钽、钨、锡涂层氧含量的测定

冶金一级钽粉、喷涂专用钨粉、普通锡粉经等离子喷涂在铝基体上，由于等离子体焰流的温度高，涂层材料在喷涂过程中易受热氧化，涂层材料中氧的含量将直接影响涂层的各项性能，文中用LECO TC-436氧氮分析仪建立钽、钨、锡涂层中氧的测定方法，以确定最佳的喷涂工艺条件。     

Ta／WS／Sn复合涂层等离子喷涂工艺研究

运用等离子喷涂技术制备多层屏蔽复合涂层，根据钽、钨、锡材料的物理特性及工艺特点，分别设计了自动喷涂工艺，既保证了涂层的性能，又提高了喷涂工艺的重复性；在喷涂区域使用氩气保护装置制造局部隋性气氛，简便有效地控制了涂层材料在高温等离子体喷射过程中的氧化：综合使用温度测试、力学拉伸、金相组织及化学成分等分析方法，综合考虑优化喷涂功率、喷涂距离等喷涂参数对基体温度、涂层中氧化物含量、涂层密度的影响，优化喷涂工艺参数，制备出厚度均匀、绢织致密的Ta／W/Sn复合涂层。     

含钼涂层钨材料在氦等离子体作用下的前期表面形貌演变研究

为了研究纳米绒毛的生成过程及内在的物理机制，采用磁控溅射镀膜的方式在钨片上镀有钼涂层 (Mo-W)。借助微观结构观察的手段分析了钨、钼块材以及钨-钼(Mo-W)样品在773K、1073K氦等离子体作用条件下的表面形貌演变过程。结果表明：钨、钼以及钨-钼(Mo-W)样品在氦等离子体作用下表面形貌演变规律基本一致；纳米绒毛及其珊瑚状前驱体是在尺寸相对较大的锥状结构上演化而来的。     

通过AC-HVAF方法制备铁基非晶合金涂层的结构分析

本研究通过活性燃烧高速燃气喷涂(AC-HVAF)方法制备出了均匀致密的铁基非晶化合金涂层.通过调制AC-HVAF喷涂过程的工艺参数,研究了喷涂枪长、喷涂距离和送粉率对涂层非晶化程度的影响,得出控制枪长是形成高质量非晶化涂层的关键,而喷涂距离和送粉率决定了涂层的厚度和形成速率.制备出的铁基非晶合金与基体结合致密,孔隙率较低,完全的非晶化结构有效的保持了铁基非晶合金优异的力学性能,可以对基体材料进行很好的防护.     

快冷熔覆法原位合成大厚度铁基非晶复合涂层的研究

通过水冷提高凝固速率及降低基体金属对熔覆层的稀释,采用改进的钨极惰性气体氩弧熔覆的方法,原位制备了大厚度(1—5 mm)Fe基非晶/纳米晶复合涂层.利用X射线衍射,光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对涂层成分和组织进行分析,并测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明,采用快冷熔覆的方法可以制备出含有50%以上非晶含量的非晶/纳米晶复合涂层,涂层内纳米晶颗粒表面被非晶过渡层包覆.较厚涂层的显微硬度达到1600HV_0.3,与基体为冶金连接,有良好的结合强度及耐磨性.非晶/纳米晶复合结构使得涂层与基体之间的过渡区具备较强的弹塑性,提高了涂层的抗冲击性. 最后重点讨论了微观结构和性能之间的内在联系,涂层内非晶相与纳米晶相的协同作用是造成涂层高硬度的主要原因. 关键词： 非晶 涂层 熔覆 显微硬度     

真空热处理对陶瓷涂层性能的影响

等离子喷涂所获得的涂层结合强度高，并且能够加工高熔点的金属和陶瓷材料，但在喷涂过程中，容易产生热应力、孔隙度较高、表面熔凝不好、颗粒凸出、光洁度不高等现象。为此，研究了通过真空热处理过程来消除涂层热应力、并在一定程度上提高涂层结合强度与致密度，同时在真空中高温熔凝，提高涂层光洁度。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定钨矿石中的砷

建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法快速测定钨矿石中砷的分析方法.对盐酸硝酸溶样方法及共存元素的干扰进行了研究,并优化了仪器条件.结果发现,用盐酸硝酸溶解样品完全,通过加入酒石酸和硫脲-抗坏血酸抑制基体钨等其他金属离子的干扰.方法的定量限为0.20mg/kg,回收率为87.5％-105.6％.在0.0005-0.2400水平范围(质量分数,单位％)内,实验室间的重复性限r和重现性限R分别为lgSr=0.976lgm-1.53,lgSR=0.9932lgm-1.52.方法具有操作简便、快速,灵敏度高等优点,可用于钨矿石中痕量砷的测定.     

喷涂过程中薄壁件变形控制方法

薄壁工件采用等离子喷涂方法制备高熔点金属涂层，通常包括喷砂、喷涂、机械矫正等工序。在喷砂处理过程中砂粒连续地高速冲击基体工件，造成表面剥蚀，破坏了基体正、反两面的应力平衡；等离子喷涂过程中基体正、反两面的温差较大，且涂层升温、降温速度较快，基体正、反两面的膨胀、冷却不一致；以及后续的机械矫正等工序都会增加涂层及工件中的残余应力。通过分析工装设计、喷涂工艺、时效处理对基体残余应力变化的影响，探讨了消除残余应力、减小基体变形的有效方法。     

ICP-AES测定钽合金中的钨、铪

建立了ICP-AES直接测定钽合金中钨、铪的分析方法。采用基体匹配与背景扣除法消除钽基体对钨、铪的光谱干扰,选择多谱线平均值法进行了光谱分析。待测元素的回收率为98.0%—102.2%,相对标准偏差小于1.50%。本法简便、快速、准确度高,已用于钽合金产品的检验。     

耐高温CrAlON基太阳能光谱选择性吸收涂层的制备与热稳定性

光谱选择性吸收涂层是太阳能光-热利用技术的核心部件,直接决定着整个系统的转换效率,为了提高涂层的选择吸收性和热稳定性,本文提出以金属氮化物替代金属纳米颗粒,构建纳米晶-非晶异质结构的思路,并采用多弧离子镀制备了Cr/CrAlN/CrAlON/CrAlN/CrAlON/CrAlO多吸收层光谱选择性吸收涂层,其吸收率达0.90,发射率为0.15,而且在500℃、大气条件下时效220 h后,涂层的吸收率升至0.94,发射率则降至0.10,并且能够保持稳定1000 h以上.微观组织分析表明,高温时效处理后,吸收层发生部分晶化形成了大量氮化物纳米颗粒,增加了对太阳光的散射和吸收,而CrAlO减反射层中的部分晶化形成了Al2O3和Cr2O3纳米颗粒,这不仅可以保护内部涂层不被氧化,而且Al2O3的形成可以增加太阳光的透过率,减少涂层表面反射,是多吸收层CrAlON基光谱选择性吸收涂层选择吸收性能提高的主要原因.同时,氮化物纳米颗粒被非晶基体均匀地分隔开来,形成了纳米晶-非晶异质结构,非晶在高温时效处理过程中只发生结构弛豫,从而有效地抑制了高温条件下的原子扩散,保证涂层中的纳米颗粒在高温下不发生明显团聚,这是多吸收层CrAlON基涂层具有良好热稳定性的最主要原因.这些研究结果对提高金属陶瓷光谱选择性吸收涂层的综合性能,实现更高效率的太阳能光-热利用具有重大意义.     

Measurement of particle velocity and characterization of deposition in aluminum alloy kinetic spraying process

Particle velocity is a very important parameter in kinetic spraying (or cold gas dynamic spraying). It is difficult to measure the velocity of a particle with supersonic speed at low temperature (lower than 500 °C). Thus, in many investigations only estimated values are used for evaluating coating processes. In this paper, the modeling of particle acceleration was reviewed, and the measurement of in-flight particle velocity in a kinetic spraying process was performed. Particle velocity and flux distributions from different process gas temperatures and pressures were investigated. The influences of process gas temperature and pressure on particle velocity were discussed. Characteristic of Al-Si feedstock deposition onto a mild steel substrate was described by comparing coatings structures with the in-flight particle conditions. The deposition behavior showed two critical particle velocities for Al-Si powder deposition onto a substrate and for particle-particle bonding.     

Effect of impact-induced melting on interface microstructure and bonding of cold-sprayed zinc coating

Zn particles are employed to create different impact conditions, including impact-induced interface melting in cold spraying. The influence of particle impact conditions on the interfacial microstructure evolution, microhardness and the bonding of particles in cold-sprayed Zn coatings are studied. An examination of coating surface morphology provides convincing evidence for melting at particle interfaces. The results reveal that the nanostructured phase was formed at the interface areas between deposited particles in coating resulting from the recrystallization of deformed grains. Melting at interfaces significantly enhances the bonding between the substrate and the coating and between the deposited Zn particles in the coating through the formation of a metallurgical bond. In addition, high driving gas temperature causes the decreasing hardness of deposited Zn coatings. The effects of particle conditions on the impact-induced melting and bonding mechanisms are discussed.     

The bond strength of Al-Si coating on mild steel by kinetic spraying deposition

Kinetic spraying (or cold gas dynamic spraying) works by accelerating small solid particles to supersonic velocities, and then impacting them onto a substrate. These high impact velocities, and low particle temperatures are the principal attributes of kinetic spraying technology. However, only recently has this technology's interfacial behavior, due to particle/substrate impaction, become well understood. In order to investigate the particle/substrate bond behavior, Al-Si feedstock was deposited onto mild steel, over a range of particle velocities; next, their respective coating bond strengths were measured by the stud pull coating adherence test. The effects of the particle velocity and the substrate surface roughness on the coating bond strength were presented, and a model of the particle/substrate bond generation was discussed in an effort to estimate the bond strength.     

Deposition characteristics of Al-12Si alloy coating fabricated by cold spraying with relatively large powder particles

In this paper, the microstructure, microhardness and adhesive strength of Al-12Si coating produced by cold spraying were investigated. It is found that a thick, dense and well bonded Al-12Si coating could be produced by cold spraying with a relatively large powder through the control of spray conditions. The critical velocity for large Al-12Si particles was lower than that of small Al-12Si particles. The as-deposited Al-12Si coating had the same crystal structure as Al-12Si powder. The localized interface melting occurred resulting from both the adiabatic shearing upon impact and the thermal effect of hot gas. Some fine Si particles precipitated in α-Al matrix because of the thermal effect of hot gas during coating deposition. The dispersed Si particles in Al-12Si coating improved the coating microhardness.     

Experimental study of cold gas spraying through a mask. Part 1

The paper presents experimental data for production of a coating using cold gas dynamic spraying with a mask with transverse size in the range 0.3–1 mm and placed at different distances from the substrate. The coated samples were produced, and coating profiles were measured in the vicinity of the masked zone. The tests with depositing of aluminum powder and copper powder demonstrated that the distinct profile of masked zone is obtained for placing the mask at a distance below critical (depending of spray conditions). The most accurate boundary of the masked zone takes place at a minimal distance (depends on the coating thickness). Depending on the spraying conditions, the increase in the mask-substrate distance may result either in monotonic decline of the masked zone width or a slight increase for a certain range. Experimental data are generalized by normalizing with the transverse size of the mask (under other equal conditions).     

An investigation on erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed WC-CoCr coatings

Present work is an investigation of slurry erosion behavior of WC-CoCr cermet coatings deposited with two different WC grain sizes. HVOF thermal spray process was employed due to its high velocity and low flame temperature characteristics resulting in quality coating. HVOF spraying was assisted with in-flight particle temperature and velocity measurement system to control its heating. Slurry erosion testing was performed using a pot-type slurry erosion tester to evaluate slurry erosion resistance of the coatings. Two parameters were considered for testing viz. erodent particle size and slurry concentration. Surface morphology was examined using SEM images and phase identification was done by XRD. The erosion behavior and mechanism of material removal was studied and discussed based on microstructural examination. It was observed that WC-CoCr cermet coating deposited with fine grain WC exhibits higher slurry erosion resistance under all testing conditions as compared to conventional cermet coating.     

Boron carbide coating deposition on tungsten and testing of tungsten layers and coating under intense plasma load

A device intended for boron carbide coating deposition and material testing under high heat loads is presented. A boron carbide coating 5 μm thick was deposited on the tungsten substrate. These samples were subjected to thermocycling loads in the temperature range of 400–1500°C. Tungsten layers deposited on tungsten substrates were tested in similar conditions. Results of the surface analysis are presented.     

Formation of ZnO,MgO and NiO Nanoparticles from Aqueous Droplets in Flame Reactor

Nanoparticles of ZnO, MgO and NiO were produced from droplets of aqueous salt solution in the flame spray pyrolysis reactor. Conventional spray pyrolysis, in which electrical furnace reactor is used, is reported to produce nanoparticles only from acetate precursor. If the reactor pressure is low (60torr), nitrate salt precursor is also known to produce nanoparticles. In this paper, we report that nanoparticles are produced from nitrate as well as acetate salt precursor solution when propane–oxygen diffusion flame is used to decompose aqueous aerosol droplets. At low flame temperature, however, nanoparticles are not formed and the particle morphology is similar to the morphology produced by the conventional spray pyrolysis. At high flame temperature, nanoparticles are formed, regardless of the salt type. Nanoparticles are formed at lower flame temperature from acetate salts than from nitrate salts. All nanoparticle prepared in this work were fully crystallized and the size measured from transmission electron microscopy images was 30nm. This size agreed well with the particle size calculated from X-ray diffraction and specific surface area data.     

Characteristics and heat treatment of cold-sprayed Al-Sn binary alloy coatings

In this study, Al-Sn binary alloy coatings were prepared with Al-5 wt.% Sn (Al-5Sn) and Al-10 wt.% Sn (Al-10Sn) gas atomized powders by low pressure and high pressure cold spray process. The microstructure and microhardness of the coatings were characterized. To understand the coarsening of tin in the coating, the as-sprayed coatings were annealed at 150, 200, 250 and 300 °C for 1 h, respectively. The effect of annealing on microstructure and the bond strength of the coatings were investigated. The results show that Al-5Sn coating can be deposited by high pressure cold spray with nitrogen while Al-10Sn can only be deposited by low pressure cold spray with helium gas. Both Al-5Sn and Al-10Sn coatings present dense structures. The fraction of Sn in as-sprayed coatings is consistent with that in feed stock powders. The coarsening and/or migration of Sn phase in the coatings were observed when the annealing temperature exceeds 200 °C. Furthermore, the microhardness of the coatings decreased significantly at the annealing temperature of 250 °C. EDXA analysis shows that the heat treatment has no significant effect on fraction of Sn phase in Al-5Sn coatings. Bonding strength of as-sprayed Al-10Sn coating is slightly higher than that of Al-5Sn coating. Annealing at 200 °C can increase the bonding strength of Al-5Sn coatings.     

Control of spray spot shape in cold spray technology. Part 2. Spraying process

The present paper studies high-velocity heterogeneous flows produced with nozzle designs unconventional for cold spray; the process of coating deposition was studied under these conditions. The possibility of using unconventional gas dynamic tools (swirling of main flow, nozzles with permeable profiles and with slots in the supersonic part of nozzle) for control of particle distribution in the supersonic jet is investigated: this might be useful for obtaining a proper shape of the spray spot. These experiments offered a method of gas-dynamic design for the spray spot shape, which extends the possibilities of cold spray technique.