分层化金属陶瓷光热转换涂层的微结构构筑与热稳定性

针对金属陶瓷基光热转换涂层高温热稳定性不足的核心问题,提出构筑吸光纳米颗粒分层化结构来替代传统金属陶瓷涂层中纳米颗粒随机分布的结构,这不仅可以抑制高温下涂层中纳米颗粒的团聚和长大,而且能够增强涂层与太阳光的交互作用,达到热稳定性和选择吸收性能的同步提升.基于此思想,本文设计并制备了Cr/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrO多层金属陶瓷光热转换涂层,对其微结构、光学性能和热稳定性进行了详细的研究.研究结果表明,沉积态涂层的吸收率达到了0.903,发射率为0.18.3,而且在500℃、大气环境下退火1000 h后,涂层的吸收率竟提高至0.913,发射率也仅有0.199,表现出良好的光谱选择吸收性和优异的高温热稳定性.微观组织分析发现,在AlCrON吸收层内形成了AlN,Cr₂N纳米颗粒嵌于非晶陶瓷电介质基体的稳定双相复合结构,并且AlN,Cr₂N纳米颗粒呈分层化规则排列.时域有限差分(FDTD)模拟表明,纳米粒子的分层化分布可以将光子囚禁在AlCrON层内,从而增强太阳光和涂层的作用时间和强度,有助于提升涂层对太阳光的吸收,而且退火过程中纳米颗粒...     

太阳能选择性吸收涂层高温光谱吸收率的测量方法

太阳能热发电是高效利用太阳能资源的有效途径之一,对缓解能源危机和环境污染具有重要的推动作用和深远的社会意义。选择性吸收涂层是太阳能真空集热管的重要组成部分,是决定太阳能与热能转换效率的关键因素。针对高温状态下太阳能选择性吸收涂层光学性能的表征问题,提出一种适用于高温金属-陶瓷选择性吸收涂层太阳光谱吸收率的测量方法。基于双探测器的傅里叶光谱仪和具有涂层加热功能的积分球,研制了能够防止高温氧化并模拟涂层工作温度的高真空测量装置,实现0.3～2.5 μm、室温-700 ℃太阳光谱吸收率的测量。选取磁控溅射制备的Mo-SiO₂选择性吸收涂层作为测量样品,该样品具有双吸收层的多层膜结构。对涂层样品不同温度下的太阳光谱吸收率进行了测量实验,室温测量值与理论计算值进行了对比分析,结果表明具有较好的一致性,最大偏差仅为2.9%,验证了涂层太阳光谱吸收率测量方法的可行性。高温光谱吸收率测量对涂层参数设计的优化及吸收性能的提高具有重要的指导意义及推动作用。     

溅射Al-C-O/Al太阳选择性吸收涂层

设计计算了以Al为底层的多层Al-C-O的太阳吸收涂层。运用直流磁控溅射制备了这种Al-C-O/Al吸收涂层。理论计算与实验测量的结果基本一致。经真空中烘烤后,涂层的Al-C-O/Al太阳吸收率α≈0.92,室温热发射率ε≈0.04,具有优良的光谱选择性。由于使用单个溅射靶,简化了溅射系统,提高了靶溅射的利用率。 关键词：     

快冷熔覆法原位合成大厚度铁基非晶复合涂层的研究

通过水冷提高凝固速率及降低基体金属对熔覆层的稀释,采用改进的钨极惰性气体氩弧熔覆的方法,原位制备了大厚度(1—5 mm)Fe基非晶/纳米晶复合涂层.利用X射线衍射,光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对涂层成分和组织进行分析,并测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明,采用快冷熔覆的方法可以制备出含有50%以上非晶含量的非晶/纳米晶复合涂层,涂层内纳米晶颗粒表面被非晶过渡层包覆.较厚涂层的显微硬度达到1600HV_0.3,与基体为冶金连接,有良好的结合强度及耐磨性.非晶/纳米晶复合结构使得涂层与基体之间的过渡区具备较强的弹塑性,提高了涂层的抗冲击性. 最后重点讨论了微观结构和性能之间的内在联系,涂层内非晶相与纳米晶相的协同作用是造成涂层高硬度的主要原因. 关键词： 非晶 涂层 熔覆 显微硬度     

不同氧气含量下镍铬系平板集热器选择性吸收薄膜的制备和性能表征

采用双极脉冲磁控溅射系统,在不同氧气含量的氩氧混合气体中制备了单层镍-铬金属-电介质复合光谱选择性吸收薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光共焦显微拉曼光谱仪、椭偏仪和紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计分别对薄膜的物相结构和光学特性进行了表征。结果表明:实验获得了由金属镍和镍、铬的氧化物(NiO、Cr2O3)组成的复合膜,薄膜对300~1 200 nm波段的太阳光有较强的吸收,而对波长大于1 200 nm的太阳光则吸收较弱,具有良好的光谱选择性,可用作高效太阳光谱选择性吸收涂层。     

不同氧气含量下镍铬系平板集热器选择性吸收薄膜的制备和性能表征

采用双极脉冲磁控溅射系统,在不同氧气含量的氩氧混合气体中制备了单层镍-铬金属-电介质复合光谱选择性吸收薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、激光共焦显微拉曼光谱仪、椭偏仪和紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计分别对薄膜的物相结构和光学特性进行了表征。结果表明：实验获得了由金属镍和镍、铬的氧化物（NiO、Cr₂O₃）组成的复合膜,薄膜对300~1 200 nm波段的太阳光有较强的吸收,而对波长大于1 200 nm的太阳光则吸收较弱,具有良好的光谱选择性,可用作高效太阳光谱选择性吸收涂层。     

纳米颗粒对金属陶瓷光热转换涂层选择吸收特性的影响

以双金属、氮化物和氧化物作为吸光组元的金属陶瓷涂层是一类极具发展潜力的耐高温光热转换涂层，为了明确其光谱选择性吸收机理，采用第一性原理计算和有限差分时域(FDTD)法研究了WTi、Cr₂O₃和TiN的能带结构、电子结合特性和分布特征对选择吸收特性的影响。研究结果表明：WTi双金属纳米颗粒因Ti的掺杂会产生强烈的原子轨道杂化，导致能带上移和带宽变窄，可以强化对电子的局域限制，有助于增强带间耦合作用和表面等离子体激元共振效应；Cr₂O₃氧化物纳米颗粒中存在较窄的禁带，键长易发生变化，故在高温下其光吸收机制会从电子跃迁方式向表面等离子体激元共振效应转变；TiN氮化物纳米颗粒中不存在禁带，体现出更广的光吸收波长范围，同时颗粒间稳定的键长和较高的载流子浓度增强了体系的稳定性和自由载流子光吸收效应。此外，FDTD模拟发现，小尺寸纳米颗粒在0.3～1.5μm波段内具有很高的吸收系数，而大尺寸纳米颗粒虽然吸收系数不高，但是具有更高的散射系数。基于此，创新性地提出了多尺度分层化金属陶瓷光热转换涂层的组织构筑策略，使不...     

太阳能选择性吸收涂层PbO2的性能研究

本文主要研究制备方法对改变二氧化铅(PbO2)纳米涂层的太阳光谱吸收选择性的影响.通过恒电流沉积法制备PbO2纳米涂层,并通过改变制备条件以得出最佳光谱吸收选择性,并对该吸收涂层进行了紫外-可见光谱(Uv-vis),傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对涂层性能和结构进行分析...     

原子层沉积方法制备核-壳型纳米材料研究

采用原子层沉积方法在碳黑纳米颗粒表面分别沉积Al₂O₃, ZnO, TiO₂和Pt, 成功制备出核-壳型纳米材料. 通过高分辨率透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、 能谱仪对材料的表面形貌、晶体结构、薄膜成分进行了表征和分析. 结果表明, 原子层沉积方法是制备核壳型纳米材料的理想方法. 此外, 还分析了采用原子层沉积方法沉积不同材料, 所生长的薄膜材料有单晶、多晶、非晶等多种存在形式的形成原因. 关键词： 原子层沉积 核-壳型纳米材料 碳黑纳米颗粒     

Fe3O4@Au纳米材料的制备和光谱性质

采用共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4纳米颗粒,并以其为晶种利用晶种生长法制备了Fe3O4@Au磁性复合纳米粒子。吸收光谱显示Au壳层成功包覆在了Fe3O4纳米核的表面。以结晶紫为探针分子的表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）光谱展示了Fe3O4@Au良好的SERS活性。     

A new solar selective surface

A new waveguide method of providing a selective surface for solar energy applications is described. Some measurements of a vacuum-deposited mesh are given, and elementary theory indicates that ratios of solar absorptance to thermal emittance of 30:1 should be possible at temperatures of about 200°C.     

Correlation of optical properties with the fractal microstructure of black molybdenum coatings

Coating is commonly used for improving the optical properties of surfaces for solar collector applications. The coating morphology depends on the deposition conditions, and this determines the final optical characteristics. Coating morphologies are irregular and of fractal nature, so a suitable approach for its characterization should use methods borrowed from fractal analysis. The aim of this work is to study the fractal characteristics of black molybdenum coatings on copper and to relate the fractal parameters to the optical properties. To this end, coating surfaces were prepared via immersion in a solution of ammonium paramolybdate for different deposition periods. The fractal analysis was carried out for SEM and AFM images of the coating surface and the fractal properties were obtained with a recently developed high-dimensional extension of the well-known detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The most salient parameter drawn from the application of the DFA is the Hurst index, a parameter related to the roughness of the coating surface, and the multifractality index, which is related to the non-linearity features of the coating morphology. The results showed that optical properties, including absorptance and emittance, are decreasing functions of the Hurst and multifractality indices. This suggests that coating surfaces with high absorptance and emittance values are related to complex coating morphologies conformed within a non-linear structure.     

电子辐照对ZnO／K2SiO2型热控涂层光学性能的影响

研究了电子辐照对ZnO/K2SiO2型热控涂层光学性能的影响,采用10,30,50和70keV的电子对试样进行辐照。在辐照前后对每一个试样的光谱反射系数进行了原位测量。根据Johnson太阳光谱分布计算了涂层的太阳光谱吸收系数,分析了电子能量对光谱反射系数和太阳光谱吸收系数的影响,并对红外区光谱反射系数的变化结果进行了讨论。实验结果发现电子辐照后ZnO/K2SiO2涂层的光学性能发生严重退化,退化程度取决于电子能量,随电子能量的增大而增大。     

Photoacoustic figure of merit for photothermal energy conversion efficiency

The photoacoustic signal detected near the non-illuminated back surface of a photothermal converter can be used for comparative studies of the conversion efficiency of the converter. The signal is caused not only by the thermal wave transmitted through the sample, but also by mechanical vibrations of the sample itself. While no absolute absorptance or emittance values can be obtained, the signal reflects the influences of both these quantities on the conversion efficiency. Thus this kind of method may lend itself to quality control of such converters, although direct comparisons between absorbing surfaces on different substrates are still problematic.     

电子辐照对ZnO/K_2SiO_3型热控涂层光学性能的影响

研究了电子辐照对 Zn O/K2 Si O3 型热控涂层光学性能的影响。采用 1 0 ,3 0 ,50和 70 ke V的电子对试样进行辐照。在辐照前后对每一个试样的光谱反射系数进行了原位测量。根据 Johnson太阳光谱分布计算了涂层的太阳光谱吸收系数。分析了电子能量对光谱反射系数和太阳光谱吸收系数的影响 ,并对红外区光谱反射系数的变化结果进行了讨论。实验结果发现电子辐照后 Zn O/K2 Si O3 涂层的光学性能发生严重退化 ,退化程度取决于电子能量 ,随电子能量的增大而增大。     

A novel infrared absorbing structure for uncooled infrared detector

In this paper, we proposed a novel infrared absorbing structure for uncooled infrared detectors. The infrared absorber makes use of a quarter-wavelength structure composed of a dielectric layer, a protecting layer, an active layer, a supporting layer and a reflecting layer. Sputtered amorphous silicon is used as a dielectric layer because of its high refractive index. We fabricated the uncooled microbolometer with the proposed infrared absorbing structure by surface micromachining method. Then we characterized various bolometric properties such as thermal conductance, thermal time constant, responsivity and infrared absorptance. The fabricated bolometer showed the thermal conductance of 6.72 × 10⁻⁷ W/K, the thermal mass of 4.43 × 10⁻⁹ J/K, the thermal time constant of 6.6 ms and the responsivity of 7.76 × 10³ V/W at 10 Hz chopper frequency and 9.22 μA bias current. From the results, the estimated absorptance is about 80%. We expect that the proposed absorbing structure shows high infrared absorption and high performance of uncooled microbolometer.     

锁相热像方法实验测量Nb2O5薄膜吸收率

利用锁相热像方法定量测量了光学镀膜的吸收率。待测薄膜吸收周期调制的激光能量，在表面形成热波，将红外相机记录的热分布信号进行锁相相关处理，获得信噪比提高的热图像。采用标准吸收样品对系统进行定标，可获得光热信号幅度与样品吸收率之间的定量联系，进而在相同实验条件下测量待测样品，可通过光热信号直接计算获得其绝对吸收率。在1 060 nm波长处开展了实验研究，测量获得了不同厚度Nb₂O₅镀膜的吸收率数值，实测的吸收可达80 ppm。     

Surface structure and the optical properties of black chrome

A new optical model is presented for solar-selective black chrome. Surface texture is shown to be the primary factor which gives thin films of black chrome a uniformly high absorptance in the visible and near-infrared regions. Internal composition of the films is a secondary influence on their optical properties. We present results consistent with experimental data obtained from films having widely varying structures and compositions, both before and after heat treatment.Our optical model does not rely on the quasistatic approximation, hitherto universally employed in theoretical studies of solar-selective black chrome. Instead, we use a rigorous diffraction formulation for doubly-periodic surfaces (bigratings). The key parameters of the surface morphology are determined from stereo-pair electronmicrographs, and are used in the bigrating model. We present the predicted variation of spectral absorptance with wavelength, as well as integrated absorptance and thermal emittance, for roughened chromium. We give results both for bare metal, and for the metal conformally overcoated either with a thin layer of Cr₂O₃ or with a Cr/Cr₂O₃ cermet. Various shapes of surface features are examined, and surface profile is shown not to be crucial in determining optical properties.     

Investigation on microstructure and properties of CrAlN/AlON nanomultilayers

Artificially modulated CrAlN/AlON nanomultilayers were synthesized by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and nano-indentation techniques. The crystallization of AlON layer and its influence on the mechanical property of the nanomultilayers were studied. The results revealed that, under the template effect of NaCl structural CrAlN layer, amorphous AlON was forced to crystallize and grew epitaxially with CrAlN layer when AlON layer thickness was below 0.9 nm, leading to an increase of hardness up to 32.8 GPa. With the further increase of the AlON layer thickness, AlON layer gradually transformed into amorphous structure and blocked epitaxial growth of the multilayers, resulting in the decrease of hardness. The effect of CrAlN layer thickness on hardness of CrAlN/AlON nanomultilayers was also investigated. With the decrease of CrAlN layer thickness, the hardness increased gradually. The maximum hardness was 34.7 GPa when CrAlN layer thickness of was 3.0 nm. The strengthen mechanism of CrAlN/AlON nanomultilayers was finally discussed.