被动螺旋耳蜗力学模型

耳蜗是人体重要的感音器官,蜗管中的基底膜是所有微观组织的支撑结构,其与淋巴液之间复杂的耦合运动是耳蜗感音功能产生的首要条件.通过将耳蜗的长度划分为有限数量的元素,并给定径向分布,推导出一组控制方程,用于微力学和流体耦合.然后结合矩阵组合方程,得到基底膜和淋巴液完全耦合的响应.分析不同激励下基底膜的瞬时响应、不同频率激励时共振位置的时域响应以及基底膜质量及刚度变化对其生物力学行为影响和听力功能的作用.结果发现:基底膜质量及刚度的增大均导致最大响应减弱,但最大响应位置却向基底膜不同方向移动,前者向底部而后者向顶部向移动;变化的基底膜截面可以很快地降低耳蜗中部和顶部的特征频率,以达到较好的滤波和放大特定频率激励的效果,且可以让耳蜗对特定频率区(1000—3000 Hz)间有较高的分辨效果.     

基于电光晶体马赫-曾德干涉仪的载波包络偏移频率调节方法

基于电光晶体马赫-曾德(M-Z)干涉仪的载波包络相位偏移频率(carrier-envelop offset frequency, f₀)调节方法是一种新颖的f₀调节方法.该方法通过改变脉冲包络而不改变载波频率实现对f₀信号的调节.本文对该方法所涉及的偏振控制装置进行了仿真,分析了其中波片光轴偏差对输出激光偏振方向和偏振度的影响.在实验上提出了一种光轴校准方法以减小波片光轴偏差带来的影响,并对比了抽运电流调节方法和基于电光晶体M-Z干涉仪的f₀调节方法对f₀信号和光梳与激光拍频信号(beat note, f_b)的影响.实验结果表明改变抽运电流,在f₀调节量为9 MHz的情况下,对f_b影响为7 MHz.而在相同f₀调节量下,电光晶体M-Z干涉仪f₀调节方法对f_b的影响为0.2 MHz,仅为抽运电流对f_b影响的1/35,从而验证了基...     

垂直振动激励下颗粒材料有效质量和耗散功率的研究

研究了垂直振动激发下钨颗粒的动态有效质量(ω) 和耗散功率p(ω)随频率ω 的依赖关系. 实验发现, 在给定的振动幅度下, 自由表面样品有效质量的实数部分M₁ (ω) 、虚数部分M₂ (ω) 以及耗散功率p(ω)随频率的变化曲线均出现一个尖锐的共振峰. 随着在颗粒上表面施加压强的增大, M₁ (ω), M₂ (ω) 和耗散功率p(ω)曲线的峰值频率向高频移动, 且峰值高度也相应增大. 进一步研究发现, 有效质量实数部分的共振频率f_g 随表面压强P的变化满足分段幂律规律, 当P较小时, 幂指数为0.3, 当P较大时, 幂指数减小为1/6. 颗粒系统的品质因子的倒数1/Q随压强P的变化满足指数衰减规律.     

非对称电流偏置下互耦半导体激光器的混沌同步特性研究

利用两个电流偏置在不同值的半导体激光器(SL)构建一个延时互耦系统,实验研究了两个SL的非对称偏置电流和频率失谐Δf(=f₁-f₂,f₁,f₂分别对应SL1和SL2的自由振荡频率)对系统混沌同步性能的影响.研究结果表明:对于两个振荡频率一致的SL,当两个SL的偏置电流差异较大时系统能实现较好的混沌同步;通过调节两个SL的温度,使两个SL的振荡频率失谐,对于SL1电流远大于SL2电流的情形,正频率失谐 关键词： 半导体激光器 非对称电流偏置 互耦 混沌同步     

CaS基态(X~1∑~+)结构及势能函数研究

采用B3LYP、BP86、B3P86、QCISD、CCSD方法.分别选用6-311G（2df,3pd）、6-311G（2df,2pd）、6-311G（3df,2pd）、6-311G（3df,3pd）、sddall、sdd基组对CaS基态（X¹∑⁺）分子进行结构优化.最后选用最佳基组B3LYP/6-311G（3df,3pd）的计算结果.分别对Murrell-Sorbie（i=3,4,5,6,7,8,9）函数及修正的函数Murrell-Sorbie+G₆运用最小二乘法拟合运算,导出CaS分子的力常数（f₂,f₃,f₄）;最终选用最能反映CaS性质的函数Murrell-Sorbie（i=9）,计算CaS光谱常数（ω_e,B_e,α_e,ω_eχ_e）.结果表明:用MurrellSorbie（i=9）函数计算出的f₂,f₃,f₄比选用Murrell-Sorbie（i=3,4,5,6,7,8）及Murrell-Sorbie+C₆更接近实验数据;用Murrell-Sorbie（i=9）计算的CaS分子光谱常数与理论值非常吻合;CaS分子运用MurrellSorbie（i=9）函数能够准确表达.     

对23P2介子九重态中同位旋标量成员的质量分析

基于实验上已经确认的基态张量介子九重态的安排和现有的实验数据,利用从雷吉轨迹理论和质量混合矩阵推导出的介子质量关系,对张量介子第一径向激发态的安排做了分析预测.根据得到的结果,可以推测f₂（1810）和f₂（2010）可能作为张量介子第一径向激发态的候选者.同时给出了f₂（1810）和f₂（2010）作为张量介子第一径向激发态时的衰变信息.这些结论对激发态张量介子,特别是其中的同位旋标量态的安排将提供帮助.     

Raman光谱方法研究三氯甲烷与苯分子间的C/H…π相互作用

测量了不同浓度三氯甲烷（CHCl₃）与苯（C₆H₆）二元溶液的Raman光谱,随C₆H₆浓度的增加,受分子间C/H…π相互作用的影响,CHCl₃中C—H键伸缩振动频率向低波数移动;当CHCl₃体积分数小于40%,C—H键伸缩振动频率不变,分子间C/H…π相互作用达到饱和.分别以CHCl₃和C₆H₆体积分数为70%的CHCl₃-C₆H₆混合溶液为研究对象,测量了它们的高压和低温Raman光谱.根据CHCl₃中C—H键伸缩振动频率随压强和温度的变化关系,得出了分子间C/H…π相互作用对压强和温度的扰动表现出不稳定性.     

电子温度各向异性对螺旋波等离子体中电磁模式的传播及功率沉积特性的影响

采用考虑粒子温度各向异性热等离子体介电张量模型,借助磁化、均匀密度分布等离子体中电磁波的一般色散关系,在低磁场、低气压螺旋波等离子体典型参量条件下,理论分析了电子温度各向异性对电磁模式传播特性和角向对称模功率沉积的影响.研究结果表明:对于给定的纵向静磁场B₀(或波频率ω),存在一个临界波频率ω_cr(或纵向静磁场B_0,cr),当ω>ω_cr(或B₀0,cr)时,电子回旋谐波遭受的阻尼开始显著增大;相比粒子温度各向同性情形,粒子温度各向异性彻底改变了波的传播特性,即相位常数和衰减常数均出现峰值现象;在考虑电子有限拉莫尔半径效应和电子温度各向异性情形下,Trivelpiece-Gould (TG)波碰撞阻尼在整个电磁波功率沉积中占据主导地位,电子纵向温度T_e,//存在某一临界值,在此临界值处TG波功率沉积出现峰值P_abs,TG,且随着T_e,⊥/T_e,//的减小,...     

高压拉曼光谱方法研究联苯分子费米共振

测量了0—15 GPa压强下联苯分子的拉曼光谱. 结果表明,随压强增加,分子内和分子间π-π共轭和离域效应增强,谱线的绝对强度变大、蓝移. 联苯分子的两费米共振谱线强度比R_f/a减少,频率差Δ增加,当压强为8 GPa时,费米共振现象消失,利用Betran理论得出了固有频率差Δ₀和耦合系数ω随压强的变化关系,通过高压下相变进行了解释,并探讨了高压下费米共振耦合变弱的机理. 关键词： 联苯 费米共振 高压 拉曼光谱     

工作压强对射频辉光放电H2/C4H8等离子状态的影响

利用辉光放电技术采用等离子体质谱诊断的方法研究了不同工作 压强下H₂/C₄H₈混合气体等离子体中 主要正离子成分及其能量的变化规律, 并分析了压强对H₂/C₄H₈混合气体的离解机理以及主要正离子形成过程的影响. 结果表明: 随着工作压强的增加, 碳氢碎片离子的浓度和能量均逐渐减小. 当工作压强为5 Pa时, H₂/C₄H₈混合气体等离子体中C₃H₅⁺相对浓度最大; 压强为10 Pa时, C₃H₃⁺相对浓度最大; 压强为15, 20 Pa时, C₂H₅⁺相对浓度最大; 压强为25 Pa时, C₄H₉⁺相对浓度最大. 对H₂/C₄H₈等离子体中的主要组分及其能量分布所进行的定性分析, 将为H₂/C₄H₈混合气体辉光放电聚合物涂层的工艺参数优化提供参考技术基础. 关键词： 辉光放电技术 等离子体质谱诊断 工作压强     

Vibration responses of the organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane to electrical stimulation

Coupling of somatic electromechanical force from the outer hair cells (OHCs) into the organ of Corti is investigated by measuring transverse vibration patterns of the organ of Cori and tectorial membrane (TM) in response to intracochlear electrical stimulation. Measurement places at the organ of Corti extend from the inner sulcus cells to Hensen's cells and at the lower (and upper) surface of the TM from the inner sulcus to the OHC region. These locations are in the neighborhood of where electromechanical force is coupled into (1) the mechanoelectrical transducers of the stereocilia and (2) fluids of the organ of Corti. Experiments are conducted in the first, second, and third cochlear turns of an in vitro preparation of the adult guinea pig cochlea. Vibration measurements are made at functionally relevant stimulus frequencies (0.48-68 kHz) and response amplitudes (<15 nm). The experiments provide phase relations between the different structures, which, dependent on frequency range and longitudinal cochlear position, include in-phase transverse motions of the TM, counterphasic transverse motions between the inner hair cell and OHCs, as well as traveling-wave motion of Hensen's cells in the radial direction. Mechanics of sound processing in the cochlea are discussed based on these phase relationships.     

A model for active elements in cochlear biomechanics

A linear, mathematical model of cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. In this model, active elements are essential for simulating the high sensitivity and sharp tuning characteristic of the mammalian cochlea. The active elements are intended to represent the motile action of outer hair cells; they are postulated to be mechanical force generators that are powered by electrochemical energy of the cochlear endolymph, controlled by the bending of outer hair cell stereocilia, and bidirectionally coupled to cochlear partition mechanics. The active elements are spatially distributed and function collectively as a cochlear amplifier. Excessive gain in the cochlear amplifier causes spontaneous oscillations and thereby generates spontaneous otoacoustic emissions.     

Flow of endolymph in the inner spiral sulcus and the subtectorial space

Flows of endolymph within the inner spiral sulcus and the subtectorial space are studied analytically. These flows are driven by boundary displacements and scala media pressure, all prescribed in the form of traveling sine waves with uniform amplitude, wave speed, and wavelength. Prescribed boundary displacements have no axial components and are assumed "small." In the subtectorial space, waves are further assumed "long," and inner and outer hair cells' stereocilia are represented by permeable barriers. Boundary motions of the subtectorial space are assumed to be associated with basilar membrane motion. The localized boundary motions that would presumably accompany independent outer hair cell motions are not admitted. The pressure drop across the barrier representing the inner hair cells' stereocilia is evaluated for four specific input conditions. The results are used to assess its relative sensitivity to three types of boundary displacement and to examine the contribution of endolymph flow to the "second filter." The model predicts the introduction of appreciable tuning (102.3 dB/octave) into the auditory signal between the stages of relative normal displacement of the boundaries of the subtectorial space and the generation of a pressure drop across the inner hair cells' stereocilia. The outer barrier is removed from the model, and the pressure drop across the inner barrier is reevaluated for the same four cases to study its sensitivity to destruction of the outer hair cells' stereocilia. These results are examined in light of data by Robertson and Johnstone [D. Robertson and B. M. Johnstone, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 466-469 (1979)].     

横梁弯曲衍射法测玻璃杨氏模量的改进

设计、制作了横梁弯曲衍射法测物质材料的杨氏模量仪器,并利用单缝衍射测量了火石玻璃挠度的变化,实现了螺旋加力装置配合拉力传感器对拉力连续、稳定控制.     

Electromotile hearing: acoustic tones mask psychophysical response to high-frequency electrical stimulation of intact guinea pig cochleae

When sinusoidal electric stimulation is applied to the intact cochlea, a frequency-specific acoustic emission can be recorded in the ear canal. Acoustic emissions are produced by basilar membrane motion, and have been used to suggest a corresponding acoustic sensation termed "electromotile hearing." Electromotile hearing has been specifically attributed to electric stimulation of outer hair cells in the intact organ of Corti. To determine the nature of the auditory perception produced by electric stimulation of a cochlea with intact outer hair cells, guinea pigs were tested in a psychophysical task. First, subjects were trained to report detection of sinusoidal acoustic stimuli and dynamic range was assessed using response latency. Subjects were then implanted with a ball electrode placed into scala tympani. Following the surgical implant procedure, subjects were transferred to a task in which acoustic signals were replaced by sinusoidal electric stimulation, and dynamic range was assessed again. Finally, the ability of acoustic pure-tone stimuli to mask the detection of the electric signals was assessed. Based on the masking effects, it is concluded that sinusoidal electric stimulation of the intact cochlea results in perception of a tonal (rather than a broadband or noisy) sound at a frequency of 8 kHz or above.     

A SEMI-ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC RESPONSE PROBLEM OF BEAMS AT LARGE VIBRATION AMPLITUDES, PART II: MULTIMODE APPROACH TO THE STEADY STATE FORCED PERIODIC RESPONSE

The semi-analytical approach to the non-linear dynamic response of beams based on multimode analysis has been presented in Part I of this series of papers (Azrar et al., 1999 Journal of Sound and Vibration224, 183-207 [1]). The mathematical formulation of the problem and single mode analysis have been studied. The objective of this paper is to take advantage of applying this semi-analytical approach to the large amplitude forced vibrations of beams. Various types of excitation forces such as harmonic distributed and concentrated loads are considered. The governing equation of motion is obtained and can be considered as a multi-dimensional form of the Duffing equation. Using the harmonic balance method, the equation of motion is converted into non-linear algebraic form. Techniques of solution based on iterative-incremental procedures are presented. The non-linear frequency and the non-linear modes are determined at large amplitudes of vibration. The basic function contribution coefficients to the displacement response for various beam boundary conditions are calculated. The percentage of participation for each mode in the response is presented in order to appraise the relation to higher modes contributing to the solution. Also, the percentage contributions of the higher modes to the bending moment near to the clamps are given, in order to determine accurately the error introduced in the non-linear bending stress estimated by different approximations. Solutions obtained in the jump phenomena region have been determined by a careful selection of the initial iteration at each frequency. The non-linear deflection shapes in various regions of the solution, the corresponding axial force ratios and the bending moments are presented in order to follow the behaviour of the beam at large vibration amplitudes. The numerical results obtained here for the non-linear forced response are compared with those from the linear theory, with available non-linear results, based on various approaches, and with the single mode analysis.     

A comparison between basilar membrane and inner hair cell receptor potential input-output functions in the guinea pig cochlea

Intracellular recordings were made from inner hair cells and basilar membrane motion was measured at a similar place, but in different preparations, in the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea. Potential recordings were made using glass microelectrodes and mechanical measurements were made using the M?ssbauer technique. Intensity functions of DC receptor potential and basilar membrane velocity in animals with good and poor thresholds are presented. In animals with good thresholds, stimuli at and above the characteristic frequency produce similarly compressive input-output functions for both inner hair cell receptor potentials and basilar membrane motion. However, for frequencies lower than the characteristic frequency, receptor potential input-output functions obtained from animals in good and poor condition show saturation at high stimulus intensities at which basilar membrane motion is linear. This discrepancy is believed to be due to a nonlinear inner hair cell transduction mechanism. We propose that nonlinearity observed in receptor potential input-output functions is a consequence of the simple cascading of a frequency-dependent nonlinear mechanical input and a frequency-independent nonlinear transduction process.     

Medial-olivocochlear-efferent inhibition of the first peak of auditory-nerve responses: evidence for a new motion within the cochlea

Despite the insights obtained from click responses, the effects of medial-olivocochlear (MOC) efferents on click responses from single-auditory-nerve (AN) fibers have not been reported. We recorded responses of cat single AN fibers to randomized click level series with and without electrical stimulation of MOC efferents. MOC stimulation inhibited (1) the whole response at low sound levels, (2) the decaying part of the response at all sound levels, and (3) the first peak of the response at moderate to high sound levels. The first two effects were expected from previous reports using tones and are consistent with a MOC-induced reduction of cochlear amplification. The inhibition of the AN first peak, which was strongest in the apex and middle of the cochlea, was unexpected because the first peak of the classic basilar-membrane (BM) traveling wave receives little or no amplification. In the cochlear base, the click data were ambiguous, but tone data showed particularly short group delays in the tail-frequency region that is strongly inhibited by MOC efferents. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that there is a motion that bends inner-hair-cell stereocilia and can be inhibited by MOC efferents, a motion that is present through most, or all, of the cochlea and for which there is no counterpart in the classic BM traveling wave.