数字散斑法在局域剪切带三维变形研究中的应用

在适当的温度、应变率和预变形下,合金材料的拉伸试验中,将会出现伴随应力锯齿形跌落的雪崩式剪切变形带,即波特文-勒夏特利埃(Portevin-Le Chatelier,PLC)效应。利用高速数字摄像系统(分辨力1000 frames/s)并结合数字散斑干涉法(Digital speckle pattern interferometry,DSPI)和数字散斑相关法设计了一套光学变形测量系统,实现了拉伸试验中对试件表面三维变形的实时、精确测量。利用该光学系统对铝铜合金试件在拉伸试验中产生的跳跃传播的局域剪切带瞬态成核过程进行捕捉。通过结合数字散斑相关法得到的面内变形定量结果和数字散斑干涉法得到的表现离面变形的条纹图,再现了剪切变形带成核和传播瞬间的三维变形过程。     

基于电子散斑干涉与数字剪切散斑干涉法的悬臂薄板振动分析

基于激光光路的光波随机相位扰动,分析了电子散斑干涉实时图像相减时模态条纹图的形成机理,提出了一种振幅涨落测量法。搭建了用于离面振动分析的电子散斑干涉和数字剪切散斑干涉测量系统,并对完整和含狭缝的悬臂铝板的振动特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,实时图像相减模式获得的模态条纹图对比度明显优于其他方法,得到的前10阶模态条纹图与有限元法计算结果具有良好的一致性。相比于电子散斑干涉法,数字剪切散斑干涉法对试样局部的刚度变化和缺陷更敏感。     

双波长剪切散斑干涉法在复合材料缺陷检测中的应用

为使剪切散斑干涉能适用于物体大变形的测量,选用双波长激光照射和彩色相机,用傅里叶变换法对干涉图进行频谱分离,用红色波长相位减去绿色波长相位,得到合成波长相位,经频域滤波和相位解包裹,得到连续相位.理论计算表明合成波长相位条纹数是单波长相位条纹数的0.189倍.合成波长参与计算可以有效减小相位条纹密度,解决剪切散斑干涉在物体离面位移测量中由于变形条纹过于密集而导致欠采样的问题,同时降低对干涉条纹滤波和相位解包裹难度,增强图像处理可靠度,提高了测量准确度.给出了合成波长与单波长相位幅度的比较以及相同外力下二者相位条纹密度的对比,实验验证了所提方法的有效性、准确性和可靠性,实现了剪切散斑干涉对复合材料大变形的测量,扩展了剪切散斑干涉工程应用的范围,为新型剪切散斑干涉测量系统的设计提供了参考.     

剪切散斑干涉术的统计分析

本文用统计光学方法分析了剪切散斑图的成象过程;散斑图的频谱分布以及全场滤波干涉条纹的形成.发现剪切散斑干涉条纹不仅与三维位移微分有关,而且与面内位移量有关.在此基础上又讨论了影响干涉条纹质量的有关因素,并作了实验验证.     

数字散斑干涉术物体形变测量

基于数字散斑干涉术测量物体形变的原理,研究了物体面内位移及变形的测试技术.采用电荷耦合器件记录变形前后的两幅散斑图,取代传统散斑干涉术中的记录干板,省去传统方法中干板显影、定影的繁琐的化学湿处理过程.分别用菲涅尔散斑和像面散斑方法获得散斑干涉图,用相减技术得到含有物体形变信息的散斑干涉条纹.设计高斯低通滤波器,对干涉条纹进行处理,提高了干涉条纹的对比度.提出扫描条纹中心行方法,由条纹中心行一维位相分布获得一维物面变形,实现了散斑干涉条纹的自动判读.试验表明,该方法简洁且实用.     

双功能数字散斑干涉位移及空间梯度同时测量

为了满足无损检测中复合材料在复杂载荷下多参数变量评估的需求,提出了一种基于光路复用的双功能数字散斑干涉系统,能够同时实现数字散斑干涉和数字剪切散斑干涉测量功能.通过控制其中一个反射镜-波片组合,当该组合离位时,构成数字散斑干涉测量光路,实现离面位移测量;当该组合在位时,构成数字剪切散斑干涉测量光路,实现离面位移空间梯度的测量.测量过程中只需简单切换该组合的位置就可以实现单次加载下被测物体表面离面位移及其空间梯度的同时测量.该系统光路结构简单、切换效率高,能够同时获得高质量的位移及空间梯度测量结果.实验证明,双功能数字散斑干涉系统既具备高抗干扰能力,又具备高灵敏度测试能力,适合复合材料无损检测现场使用.     

大剪切电子散斑干涉的载频调制与位移场测量

将电子散斑干涉场的载波调制引入到大剪切电子散斑干涉中,通过对参考物的微小偏转引入载波条纹;利用傅里叶变换法,解调出了变形场的相位,从而实现了物体变形场的精确测量。讨论了大剪切载频的调制机理,理论分析表明,调制条纹的空间频率与参考面偏转的角度成正比;因此,控制参考面的偏转角度可实现不同位移量系统的调制。利用中心加载周边固定圆盘进行了典型实验,实验结果证明在大剪切电子散斑干涉技术中可以通过参考面的旋转高质量地实现电子散斑干涉条纹的调制,求解位移场。该系统具有系统简单,不需要专门引入参考光,条纹质量好等优点。该技术可扩展电子散斑干涉的应用范围,有一定的实际应用价值。     

数值孔径与数字剪切散斑干涉条纹亮度的关系

分析了数字剪切散斑干涉条纹图的形成理论，并获得了条纹亮度与摄象机数值孔径等参数的精确关系式，从理论分析和实验验证均得出在采用小的摄象机数值孔径和３ｍＷ Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光器的情况下，仍可获得比较满意的数字剪切散斑干涉条纹图，理论工作及其结论对于进行数字剪切散斑干涉实验的最佳参数选择具有指导作用。     

基于优化电子散斑光谱的三维物体测量研究

用激光光束直接照射到测试表面,再用CCD采其变形前后表面散斑颗粒干涉形成的条纹,条纹图解析为测量点的位移量和变形量,进而得到其离面位移,在优化算法的时候采用π位相技术获取另一个π相移的变形条纹图像,将面内位移与离面位移分离,为了消除零级分量,让投影光栅移动1/2个周期.通过Matlab和四步位相算法给出了三维空间模型,得出变形后物体的离面位移数据.实验仿真数据表明其能够稳定地测量物体变形场三维分量,误差较低.     

用于多参数同时测量的散斑干涉仪

本文描述了一种新的散斑干涉仪,它可以同时对表面应变物体的面内位移、离面位移、位移梯度和莫尔曲率进行测量;由于利用了取向滤波方法,在滤波系统输出平面同时得到了与这些参数对应的散斑条纹.还利用散斑空间运动规律较好地解释了散斑干涉与散斑剪切干涉之间的关系.     

固溶处理对Al-Cu合金中Portevin-Le Chatelier效应空域行为的影响

研究了在定加载速率拉伸条件下，固溶处理对Al-Cu合金材料中PLC(Portevin-Le Chatelier)效应空域行为的影响.在较低拉伸速率时，变形初期PLC变形带在试件宽度方向中央附近某点处“成核”.随着变形的继续，出现多带共存的现象.且带宽较小，带与拉伸轴向的夹角较大.在较大拉伸速率条件下，PLC变形带先连续传播，再随机出现. 关键词： PLC效应 动态应变时效 固溶处理     

红外测温法研究Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier效应

试件塑性变形过程伴随着机械能向热能的转化.利用红外测温法,通过分析红外热像仪采集的温度场图像,系统研究了Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier （PLC）效应.在不同应变率下,实验得到了三类锯齿形应力-应变曲线,分析了相应情况下试件温度变化曲线的异同及其原因,探讨了三种类型PLC变形带的空间传播特性.研究发现,试件表面的温升随着应变率的增加而增加;PLC带的倾角转向发生在试件的两端或者带外的温度最高处. 关键词： Portevin-Le Chatelier效应 红外测温 Al-Mg合金     

Deformation measurements of three types of Portevin--Le Chatelier bands

In this paper a technique based on high-speed digital photography and the digital speckle correlation (DSC) method is used for the quantitative measurement of the displacement and strain fields of various Portevin--Le Chatelier (PLC) bands (types A, B, and C). The experimental results clearly show the nucleation process of a type-B band and the propagation of a type-A band. The results also reveal that there exists an elastic shrinkage deformation outside a PLC band during a large avalanche-like deformation inside the PLC band.     

Investigation of Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in 5456 Al-based alloy using digital image correlation

A variety of experimental methods have been proposed for Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. They mainly focused on the in-plane deformation. In order to achieve the high-accuracy measurement, three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) was employed in this work to investigate the PLC effect in 5456 Al-based alloy. The temporal and spatial evolutions of deformation in the full field of specimen surface were observed. The large deformation of localized necking was determined experimentally. The distributions of out-of-plane displacement over the loading procedure were also obtained. Furthermore, a comparison of measurement accuracy between two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) and 3D-DIC was also performed. Due to the theoretical restriction, the measurement accuracy of 2D-DIC decreases with the increase of deformation. A maximum discrepancy of about 20% with 3D-DIC was observed in this work. Therefore, 3D-DIC is actually more essential for the high-accuracy investigation of PLC effect.     

Plastic deformation macrolocalization during serrated creep of an aluminum-magnesium Al-6 wt % Mg alloy

The nonlinear dynamics of the space-time structure of macrolocalized deformation is studied by a set of high-speed in situ methods under the conditions of serrated creep in an aluminum-magnesium Al-6 wt % Mg alloy at room temperature. Macroscopic deformation jumps with an amplitude of several percent are detected in the creep curve of this alloy. It is found that a complex space-time structure of macrolocalized deformation bands moving in a correlated manner forms spontaneously in the material during the development of a deformation jump. The difference between the observed picture of deformation bands and the well-known Portevin-Le Chatelier classification of deformation bands is discussed.     

Critical dynamics of burst instabilities in the Portevin-Le Ch atelier effect

We investigate the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect (PLC), by compressing Al-Mg alloys in a very large deformation range, and interpret the results from the viewpoint of phase transitions and critical phenomena. The system undergoes two dynamical phase transitions between intermittent (or "jerky") and "laminar" plastic dynamic phases. Near these two dynamic critical points, the order parameter 1/tau of the PLC effect exhibits large fluctuations, and "critical slowing down" (i.e., the number tau of bursts, or plastic instabilities, per unit time slows down considerably).     

Scaling behavior of the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in an Al-2.5%Mg alloy

The scaling behavior of the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect was studied by deforming an Al-2.5%Mg alloy for a wide range of strain rates. To reveal the exact scaling nature, the time series data of true stress versus time, obtained during deformation, were analyzed by two complementary methods: the finite variance scaling method and the diffusion entropy analysis. From these analyses we could establish that, in the entire span of strain rates, the PLC effect showed the Levy-walk property.     

A fringe carrier technique for unambiguous determination of fringe orders in shearography

Shearography is an interferometric method which measures displacement derivatives. This paper presents a technique which eliminates the ambiguity in shearographic fringe interpretation. The technique is based on generating a carrier fringe pattern. Introduction of the carrier fringes results in the formation of a fringe pattern which has monotonically increasing fringe orders, thus allowing fringe orders to be determined in a straightforward manner and without ambiguity. The phase change due to deformation alone is then obtained by simply subtracting the known undeformed carrier fringe orders from the deformed carrier fringe orders. Elimination of fringe ambiguity has paved a way for automatic data acquisition in shearography.     

Portevin-Le Chatelier effect triggered by complex loading paths in an Al–Cu aluminium alloy

Serrated flow has been observed during non monotonic tensile tests of an Al–Cu aluminium alloy in the naturally aged state. The associated propagative localisation bands were observed by digital image correlation (DIC). In particular, the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect and also Lüders bands were observed in interrupted tests during which the specimen was held for a length of time and also in tests with partial unloading followed by a holding time. Increasing strain rate jumps also triggered the PLC effect. These observations indicate the existence of the PLC effect in this material which was formerly considered insensitive to it at room temperature under monotonic loading conditions. There is no evidence of PLC serrations during constant strain rate tests. A strain ageing finite element model is used that captures the experimentally found PLC triggering effects.