脉冲硬X射线能注量测量技术

阐述了全吸收法测量脉冲硬X射线能注量的基本原理,选择了光电管配合硅酸镥(LSO)闪烁体作为探测系统的核心部件,研制了脉冲硬X射线能注量测量系统.利用该系统测量了"闪光二号"加速器产生的脉冲硬X射线强度,结合灵敏度的实验标定结果,计算得到了脉冲硬X射线的能注量.在连续5发次的实验中,能注量平均测量结果为35.9 mJ/cm2,根据实测剂量和能谱计算得到的能注量为39.8 mJ/cm2,两者的结果比较一致.     

Tb3+掺杂硅酸盐闪烁玻璃对硬X射线的能量响应

采用高温熔融法制备了Tb3+掺杂硅酸盐闪烁玻璃,并测量了该闪烁玻璃对5～80 keV硬X射线的能量响应.结果表明:硅酸盐闪烁玻璃的光电流对不同光子能量X射线的响应是非线性的,尤其在8和50keV附近,其非线性变化较明显,这种现象与闪烁玻璃吸收X射线后产生大量光电子及其对电子的能量响应有关系.在73.38 keV处,硅酸...     

强光一号装置单氘丝中子发射实验研究

 介绍了利用飞行时间技术测量Z箍缩装置单氘丝中子发射。实验发现，Z箍缩中子发射过程中,伴随产生很强的硬X射线，利用铝丝阵产生硬X射线的实验，建立较好的硬X射线屏蔽,大大减弱了它的辐射强度。所采用的双闪烁探测器中子探测系统，进行了3个发次的单氘丝负载实验，确认产生了聚变氘氘中子。4172发次实验测量结果表明，中子产额1.5×10⁹，中子能量为(2.45±0.26) MeV。实验结合分幅照相数据分析认为，峰电流和负载未能很好匹配，等离子体存在不稳定现象。     

超短超强激光与金属靶作用产生硬X射线照相

 超短超强激光与物质相互作用产生硬X射线的应用之一是X射线照相。利用等离子体国家重点实验室的SILEX-Ⅰ激光器进行了超短超强激光与高Z平面金属厚靶相互作用产生硬X射线作为照相光源的照相实验研究。采用闪烁体+胶片和闪烁体+CCD相机的方式分别接收X射线图像,在靶的侧向和后向得到清晰X射线图像。由于采用的闪烁体厚度和照相几何不同,图像质量和空间分辨率存在明显差别。这种照相技术不仅可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用产生光源研究的基础手段,而且可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用致硬X射线的探测方式。     

辐射成像系统中图像转换屏与物镜耦合的分析

辐射成像系统中,射线沿闪烁体厚度方向产生的光经过镜头形成一个弥散的像。这通常是此类系统空间分辨的主要限制因素。建立了几何光学成像模型,描述了近心光路中此图像的空变特性。用点扩散函数均方根半径表征系统空间分辨性能,给出了图像点扩散函数均方根半径的表达式,其与闪烁体厚度、折射率、镜头相对孔径、成像倍率、射线入射点相对位置直接相关。将硅酸镥晶体3维发光强度分布与镜头进行耦合,分析了闪烁体发光强度分布对耦合的影响。采用点扩散函数均方根半径为最小的原则,建立了一个推导闪烁体相对于物镜放置在最佳位置的方法。     

铈掺杂高钆镥氧化物玻璃制备和光谱性能

实验中采用高温熔融法制备了一系列高钆镥硼硅酸盐新型玻璃体系样品,研究了这种新型玻璃体系的玻璃形成区,测量了样品的玻璃稳定性和密度。结果表明,玻璃体系的玻璃形成区较广,玻璃稳定性良好（析晶温度与转变温度的差为262 ℃）,且玻璃样品的密度达到5 g/cm3。以此种玻璃体系作为基质掺入Ce3+离子,测量其透过光谱、激发光谱、发射光谱、X射线激发发射光谱以及Gd3+离子的衰减时间。结果表明,玻璃的透过性能适合Ce3+离子的掺杂,并且Gd2O3和Lu2O3对闪烁体发光都具有积极的影响,同时研究了Gd3+离子和Ce3+离子的能量传递机理及最佳能量传递掺杂摩尔比。从玻璃的物理性能和光谱性能考虑,这种闪烁玻璃系统具有广泛应用于高能物理材料中的一定潜力。     

光子在塑料闪烁体内的传输速率测量

选用90Sr-90Yβ放射源照射自制的塑料闪烁探测器,测量了光子在塑料闪烁体内部的传输时间,计算出传输速率和不确定度,为以后的核物理实验计算以及闪烁体参数测量提供相关数据参考。     

一种用于Z箍缩实验的软X射线成像系统

基于塑料闪烁体转换和光学条纹相机的方法建立了一套用于Z箍缩实验中的软X射线条纹图像诊断系统,解决了以往实验中使用的X射线条纹相机易被电磁环境干扰以及相机电极部件易被实验产生的高速粒子损伤的问题.诊断系统的光谱响应范围主要集中在0.2-10 keV,系统的空间分辨率经过理论评估小于120μm,通过标定闪烁体对X射线的时间响应特性给出了系统的时间分辨率约为1 ns.诊断系统拍摄到了铝丝阵内爆等离子体的一维空间和时间分辨的X射线条纹图像,给出了等离子体的内爆一致性和辐射均匀性等特征信息.     

ST401塑料闪烁体中子、r灵敏度测量

ST401塑料闪烁体响应时间快，在脉冲中子源方法测量瞬发中子衰减常数中常用作中子探测器，同时它对于r射线也灵敏。利用加速器DT中子源、裂变谱中子源和^60Co同位素源，分别测量了三种尺寸的ST401塑料闪烁体的裂变谱中子和r射线的灵敏度。     

一种新型快塑料闪烁体的性能研究

针对Z箍缩x辐射测量的需要，研制了一种新型的塑料闪烁体，具有对可见光抑制 能力强、x射线能量响应平坦、发光时间快等特点.利用同步辐射装置3W1B光站的单色软x射 线源、CΓC67型皮秒脉冲辐射源、Lamde 2型紫外/可见分光光度计等实验设备，测量了这 种闪烁体的能量响应、衰减时间、对可见光的透过效率、发光光谱等特性.实验表明，这种 闪烁体对可见光的透过率小于5%、发光时间约6ns、对100—1400eV的x射线具有平坦能量响 应，能够满足Z箍缩软x辐射测量. 关键词： Z箍缩 x射线 新型闪烁体     

5~88keV能区硬X光能谱精密测量

利用滤波荧光(FF)法建立了5~88keV能区硬X光能谱测量系统,对闪烁探测器的灵敏度进行了精密标定,不确定度好于10%。通过研究干扰产生的原因,改善系统屏蔽,有效地排除了干扰,提高了系统的信噪比;通过更换大电流的光电倍增管,改变准直光阑的尺寸和滤片的厚度,将测量系统的线性动态范围从4提高到104。在神光Ⅲ原型物理实验中定量给出Au平面靶硬X光谱,实现硬X光能谱的精密测量。     

一台基于串级二极管技术的高强度脉冲硬X射线源

介绍了利用串级二极管产生高强度脉冲硬X射线的方法及其辐射场参数。以“闪光二号”加速器为平台,通过适应性改造,产生快前沿电压脉冲;研制了两级阻抗1 Ω串级二极管,通过串联分压降低二极管端电压、各级二极管电子束独立打靶在空间叠加形成高强度均匀辐射场。解决了悬浮电极绝缘支撑、二极管阴极均匀发射等技术难题,实现了串级二极管的稳定工作。在总电压约700 kV、电流约310 kA条件下,X射线平均能量87 keV,500 cm2上的平均能注量36 mJ/cm2,剂量均匀性（最大值比最小值）达到2∶1。     

高能伽玛相机探测量子效率的蒙特卡罗模拟

探测量子效率（DQE）可被用来精确描述图像噪声通过成像系统的传播特性。根据级联理论,简洁得出了零频噪声传播情况下成像系统的DQE 表达式。采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP 计算了高能X射线的硬化能谱在六种常用闪烁晶体中的能量沉积分布以及高能伽玛相机的DQE,分析了闪烁晶体的材料和厚度对DQE的影响。模拟结果表明,高密度、高原子序数是影响DQE的主要因素,在同样厚度下,LuAP和LSO转换屏的探测量子效率最高。     

基于X射线脉冲星导航的地面模拟系统研究

为进行X射线脉冲星导航的关键技术研究,搭建了基于X射线脉冲星导航的地面模拟系统.地面模拟系统由模拟X射线脉冲源、基于微通道板的高灵敏X射线光子探测器、电荷灵敏前放和主放电路、时间测量单元、X射线脉冲轮廓构造及X射线脉冲到达时间测量系统组成.该模拟系统可在地面模拟X射线脉冲星导航的星源的强度、周期及脉冲轮廓,实现对X射线脉冲星单光子到达时间的记录,构造X射线脉冲星脉冲轮廓,计算X射线脉冲到达时间.描述了基于X射线脉冲星导航的地面模拟系统的组成和工作原理,报道了基于X射线脉冲星导航的地面模拟系统的初步结果. 关键词： X射线脉冲星导航 微通道板光子探测器 脉冲轮廓     

Filippov type plasma focus as intense source of hard X-rays(Ex≃50 keV)

This paper evaluates the use of a plasma focus machine (Filippov type) as a pulsed intense source of hard X-rays. It is shown experimentally that discharging a capacitor bank of W=50 kJ in the new arrangement of the discharge parameters, one can deliver into the test cavity (volume of 6*10³ cm³) an average of Φ _x=8*10^-4 J/cm². The delivered energy fluence varies in the range of 2*10^-4 J/cm²⩽Φ_x⩽2.9*10^-3 J/cm², depending on the probe position. The X-ray energy spectra were established by the differential absorption method using thermo-luminescent detectors (time-integrated spectra) or plastic scintillators (time-resolved spectra). The average energy of X-ray photons is 40 keVx^av<50 keV (20 keV⩽E _x⩽170 keV) and remains quasi-constant during the main part of the pulse (~40 ns). The electron energy that can produce such bremsstrahlung radiation is in the range of 95 keV⩽E_e⩽170 keV. However, time-resolved experiments reveal that at each instant of time only one energy of electron beam occurs. The aforementioned radiation characteristics reveal new potentials for the plasma-focus machine for a variety of applications. Some insight into the physics behind production mechanism of quasi-monoenergetic relativistic-electron beams will be concurrently reviewed     

Fabrication and ionic conductivity of Li2SiO3 thin film

Lithium meta-silicate (LSO) thin film was fabricated on various insulating substrate by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. By X-ray diffraction measurement, as-prepared thin film is found to be amorphous structure. Temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity was measured at the temperature range from 500 to 700 K. It was found that the ionic conductivity depended on the substrate species and in-plane direction. The substrate dependence of ionic conduction of amorphous LSO thin film may originate from the structural modulation of the thin film at the vicinity of the hetero-interface.     

Systematic studies of small scintillators for new sampling calorimeter

A new sampling calorimeter using very thin scintillators and the multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) has been proposed to produce better position resolution for the international linear collider (ILC) experiment. As part of this R&D study, small plastic scintillators of different sizes, thickness and wrapping reflectors are systematically studied. The scintillation light due to beta rays from a collimated ⁹⁰Sr source are collected from the scintillator by wavelength-shifting (WLS) fiber and converted into electrical signals at the PMT. The wrapped scintillator that gives the best light yield is determined by comparing the measured pulse height of each 10 × 40 × 2 mm strip scintillator covered with 3M reflective mirror film, teflon, white paint, black tape, gold, aluminum and white paint+teflon. The pulse height dependence on position, length and thickness of the 3M reflective mirror film and teflon wrapped scintillators are measured. Results show that the 3M radiant mirror film-wrapped scintillator has the greatest light yield with an average of 9.2 photoelectrons. It is observed that light yield slightly increases with scintillator length, but increases to about 100% when WLS fiber diameter is increased from 1.0 mm to 1.6 mm. The position dependence measurement along the strip scintillator showed the uniformity of light transmission from the sensor to the PMT. A dip across the strip is observed which is 40% of the maximum pulse height. The block type scintillator pulse height, on the other hand, is found to be almost proportional to scintillator thickness.      

双极晶体管负载瞬态辐照毁伤效应

利用有源传输线模型与漂移-扩散模型的耦合计算模型,对在瞬态X射线辐照下电缆末端典型N+-p-n-N+结构的双极晶体管负载的毁伤效应与规律进行研究,通过分析双极晶体管内部晶格温度分布,判定是否处于毁伤状态,总结双极晶体管烧毁时间和烧毁所需能量与脉冲X射线脉冲宽度和注量之间的关系。结果表明:随着脉冲X射线脉宽增加,双极晶体管烧毁能量变化较小,烧毁时间逐渐增加;随着注量增加,烧毁时间逐渐降低,在5.86J/cm2以下时,烧毁所需能量基本相同,之后呈指数逐渐增加,并通过曲线拟合得到损伤规律的经验公式。     

Studying the energy dependence of intrinsic conversion efficiency of single crystal scintillators under X-ray excitation

Single crystal scintilators are used in various radiation detectors applications. The efficiency of the crystal can be determined by the Detector Optical Gain (DOG) defined as the ratio of the emitted optical photon flux over the incident radiation photons flux. A parameter affecting DOG is the intrinsic conversion efficiency (n _C ) giving the percentage of the X-ray photon power converted to optical photon power. n _C is considered a constant value for X-ray energies in the order of keV although a non-proportional behavior has been reported. In this work an analytical model, has been utilized to single crystals scintillators GSO:Ce, LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce to examine whether the intrinsic conversion efficiency shows non proportional behavior under X-ray excitation. DOG was theoretically calculated as a function of the incident X-ray spectrum, the X-ray absorption efficiency, the energy of the produced optical photons and the light transmission efficiency. The theoretical DOG values were compared with experimental data obtained by irradiating the crystals with X-rays at tube voltages from 50 to 140 kV and by measuring the light energy flux emitted from the irradiated screen. An initial value for n _C (calculated from literature data) was assumed for the X-ray tube voltage of 50 kV. For higher X-ray tube voltages the optical photon propagation phenomena was assumed constant and any deviations between experimental and theoretical data were associated with changes in the intrinsic conversion efficiency. The experimental errors were below 7% for each experimental setup. The behavior of n _C values for LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce were found very similar, i.e., ranging with values from 0.089 at 50 kV to 0.015 at 140 kV, while for GSO:Ce, n _C demonstrated a peak at 80 kV.     

DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化测量法

设计了一个测量高强度DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化探测器.该探测器由中子慢化体、天然银片、塑料闪烁体和光电倍增管组成,其输出电流通过一个小电流计来获取.通过分析探测器在直流标定和脉冲测量两种状态下输出电流的变化曲线,求解出了特征参数,进而推导计算出DT聚变脉冲中子源的产额.实践证明,这种测量方法与传统的活化法相比,减少了对...