基于近红外光谱的北方潮土土壤参数实时分析

选取中国北方潮土作为研究对象,探索利用近红外光谱分析技术分析土壤参数的可行性和可能性。从一块试验麦田共采集了150个土样,土样在采集回试验室后,在保持其原始状态的条件下利用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪迅速测定了其近红外光谱。近红外光谱变量为原始吸收光谱和一阶微分光谱,分析的土壤参数有土壤水分、有机质和全氮的含量。对于土壤水分,在相关分析的基础上建立了一元线性模型,所采用的波长为1 920 nm,模型的相关系数达到0.937,模型可以直接用于土壤水分的实时预测。对于有机质和全氮含量建立了多元回归模型,有机质预测模型所采用的波长是1 870和1 378 nm,全氮预测模型所采用的波长则是2 262和1 888 nm。分析结果表明土壤有机质和全氮含量可以利用田间土样的近红外光谱特性进行分析和检测,建立的线性模型是有效的。     

近红外光谱谱线特性对物质浓度分析误差影响的研究

为解决近红外光谱法分析物质浓度过程中缺乏可测度分析而导致测量过程存在一定盲目性问题,研究在已知测量条件、样品种类、被测组分以及建模分析方法的条件下,利用近红外光谱谱线特性作为参数,在大量样品近红外光谱采集和标准法测得浓度数据等工作前,对被测物质浓度的分析误差做大致估算。经过大量尝试和试验提出等效信噪比（ESNR）和谱线重叠系数（OC）两个重要参数,其中ESNR反映待测组分吸光度占总吸光度的比重,而OC则反映待测组分近红外光谱曲线间的重叠程度。通过理论仿真得到光谱分析中用经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时谱线特性与物质浓度分析误差的关系,分别计算ESNR和OC与被测组分浓度分析误差（RMSE）的关系,并且研究两个谱线参数的独立性。利用理论分析得到结果对浓度为8%~12%乙醇水溶液进行可测度分析,并与近红外光谱法分析的实际结果进行比较。研究通过理论仿真得到使用光谱分析中经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时谱线特性与物质浓度分析误差的关系,其中ESNR与RMSE成反比关系,而OC与被测组分分析误差成非线性的单调关系,并且验证了ESNR和OC两个参数的独立性。通过理论计算和乙醇水溶液近红外光谱检测实验对等效信噪比和谱线重叠系数与光谱分析浓度误差的定量关系进行讨论,通过理论分析得到的乙醇浓度RMSE预估值为0.30%,近红外光谱分析实际RMSE为0.32%,相对误差6.67%,二者结果相符。实现了在测量条件、样品种类、被测组分以及建模分析方法已知的条件下基于近红外光谱分析的待测组分含量理论误差的定量计算和实验验证。该研究明确了对近红外光谱法分析物质浓度有明确定量关系的两个谱线参数,给出了使用光谱分析中经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时的分析误差经验曲线,以及利用曲线进行近红外光谱法待测组分浓度可测度分析方法。结果表明所提出的ESNR和OC两个谱线特性参数的有效性,以及分析误差预估方法的有效性。为近红外光谱法待测组分浓度定量分析提供了有效、快捷的预估方法,完善了近红外光谱法成分含量可测度分析理论,对近红外光谱法物质浓度定量分析研究具有一定指导意义。     

茶多酚中咖啡因的近红外光谱分析

采用近红外光谱分析技术对茶多酚中咖啡因进行了光谱及定量分析,原始光谱表明咖啡因在近红外波段有着很强且较为明显的吸收峰。通过对样品的漫反射原始吸光度光谱进行导数、散射校正及相关分析更清晰地给出了咖啡因在近红外光谱波段的光谱特性,为建立快速稳健的定标模型创造了条件。该技术能够解析出咖啡因中各主要基团在近红外波段的吸收特性,结合定标过程定量快速检测咖啡因在茶多酚中的含量,定标分析结果显示在很大的浓度范围内有很好的线性相关性,定标标准差SEC为0．49％,相关系数（r）为0．993,证实了近红外光谱分析技术作为一种新的快速分析茶多酚中咖啡因含量手段的可行性及优越性。     

Zernike矩在橡胶添加剂太赫兹光谱定量分析中的应用研究

近年来,“绿色轮胎”发展备受关注。在绿色轮胎制造过程中需要多种橡胶添加剂,而橡胶添加剂的含量与绿色轮胎能否达标密切相关,因此,对轮胎橡胶中相关橡胶添加剂的定量检测具有重要意义。太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）技术已经成功应用于物质定量分析领域,但当定量分析对象为多组分混合物时,由于混合物光谱出现重叠和失真等原因,会导致定量分析结果不理想。针对此问题,将Zernike矩作为一种光谱预处理技术引入到橡胶添加剂多组分混合物的太赫兹光谱定量分析中,提出了基于Zernike矩结合支持向量回归（Zernike moment-support vector regression, ZM-SVR）的太赫兹光谱定量分析方法。首先,以影响绿色轮胎质量能否达标的三种橡胶添加剂氧化锌、白炭黑和2-巯基苯并噻唑（MBT）为定量检测对象,将3种橡胶添加剂与丁腈橡胶构成多组分混合物实验样本,并通过太赫兹时域光谱系统测得样本的太赫兹光谱;然后,对太赫兹光谱进行分析与处理,得到其吸收系数、消光系数和折射率3种光学参数后,将3种光学参数构建为样本的太赫兹三维光谱,并利用Zernike矩提取太赫兹三维光谱灰度图的特征信息;最后,利用支持向量回归建立样本太赫兹三维光谱灰度图特征信息和目标成分含量之间的定量模型,从而对混合物样本中目标成分含量进行分析。利用该方法得到的定量模型预测集相关系数均大于等于0.952 2,均方根误差均小于等于2.267 2%。为进一步验证该方法的有效性,将定量分析结果与常规方法PLS和SVR的结果进行了对比。对比发现,相比常规方法得到的定量分析结果,Zernike矩结合支持向量回归方法所得结果的准确性和稳定性均得到了明显提升。因此,Zernike矩结合支持向量回归方法为橡胶添加剂多组分混合物的太赫兹光谱定量检测提供了新思路,在绿色轮胎及橡胶的质量检测领域具有广阔应用前景。     

近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶

在探讨近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶的可行性过程中,首先对不同厚度(0.5,1,2和4mm)血液样品的近红外透射光谱进行了分析。发现全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外透射光谱更适合于进行光谱分析。进而采集了176个全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外光谱。对采集的光谱进行多元散射校正、二阶微分法光谱预处理后,采用逐步多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法建立定量分析模型,预测了全血丙氨酸氨基转移酶的含量。结果表明:利用近红外光谱法测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶时,采用偏最小二乘回归方法建立的定标模型预测效果最好,定标相关系数、定标标准差和预测标准差的值分别为:0.98,2.42和7.22。     

虫草氨基酸的人工神经网络-近红外光谱快速测定方法

提出了用近红外漫反射光谱技术快速检测发酵冬虫夏草中氨基酸含量的新方法。采用比色法测定虫草菌粉中氨基酸含量。用BP神经网络建立了近红外光谱数据与氨基酸、精氨酸和总氨酸含量间的定量关联模型。通过比较不同的光谱预处理方法及光谱范围, 得到最优模型,即在7 501.7～6 097.8,5 453.7～4 246.5 cm-1区域内,近红外光谱的一阶微分光谱与其氨基酸含量之间建立模型。甘氨酸、精氨酸和总氨基酸的预测标准偏差分别为0.08,0.07和0.36,均优于主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLS)等线性模型的处理结果。结果表明,该方法是一种有效实用的非线性校正方法。为近红外光谱快速测定中药组分含量提供了一条新途径。     

近红外光谱分辨率对液体样品近红外定量模型影响的研究

以四种组分的液体混合样品为实验对象,研究了不同分辨率下(1,4,16,32和64 cm-1)的近红外光谱模型,采用偏最小二乘法建立校正模型,全交互验证法进行检验。用目标函数值来评价定量模型性能。对于原光谱所建立的模型,苯和苯甲醛在分辨率1 cm-1时的目标函数值最大,甲苯在4 cm-1时的目标函数值最大,而氯苯在16 cm-1时的目标函数值最大;对于一阶导数光谱所建立的模型,四种组分的目标函数值均在1 cm-1时最大。结果表明,首先,仪器分辨率对近红外光谱定量分析结果有影响,对于光谱重叠严重的组分,提高分辨率对定量分析有利;但在分析对象的真实带宽较大的定量分析中,可采用较低分辨率以保证信噪比。其次,仪器分辨率对不同的组分的影响是不同的。此外,原光谱的信噪比及样品中不同组分光谱的带宽共同影响定量结果,在保证光谱信噪比的前提下,高分辨率对定量模型有利。     

近红外光谱检测技术在聚合物领域的应用研究进展

近红外光谱(NIR)检测技术能够提供样品丰富的结构和组成信息,且具有分析速度快、样品无需处理等突出特点,在聚合物领域有了越来越广泛的应用。综述了该技术在聚合物合成到成型加工再到回收利用整个生命周期过程中各个环节的应用研究进展。在聚合物的合成和加工过程中,近红外光谱检测技术可用于材料参量的定量测量,且由于光纤良好的化学和热稳定性,使其能够在强腐蚀、高温、高压等危险环境下进行在线实时监测。对于聚合物合成,选择聚合反应转化率、聚合产物粒径和聚合物组成三个关键参量,概述了近红外光谱在线测量上述参量的相关研究进展;对于聚合物加工,主要讨论了反应性挤出加工过程中近红外光谱在线测量聚合物分子量、残余单体含量、接枝率等反映材料加工状态参量的应用研究。在聚合物的回收利用过程中,近红外光谱可用于废旧塑料制品的定性分类识别,围绕该应用分析了其国内外的研究现状。指出了近红外光谱检测技术在应用中存在的问题,并提出几点建议,最后对该技术在聚合物领域的发展方向进行了展望,并认为随着研究工作的深入和在线测量仪器的发展,近红外光谱检测技术将在聚合物领域有着更加广阔的应用前景。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的丁香蓼叶片重金属铜含量快速检测研究

植物中的重金属离子以一定形式与具有近红外吸收的有机分子基团结合, 因此可以借助近红外光谱技术间接检测其重金属离子含量。研究了基于近红外漫反射光谱技术快速检测丁香蓼叶片中重金属铜含量的方法。通过不同光谱数据预处理方法的对比,结合偏最小二乘法,建立了丁香蓼叶内重金属铜含量近红外光谱检测定量模型。实验结果为,经过平滑处理的光谱建模效果较理想,其建立的校正相关系数为0.950,校正均方根误差为5.99;外部验证相关系数为0.923,预测均方根误差为7.38。研究表明,近红外漫反射光谱技术用于丁香蓼叶片中重金属铜含量的快速检测具有可行性。     

采用主成分分析结合相关系数法提高苯及其同系物含量预测结果的准确度

采用短波近红外光谱法对苯及其同系物进行了检测,研究了多组分近红外光谱主成分的特点和物理意义。指出前几个主成分和此多组分混合物的相关系数曲线十分相似,给予理论证明并指出了成立的条件。主成分结合相关系数法可以鉴别出系统高频噪声,扣除这部分噪音可有效地提高预测模型的预测准确度。     

互相关分析在近红外光谱模型传递中的应用

采用互相关分析,研究近红外光谱的模型传递问题。提出了对2台近红外光谱仪所采集的光谱数据分别进行互相关运算以后,所得到的2台光谱仪的互相关函数之间存在1个固有倍率常数的假设,并且通过实验证实了这个假设。通过补偿这个倍率常数,从而增强了模型之间的兼容性,得到了很好的预测结果。     

Temperature measurement of dilute hydrogen flame by digital laser-speckle technique

In this paper, temperature measurement of axisymmetric dilute hydrogen flame is described using digital laser-speckle technique, which allows the measurement of refractive index field of the flame without any tracers. The measurement system consists of laser and CCD camera, which are placed in-line configuration. The temperature field of the flame is derived from the refractive index field using the cross-correlation analysis of the speckle pattern with and without flame. The influence of the species concentration on the temperature measurement is evaluated from the gas composition in the flame using gas chromatography. It is found that the temperature field measured by the present method with concentration correction agrees with that of the thermocouple measurement within an experimental accuracy, suggesting the usefulness of this measurement technique.     

The use of wavelet transform for the correlation analysis of boundary-layer pulsations

As a rule, experimental studies at hypersonic Mach numbers are carried out in short-duration wind tunnels. Under such conditions, data on boundary-layer pulsations are primarily measured by surface pressure sensors. There are many factors affecting the level of pulsations at model walls; that is why the cross-correlation analysis is often invoked to analyze the development of wave packets in boundary layer. However, the standard correlation analysis very often fails in providing the possibility to trace the evolution of wave packets. In the present publication, we propose a new method for obtaining cross-correlation data based on the wavelet transform.     

Price–volume cross-correlation analysis of CSI300 index futures

We investigate the cross-correlation between price returns and trading volumes for the China Securities Index 300 (CSI300) index futures, which are the only stock index futures traded on the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX). The basic statistics suggest that distributions of these two time series are not normal but exhibit fat tails. Based on the detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA), we obtain that returns and trading volumes are long-range cross-correlated. The existence of multifractality in the cross-correlation between returns and trading volumes has been proven with the multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDCCA) algorithm. The multifractal analysis also confirms that returns and trading volumes have different degrees of multifractality. We further perform a cross-correlation statistic to verify whether the cross-correlation significantly exists between returns and trading volumes for CSI300 index futures. In addition, results of the test for lead-lag effect demonstrate that contemporaneous cross-correlation of return and trading volume series is stronger than cross-correlations of leaded or lagged series.     

Investigation of interface roughness cross-correlation properties of optical thin films from total scattering losses

The interface roughness and interface roughness cross-correlation properties affect the scattering losses of high-quality optical thin films. In this paper, the theoretical models of light scattering induced by surface and interface roughness of optical thin films are concisely presented. Furthermore, influence of interface roughness cross-correlation properties to light scattering is analyzed by total scattering losses. Moreover, single-layer TiO₂ thin film thickness, substrate roughness of K9 glass and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique effect on interface roughness cross-correlation properties are studied by experiments, respectively. A 17-layer dielectric quarter-wave high reflection multilayer is analyzed by total scattering losses. The results show that the interface roughness cross-correlation properties depend on TiO₂ thin film thickness, substrate roughness and deposition technique. The interface roughness cross-correlation properties decrease with the increase of film thickness or the decrease of substrates roughness. Furthermore, ion beam assisted deposition technique can increase the interface roughness cross-correlation properties of optical thin films. The measured total scattering losses of 17-layer dielectric quarter-wave high reflection multilayer deposited with IBAD indicate that completely correlated interface model can be observed, when substrate roughness is about 2.84 nm.     

Analysis of spectrum characteristics of optical scintillation in stack gas flow

Based on the analysis of spectrum characteristics of intensity fluctuations while light beams pass through stack gas flow in an industrial setting, this paper puts emphasis upon discussing the spectrum of optical intensity fluctuations by the variety of particle concentration in stack gas flow. This paper also gives the primary theoretical explanation of the measurement results in the stack of coal-fired utility boilers. Meanwhile, the cross-correlation formula is given as the theoretical basis of velocity measurement by using particle concentration scintillation.     

Visualization of aerodynamic noise source around a rotating fan blade

The purpose of this study is to understand the aerodynamic noise source distribution around a rotating fan blade by measuring the noise signal and velocity field around the blade. The local noise-level distribution over the fan blade is measured by microphone arrays, and the flow field is visualized by smoke and phase-averaged PIV measurement. The noise source distribution is examined by cross-correlation analysis between noise signal and velocity fluctuation. It is found that the noise source is located near the rotating fan blade, especially around leading and trailing edges. The separation and reattachment of flow are observed near the leading edge, and the tip vortices and vortex shedding are found near the trailing edge. The cross-correlation distribution of the noise signal and the radial velocity fluctuation shows large magnitude in the correlated regions, which indicates the noise generation by the formation of vortex structure around the blade.     

Acoustic ship signature measurements by cross-correlation method

Cross-correlation methods were applied for the estimation of the power spectral density and modulation spectrum of underwater noise generated by moving vessels. The cross-correlation of the signal from two hydrophones allows the separation of vessel acoustic signatures in a busy estuary. Experimental data recorded in the Hudson River are used for demonstration that cross-correlation method measured the same ship noise and ship noise modulation spectra as conventional methods. The cross-correlation method was then applied for the separation of the acoustic signatures of two ships present simultaneously. Presented methods can be useful for ship traffic monitoring and small ship classification, even in noisy harbor environments.     

Continuous detrended cross-correlation analysis on generalized Weierstrass function

The paper mainly introduces a continuous detrended cross-correlation analysis method to detect the long-range fractal scaling behaviors of continuous and integrable functions. The effects of such method are tested by the generalized Weierstrass function with various seeds. It presents accurate scaling characterization as desired by comparing with that from the popular detrended cross-correlation analysis method of discrete case.     

混沌激光实现异质物大小和位置的光学检测

利用混沌激光实现一定浓度脂肪乳液中异质物大小和位置的光学检测,实验采用混沌激光作为光源,并将光信号分为两路,一路信号用于探测脂肪乳液中的异质物信息,另外一路直接经过光电探测器作为参考信号,将两路光信号由光电探测器接收,通过信号处理系统进行互相关,分析混沌激光的互相关峰值信息,可得到异质物的大小和位置信息;通过混沌激光实现异质物信息分析的理论模型,建立混沌相关信号峰值信息与异质物大小和位置之间的关系,并且通过实验验证。结果表明:采用混沌互相关法可以对异质物大小和位置坐标进行探测。