基于GEANT4的CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器的Monte Carlo模拟

对闪烁光在晶体内的传输以及光电子倍增过程进行了建模,基于GEANT4软件包对CsI(T1)闪烁体探测器进行了蒙特卡罗模拟, 得到了不同形状、尺寸和包装的CsI(Tl)晶体测量γ射线的能谱。对比模拟和测试结果,两者得到了很好的符合,从而验证了模拟参数的合理性和可靠性。该模拟程序的建立为闪烁体探测器的设计提供了更精确的开发工具。 With the modeling of the light transportation in crystal and electron multiplication in the PMT, a Monte Carlo simulation of CsI(Tl) scintillator detector has been implemented with Geant4 toolkit. The energy spectra simulated with different crystal shape, size and wrappings are obtained. And the reliability of the simulation parameters is confirmed by comparing with the measurements. The simulation code can be used as an reliable tool for the design of scintillator detectors.     

Study of light collection as a function of scintillator surface roughness

The variation of pulse-height spectra was observed under the consecutive treatment of CsI:Tl plane scintillators by different abrasives – with increase of the abrasive grain size the double peaks of the total absorption transferred into the single peaks with acceptable resolution. The light collection simulation of the differently treated surfaces was performed to interpret the experimental results. In simulation the surface relief was represented as a set of micro-facets with slope distribution functions extracted from the experimentally measured reflectance distribution functions. The behavior of the simulated pulse-height spectra in the vicinity of the total absorption peak under the assumption of uniform scintillation distribution in the scintillator volume was in a good agreement with experimental results for different surface treatment conditions. From pulse-height spectrum simulations for different positions of the point light source it was determined that the double peaks in experimental and simulated spectra had been caused by the scintillations in different scintillator areas. The decrease of the light output and the resolution improvement occurred under the input surface treatment of the plane scintillator by the larger abrasive was caused by the increase of the average pass length of light to the output detector window and by the decrease of the difference of this value for the various scintillator areas, respectively.     

用于软X射线图像诊断的CMOS探测系统

通过将闪烁体光纤面板与CMOS图像传感器耦合,研制了在线诊断X射线图像的CMOS探测系统。通过XOP软件计算,确定了响应能区为1~10keV的CsI闪烁体厚度为30μm。在微点X射线源平台上,基于标准的Typ 18-d型分辨率板对CMOS探测系统的空间分辨能力进行了实验测试,结果为60μm。在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上,利用该套CMOS探测系统在流体力学不稳定性与混合实验中对钛背光源的光谱进行了诊断,获得了清晰的类氢和类氦光谱图像。数据分析显示,实测的谱分辨为442,与理论分析符合较好。CMOS探测系统小巧轻便,性价比高,适合各大高校与科研院所用于在线诊断软X射线图像。     

一种新型的液闪阵列成像屏空间分辨特性

针对低强度射线成像,自主研制了一种像元为0.1 mm高探测效率的液闪阵列屏.为此,基于倾斜刀口边缘响应的测量原理,建立了理论模拟方法和实验研究方法,对该液闪阵列屏开展了空间分辨性能研究.通过理论模拟,给出了液闪阵列屏在14 MeV中子和1.25 MeV伽马射线激发下的调制传递函数,并与像元为0.1,0.3和0.5 mm的闪烁纤维阵列屏进行了理论对比.在60Co伽马射线源上,对液闪阵列屏和像元为0.3和0.5 mm的两种国产闪烁纤维阵列屏进行了调制传递函数实测研究.理论模拟和实验结果一致,均表明液闪阵列的空间特性优于闪烁纤维阵列屏,而且具有更好的均匀性,对1.25 MeV伽马,空间分辨接近0.9 lp/mm,而其他两种纤维阵列屏仅达到0.5 lp/mm,对于14 MeV中子,液闪阵列屏的空间分辨可达到1.8 lp/mm.     

血液中Na活化放射性测量的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对超临界事故中人体受到中子辐照后感生的24Na活度测量,采用MCNP软件建立蒙特卡罗模拟模型,分别模拟不同类型NaI探测器对24Na衰变的两条射线全能峰的探测效率和塑料闪烁体探测器对24Na衰变的射线总计数的探测器效率。模拟结果表明:井型NaI探测器与圆柱型相比,24Na衰变的1.38 MeV和2.76 MeV 射线全能峰探测效率分别提高了4.30倍和4.11倍;塑料闪烁体探测器对24Na衰变的射线的探测效率是NaI探测器对24Na 射线的探测效率的1.72倍;同时粗略计算了探测器计数与人体所受中子辐照剂量之间的关系。     

Detection efficiency evaluation for a large area neutron sensitive microchannel plate detector

In this paper, the detection efficiency of a large area neutron sensitive microchannel plate detector has been evaluated. A ~6LiF/ZnS scintillator detector 65 mm in diameter and 0.32 mm in thickness, with product code,EJ426HD2, produced by Eljen Technology, was employed as the benchmark detector. The TOF spectra of these two detectors were simultaneously measured and the energy spectra were then deduced to calculate the detection efficiency curve of thenMCP detector. Tests show the detection efficiency@25.3 me V thermal neutrons is 34% for this ~nMCP detector.     

BC501A中子探测器的能量刻度及其在聚乙烯中子学积分实验中的应用

利用标准放射伽玛源（22Na,137Cs）测量了尺寸为Φ5.08 cm×2.54 cm的BC501A中子探测器的脉冲幅度谱,并利用MCNP软件进行了模拟,详细考虑了探测器的几何尺寸、材料、以及能量分辨函数,计算结果很好地再现了实验数据,精确地确定了康普顿边缘的位置,完成了BC501A中子探测器的能量刻度。并采用14.8 MeV的T（d,n）4He中子源对聚乙烯样品开展了中子学积分实验,结果表明,BC501 A中子探测器的能量刻度过程以及聚乙烯中子学积分实验数据的处理过程是完全合理并且可靠的。The pulse-height spectra of the BC501A scintillator (Φ5.08 cm×2.54 cm) were measured using 22Na, 137Cs γ-ray source, in which MCNP simulation was applied. The simulated pulse-height spectra show a good agreement with the measured data considering the geometry, material and energy resolution function of the scintillator. The position of the Compton edge has been precisely determined and an accurate energy calibration of BC501A scintillator was also achieved. An neutronics integral experiment of polythene with 14.8 MeV T(d, n)4He neutron source was carried out. The results indicate that the procedures of the energy calibration experiment of BC501A scintillator and the data analyzing in the polythene integral experiment are reasonable and reliable.     

低本底液闪中子探测器的材料测试研究

为测量中国锦屏地下实验室（China JinPing underground Laboratory,CJPL）极低通量的中子本底,需要建造大型快中子液体闪烁体探测器。建造探测器需要选用低放射性本底材料,并且化学性质稳定,不与液体闪烁体发生反应而影响液体闪烁体（EJ-335）的性能。为此,建造了小型液闪探测器,在其中分别放入聚四氟乙烯、无氧铜、氟橡胶、全氟醚橡胶这4种材料进行长期浸泡,并分别进行了如下测试:液闪长时间浸泡各种材料前后液闪的吸收光谱测试;用60Co γ源检测小型液闪探测器光产额随时间的变化情况;用Am-Be中子源检验探测器在浸泡前后的n-γ甄别性能。最终实验结果表明,聚四氟乙烯和全氟醚这2种材料与液闪有很好的兼容性,可作为大型快中子液闪探测器的容器和密封圈的备选材料。In order to measure the flux and spectrum of neutron background which is extremely low in China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL), liquid scintillator detector with large scale used to detect fast neutron need to be fabricated. Surrounding materials used in detector require the excellent performance, such as low radioactivity as well as stable chemical properties, which do not react with liquid scintillator, so as to avoid affecting the performance of detector. Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE), highly purified no-oxygen copper, fluororubber and perfluoroelastomer had been put in a small detector and soaked for a long time. The change of absorption spectrum and light yield along with time as well as the performance of n-γ discrimination after soaked were tested. The results show that PTFE and Perfluoroelastomer are compatible with liquid scintillator, which offers a reference for the selection of material used in container and seal of liquid scintillator detector used to detect fast neutron.     

基于SiPM读出的塑料闪烁体探测器时间性能研究

研究了基于硅光电倍增管(SiPM)双端读出的面积为10 cm ×10 cm的薄塑料闪烁体探测器的时间性能。239Pu放射源测试结果显示:(1)在多支SiPM串连读出方式下，随着SiPM数量的增加，探测器时间分辨逐渐变好；(2)在固定12支SiPM数量不变的情况下，并联支路越多，探测器时间分辨越差；(3)采用快时间塑料闪烁体并增加其厚度，可有效提高探测器时间分辨；(4)采用比束斑尺寸更大的塑料闪烁体，可有效提高探测器时间分辨的位置均匀性；(5)对于1 mm厚的EJ232塑料闪烁体探测器，在单端12支SiPM串行连接的情况下，可获得好于131 ps的时间分辨。这一研究对RIBLL2起始时间探测器的升级改造具有重要的指导意义。     

An X-ray imaging detector based on pixel structured scintillator

An X-ray imaging detector consisting of a silicon charge coupled device (CCD) and pixel structured scintillator was developed to improve spatial resolution. The pixelated structure reduces spreading of scintillation light through the scintillator by providing air gap between scintillator pixels, and increased spatial resolution by reducing the cross-talk between CCD pixels. The modulation transfer functions (MTF) of the non-pixelated and pixilated scintillator detector were compared. The improvement in spatial resolution was evaluated by both computational simulation and experimental measurement of MTF; both results showed coincidence.     

超快中子探测器闪烁体性能计算

超快中子探测器是ICF聚变反应速率测量系统的核心部件。利用蒙特卡罗粒子输运工具包Geant4模拟了一种超快中子探测器——BC-422型闪烁探测器的中子探测过程,计算出了几种厚度的BC-422型闪烁体的探测效率、输出光信号强度和时间分辨力;对比了闪烁体的2种不同反射表面对输出光信号强度和时间分辨力的影响。计算的结果显示:设计适当的BC-422型闪烁探测器能够测量的最低中子产额在108量级,对DT中子的信号时间分辨力好于20 ps,对DD中子的信号时间分辨力达到30 ps,能够用于大型激光装置及其原型的聚变反应速率测量。     

RIBLL终端LASCAR闪烁体阵列探测器研制进展

介绍了RIBLL终端LASCAR闪烁体阵列探测器的工作原理和结构特点. 描述了为满足放射性核束实验的要求而对阵列所作的重要改进. 给出了LASCAR构型优化改造的工作设想和实施步骤. The principles and structure characteristics of LASCAR scintillator array detector at RIBLL terminal are described. Special emphases are laid upon the latest progress for the development of LASCAR array detector to meet the requirements of the RIB experiments. The working plan and steps for optimizing configuration of the LASCAR multi unit neutron scintillator array detector are also presented.     

BC537探测器中γ射线的响应函数测量与蒙特卡罗模拟

为了将氘化液闪探测器(BC537)测量的反冲电子谱转换为γ射线能谱,利用标准γ点源对BC537探测器的响应进行了测量并运用基于蒙特卡罗方法的Geant4程序计算了BC537探测器探测γ射线的响应函数。讨论了探测器建模中有无铝壳和入射γ射线束流半径对探测效率和响应函数的影响。对比模拟和实验测量的反冲电子谱,两者符合较好。利用模拟的响应函数和实验测量标准γ源Cs-137和Co-60以及AmBe源在BC537探测器中的反冲电子谱,经迭代法解谱得到了对应的标准γ射线能谱,验证了模拟参数的合理性以及该响应函数的实用性。     

The Monte Carlo Simulation of BESⅢ Ead cap TOF

The End-Cap TOF (ETOF) of Beijing Spectrometer (BESⅢ) consists of 2×48 pieces of trapezoidal scintillator (BC408). Its main physics goal is to realize the 2σ π/k separation at momentum up to 1GeV/c, and to obtain TOF intrinsic time resolution of 80ps.In order to study the effects of several factors on the intrinsic time resolution of ETOF, the Monte Carlo simulation of the detector is carried out by using Geant4 software package. The performance of ETOF at different conditions, such as scintillator covered materials, shapes, and particle hit positions, is simulated and discussed in discussed in detail. The result can provide a reference for the design of ETOF detecor in BESⅢ.     

液体闪烁体探测器测量皮秒激光脉冲中子源能谱

在星光Ⅲ实验装置上开展皮秒激光脉冲中子源实验,使用液体闪烁体探测器测得较好的中子信号,利用飞行时间法获得中子的能量/时间分布,通过示波器电压时间积分与阻抗之比得到不同能量段的电荷值。建立液体闪烁体探测器Geant4计算模型,通过实际打靶情况与标定情况下液体闪烁体探测器出光口收集到的可见光光子数之比,结合标定的灵敏度数据,获得液体闪烁体探测器对不同能量中子的灵敏度。计算得到源发射的中子能谱,能量在1 MeV以上的液体闪烁体探测器方向测得的中子产额为1.04108 sr-1。     

A new method for high-energy pulsed Gamma measurement within intense background x-rays

The accelerator-generating 6.13~MeV pulsed Gamma by ¹⁹F(p, αγ )¹⁶⁰ reaction usually synchronizes with an intense bremsstrahlung x-ray which has a maximum energy of 1~MeV. This paper proposes a new method, named the scattering and absorbing method, to diagnose the 6.13~MeV Gamma. This method includes two parts: the detector and a scatterer placed in front of the detector. The detector converts the Gamma to electrons and then collects the electrons by a scintillator. In order to restrain the interference of the low-energy background, the scintillator collects the electrons at a small angle. The scintillator is wrapped with electro-absorbing material to absorb the low-energy electrons generated by background x-rays. The theoretical sensitivity ratio of 6.13~MeV Gamma to 1~MeV x-rays is greater than 150. The scatterer is a pretreatment tool to scatter some background x-rays away from the radial beam before they enter the detector. By varying the length, the scatterer can reduce the background x-rays to an acceptable level for the detector.     

Scintillation detector with SiPM matrix as a photosensor

The results of a characterization study of the scintillation detector with SiPM matrices as multichannel photosensors are presented. The SiPM matrix attached to a plastic scintillator gives a snapshot of the glowing track of a charged particle traversing the scintillator.     

新型“CaF2(Eu)+液闪”复合WIMP探测器的实验研究

介绍北京组新近提出的“CaF2 (Eu) +液闪”复合WIMP探测器的设计特点 .通过对探测器单元内部光收集效率的研究 ,初步确定了复合探测器的设计结构 .另外 ,对探测器内部放射性杂质衰变在复合探测器单元中形成的本底情况进行模拟 ,结果表明了复合探测器具有良好的排除本底的能力 .     

Low-background EN-detector for the investigation of the neutron component of EASs

Thermal neutrons are detected using a scintillator compound based on ZnS(Ag) with B₂O₃ added to it. The pulse height generated by single charged particles in a scintillator of small thickness (50 mg/cm²) is not larger than that of a noise signal due to a low sensitivity to single charged particles. As a result, the detector satisfies the requirements of a low-background one in the context of cosmic-ray experiments. The detector is to be used for neutron detection in extensive air showers.     

基于14 MeV中子的烧氚历史诊断模拟研究

针对直接测量16.7 MeV进行烧氚历史诊断所需聚变产额高的情况,模拟研究了利用14 MeV中子与副靶作用产生的非弹伽马进行烧氚历史诊断的情况,计算了几种材料14 MeV中子作用产生的次级伽马能谱以及切伦科夫辐射阈能之上的非弹伽马数目,对副靶材料和厚度进行了选择。计算了14 MeV中子产生的切伦科夫光子时间谱,分析了光电转换器件处伽马、电子以及正电子等噪声信号,分析了气体切伦科夫系统测量统计涨落与聚变中子产额之间的关系,确定了气体切伦科夫系统所适用的最低聚变中子产额,通过测量14 MeV中子与副靶产生的非弹伽马进行烧氚历史诊断较直接测量16.7 MeV伽马可将测量所需聚变中子产额降低2个量级。