,并与MOD09有较强的相关性,红色波段的平均相关系数达到了0.8以上,受气溶胶影响最大的蓝色波段平均的相关系数也达到了0.75左右。     

基于环境一号卫星的霾监测应用

随着我国城市的发展,霾已经成为大气污染的重要形式。从霾的物理性质出发,利用米理论和RT3计算了霾的光学性质和反射特性,表明环境一号(HJ-1)卫星CCD相机的第一和第二波段最适宜霾的反演。然后,利用深蓝算法,基于MODIS地表反射率产品建立地表反射率库,实现霾的反演。最后,以北京为试验区进行了2009年全年的反演试验,结合地面观测结果的验证表明,HJ-1监测结果与地面结果有着较好的相关性(相关系数大于0.9),但整体大于地面监测结果。讨论表明,地表反射率库的误差对区分霾影响较小(带来的霾光学厚度误差小于0.1),HJ-1的CCD传感器的辐射分辨率尚不能完全满足霾监测需求。     

航空偏振遥感数据反演陆地上空气溶胶光学厚度

在陆地上空气溶胶遥感中,地表多样性会导致地表反射率计算误差增加,降低地气解耦精度,进而影响气溶胶反演精度。多角度、多光谱和偏振观测数据的引入有利于解决地气解耦精度和气溶胶参数的提取精度受限的问题。基于多角度偏振辐射计(AMPR)航空多光谱遥感数据,结合气溶胶散射和地表偏振反射规律,提出了在1 640 nm波段对AMPR观测偏振反射率进行连续大气辐射校正,实现地气解耦的方法。在此基础上,构建了陆地上空气溶胶偏振反演算法。运算过程中使用665和865 nm波段观测数据进行气溶胶参数提取,使用1 640 nm波段观测数据结合提取的气溶胶参数进行大气偏振辐射校正,重新获取地表偏振反射率。在反演过程中引入迭代,逐步逼近大气与地表真实辐射值,实现地气解耦,并利用查找表的方法实现气溶胶光学厚度反演。通过AMPR在京津唐地区5个架次的航空观测实验数据对反演算法进行了验证,结果与地基CE318观测数据一致性较好,在气溶胶光学厚度小于0.5的情况下,反演平均误差为约0.03。     

基于HJ-1-CCD数据的地表反射率反演与验证

环境一号卫星OCD相机(HJ-1-CCD)30m的空间分辨率在地物识别中具有潜在优势,然而由于缺少短波红外通道,利用暗像元法反演地表反射率较为困难.基于北京与珠三角地区的地物光谱试验,获得暗像元的植被指数与红、蓝波段反射率比值,构建基于辐射传输模型的大气校正算法.为了验证算法精度,将北京地区卫星反演值与实测的草坪、水体...     

资源三号卫星多光谱数据的大气校正研究

资源三号卫星多光谱数据空间分辨率达到5.8 m,能够很好的应用于地物分类和识别,由于其缺乏短波红外波段,无法采用暗目标法进行大气校正,因此,提出通过6S辐射传输模型构建大气校正系数查找表,结合MODIS数据反演的气溶胶光学厚度参数的大气校正方法,对ZY-3卫星多光谱(MUX)数据进行大气校正。采用敦煌地区星地同步测量的石膏矿、戈壁两种地物光谱对大气校正结果进行了验证,并比较了大气校正前后归一化植被指数(NDVI)。结果表明：大气校正后的地面反射率与石膏矿、戈壁两种地物实测光谱数据相对误差不超过6%;大气校正增大了植被的NDVI与其他地物的NDVI的差值,突出在植被监测方面的应用能力。     

利用MODIS卫星资料反演北京地区气溶胶光学厚度

大气气溶胶是影响城市环境空气质量的重要因素,同时对人类健康具有重要影响。传统的气溶胶遥感反演方法多适用于海洋及植被等地表反射率较低的区域,对于城市等高亮地表区域,地表反射率较高且难以确定,气溶胶反演面临巨大挑战。针对该问题,提出一种新的地表反射率的确定方法,将下垫面划分为暗地表和亮地表两种类型,分别使用可见光与短波红外的线性关系和利用长时间序列MODIS表现反射率数据使用最小值合成技术构建先验数据集的方法,确定其地表反射率,然后基于辐射传输方程理论利用查找表方法,进行气溶胶光学厚度反演。选择下垫面复杂、空气污染问题严重的北京市作为研究区,应用MODIS数据进行气溶胶反演实验,最后使用北京站、香河站、北京CAMS站和北京RADI站4个AERONET气溶胶地基观测数据和MODIS气溶胶产品对反演结果进行对比验证。结果表明该算法气溶胶反演结果与地基观测数据具有较高的一致性（R2=0.902）,能以较高精度实现城市等高反射率地区的气溶胶反演,反演精度与空间连续性上较MOD04有显著提高。     

基于改进暗目标法山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度反演

国产HJ CCD影像在环境与灾害监测预报方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但其缺少中红外波段无法直接应用传统暗目标法反演气溶胶光学厚度,尤其山区受地形影响,气溶胶时空分布变化显著,影响了HJ CCD影像的大气校正精度。基于山区森林植被分布广的特点引入红波段直方图阈值法自动提取山区浓密植被暗像元,构建红蓝波段地表反射率间的线性关系,利用6S辐射传输模型建立查找表反演暗像元的气溶胶光学厚度,并通过空间插值推演到整幅影像。HJ CCD影像反演结果与MODIS气溶胶产品的空间分布趋势一致性非常好,且前者具有更高的空间分辨率特性,更适合山区气溶胶的遥感监测。二者的散点图拟合曲线为y=0.828 6x-0.001,R2达到0.984 3,表明改进暗目标法能有效地反演山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度。工作中对传统暗目标法的改进有效地解决了HJ CCD影像只有可见光、近红外波段,在求解辐射传输方程时信息不足的问题,同时,改进方法中充分考虑了山区复杂地形环境的影响,为山区HJ CCD影像进行逐点大气校正奠定了基础,并为其自动化处理提供了可能。分析还显示,红波段直方图阈值法提取浓密森林暗像元比NDVI阈值法具有明显的优势;查找表建立和暗像元红、蓝波段地表反射率关系都会显著的影响气溶胶光学厚度的反演精度,是进一步改善算法、提高反演精度的重要研究方向。     

基于非负矩阵分解的中红外地表特性光谱重建方法

在中红外遥感领域,高光谱地表反射率/发射率等地表特性具有极高的应用价值和应用需求,但利用卫星遥感手段难以获取吸收波段的高光谱地表反射/发射特性,且通过光谱重建获取全波段的地表特性方法仍存在很多问题。为解决中红外全波段地表特性光谱重建所面临的难题,基于约翰霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University, JHU)地物波谱库和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)短波红外和中红外地表多光谱卫星产品,提出了一种利用非负矩阵分解(NMF)重建高光谱地表反射率的方法,对2.5～5.0μm中红外光谱范围内的地表反射/发射率进行光谱重建,重建后的光谱分辨率可达10 nm。首先基于JHU地物波谱库选取4种典型地物类型(土壤、植被、人造材料和岩石),建立地物光谱库样本信息,再利用MODIS传感器光谱响应函数,根据等效计算公式将2.0～5.0μm波段范围反射率结果重采样到10 nm光谱间隔、共301个波段,得到JHU地表反射率光谱数据集。对光谱数据集进行非负矩阵分解处理,提取4条端元向量光谱曲线,结合MODIS短波红外和中红外4个波段(2.13、 3.75、 3.96和4.05μm)的全球月均地...     

基于辐射传输模型的环境一号卫星CCD相机的水体大气校正方法研究

水体大气校正问题是开展我国环境一号卫星水色遥感定量化应用的关键。针对环境卫星CCD相机的特点,以水气耦合的辐射传输模型构建大气校正参数查找表,研究以地面气象数据辅助的逐像元水体大气校正方法,实现水体离水反射率和遥感反射比的反演。以现场测量数据和MODIS数据为参考进行水体大气校正效果验证,研究发现CCD相机的反演结果在蓝、绿波段的精度较高而红、近红的反演结果系统偏大。研究结果还表明气溶胶模型是影响水体大气校正精度的重要因素。     

基于冠层辐射传输模型的地表反射率光谱重建方法

针对基于多光谱数据有限光谱信息重建地表反射率光谱的病态求解难题,提出一种基于冠层辐射传输物理机理并充分考虑像元异质性的地表反射率光谱重建方法,该方法假设混合像元由植被和土壤两种地物类型组成,利用冠层辐射传输模型构造端元光谱查找表,进而通过组分比例因子估算实现基于多光谱图像的高光谱地表反射率模拟。以Landsat ETM+多光谱图像为例的地表反射率超光谱重建验证实验结果表明,模拟的反射率光谱能够较好的反映不同地物特征信息。进一步地,利用模拟的地表反射率拟合Landsat ETM+图像和MODIS图像,各波段模拟图像与实际观测图像之间具有较高的相关系数(Landsat: 0.90~0.99, MODIS: 0.74~0.85),进一步验证了该方法的可行性。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.