Particle confinement and density profile behaviour on HL-1M

In this paper the density profile behaviour and the particle confinement operation regime on HL-1M have been studied under the pellet injection (PI), supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI), gas puffing (GP) and lower hybrid current drive experimental situations. The relationships between density profile, particle confinement time and edge safe factor have been explored. The density profile, which is measured by six-channel far-infrared ray laser interferometer has been analysed by using the peaking coefficient calculation code. Changes of the outward and inward diffusion velocities before and after the peaking of the central density profile have been calculated using the global particle balance equations. The particle confinement operation regimes have been discussed. The peaking density profile can be easily obtained under the condition of efficient fuelling. In ohmic discharges, confinement time increases as the peaking density profile factor rises, and is saturated at a critical value related to the fuelling efficiency. The particle confinement time of SMBI lies between the values of GP and PI, and its value is about 3-5 times of the energy confinement time.     

中国环流器二号A(HL-2A)超声分子束注入最新结果

HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热时,氘脉冲超声分子束穿越分界面,等离子体各项重要参数,包括等离子体储能、极向比压、中平面线平均密度、中心密度和温度上升,中子产额急剧增加. 超声分子束注入有可能较常规脉冲送气在台基顶部提供较强的粒子源,被认为是可供ITER替换脉冲送气的加料方法之一. HL-2A装置氢超声分子束注入的平均速度约为1.7km,与溢流(分子流)注入真空的速度测量作了比较. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 托卡马克 飞行时间法 加料     

A new method for constructing factorisable representations for current groups and current algebras

LetC _e (R ⁿ ,G) denote the group of infinitely differentiable maps fromn-dimensional Euclidean space into a simply connected and connected Lie group, which have compact support. This paper introduces a class of factorisable unitary representations ofC _e (R ⁿ ,G) with the property that the unitary operatorU _f corresponding to a functionf inC _e (R ⁿ ,G) depends not only onf, but also on the derivatives off up to a certain order. In particular these representations can not be extended to the group of all continuous functions fromR ⁿ toG with compact support.     

Investigation of the dependency of JET midplane separatrix density as a function of engineering parameters

Midplane separatrix density is a crucial parameter in tokamaks since it strongly impacts divertor conditions. Scaling midplane separatrix density, n_{e, SEP} , and pedestal density, n_{e, PED} , as function of engineering parameters such as auxiliary heating P_injected, toroidal magnetic field B_T, and plasma poloidal current I_p are relevant to observe the effect of tuning these parameters on, for example, quality of confinement and divertor regime governed by n_{e, PED} and n_{e, SEP} , respectively. Thus, a dataset of JET H-mode pulses performed with Iter like wall (ILW) has been analysed. Midplane density data are collected from an HRTS (high-resolution Thomson scattering) diagnostic and n_{e, SEP} is determined using the power balance method. Parallel heat flux model is chosen using transport code SOLEDGE2D (S2D) applying power balance method over a simulated n_{e, SEP} and T_{e, SEP} profiles to obtain separatrix positions. The parameters are averaged over time windows with order of (85–185 ms ) and the magnetic configuration has been fixed to avoid divertor geometrical effect on n_{e, SEP} determination, configuration chosen is corner–corner. A ratio between separatrix density and pedestal density at outer midplane ranges between 0.3 and 0.7 on the data set. A scaling law of n_{e, SEP}/n_{e, PED} is obtained as function of P_injected, B_T, and I_P.     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇     

Radial transport dynamics studies of SMBI with a newly developed TPSMBI code

In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.     

Favourable scenarios established by SMBI for the realization of the ELMy H-mode at HL-2A

The ELMy H-mode plasmas realized with the supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) are studied in relation to the energy confinement and the heating power for the L–H transition(P_(L-H) ) in the HL-2A tokamak. A database is assembled for this study based on the ELMy H-mode discharges during the experimental campaigns in the period 2009–2013at the HL-2A tokamak. The statistical results show that the SMBI is favourable for reaching the H-mode by reducing the heating power at the L–H transition and for the H-mode performance by improving the energy confinement compared with the ordinary gas puffing(GP). The reduction of P_(L-H) is about 20% when the density is low, and the energy confinement enhancement factor of H_(H98y2)= τ_E/τ_(th,98y2) ≈ 1.5 is achieved with the SMBI. Note that in the database the density dependence of P_(L-H) is non-monotonic with the ˉne,min≈ 3×10~(19) m~(-3) at which the P_(L-H) is minimum. Most of P_(L-H) data are on the low density branch where the P_(L-H) increases with the decrease in density. The minimum of the P_(L-H) in HL-2A is comparable to the ITPA multi-machine threshold power scaling P_(thr■scal08). The physics behind the reduction of the P_(L-H) with the SMBI is also investigated in relation to the change of the density gradient at the plasma edge, the gas fuelling efficiency, and the recycling.     

Further evidence for magnetic charge from hadronic spectra

Schwinger's dyonium model of quarks is incorporated into a theory of the strong QCD and electromagnetic interactions. Vector bosons are shown to exist with masses obeying Nambu's empirical mass formulam _n=(n/2)137m _e,n a positive integer. The existence of a Dirac unit of magnetic chargeg=(137/2)ne is the basis for the Nambu formula and for the 70-MeV quantum in MacGregor's constituent-quark model. Frosch derived an empirical mass formula which contains the Nambu mass series as a subset.     

［Mg(NH2)2］n(n=1—5)团簇的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-31G^*基组水平上对［Mg(NH₂)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的最稳定结构.对最稳定结构的振动特性、成键特性、电荷特性等进行了理论研究.结果表明：团簇易形成链状结构,Mg—N键长为0.190—0.234 nm,N—H键长为0.101—0.103 nm,H—N—H键角为100.2°—107.5°;团簇中M 关键词： 2)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇')" href="#">［Mg(NH₂)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇 密度泛函理论 结构与性质 储氢材料     

Oscillatory disruptions in the Alcator C tokamak

Periodic disruptions were observed which persisted for as long as 400 ms during plasma discharges. Soft X-ray emissions, T_e, n_e, impurity radiation and plasma position showed the pulsations. The abrupt collapse in X-ray signal (1–2 ms; period ∽10 ms) encompassed a large fraction of the plasma cross section. Plasma conditions associated with the onset of this pattern are examined.     

Modulated electron spectrum of the light scattered by a magnetized arc plasma

Measuring the spectrum of laser light scattered by a magnetized arc plasma (n _e =1.2 × 10¹⁶ cm^?3,T _e =3.2 eV, α=0.6,B _z =120 kG) we observe deviations from the normal thermal spectrum. The observed modulation is most probably due to the influence of the magnetic field. Two other less likely possibilities (enhanced electron oscillations or the existence of an additional colder electron component) are discussed.     

Measurement of the electric form factor of the neutron at Q2 = 0.3-0.8 (GeV/ c) 2 ⋆

The electric form factor of the neutron, G_E,n, has been measured at the Mainz Microtron by recoil polarimetry in the quasielastic D(¯e, e¯n)p reaction. Three data points have been extracted at squared four-momentum transfers Q ² = 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 (GeV/c)². Corrections for nuclear binding effects have been applied.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the previous version, the email address of one author was inadvertently assigned to multiple authors.     

The 2‐matrix of the spin‐polarized electron gas: contraction sum rules and spectral resolutions

The spin‐polarized homogeneous electron gas with densities ρ_↑ and ρ_↓ for electrons with spin ‘up’ (↑) and spin ‘down’ (↓), respectively, is systematically analyzed with respect to its lowest‐order reduced densities and density matrices and their mutual relations. The three 2‐body reduced density matrices γ_↑↑, γ_↓↓, γ_a are 4‐point functions for electron pairs with spins ↑↑, ↓↓, and antiparallel, respectively. From them, three functions G_↑↑(x,y), G_↓↓(x,y), G_a(x,y), depending on only two variables, are derived. These functions contain not only the pair densities according to g_↑↑(r) = G_↑uarr;(0,r), g_↓↓(r) = G_↓↓(0,r), g_a(r) = G_a(0,r) with r = | r ₁ ‐ r ₂|, but also the 1‐body reduced density matrices γ_↑ and γ_↓ being 2‐point functions according to γ_s = ρ_sf_s and f_s(r) = G_ss(r, ∞) with s = ↑,↓ and r = | r ₁ ‐ r ^′₁|. The contraction properties of the 2‐body reduced density matrices lead to three sum rules to be obeyed by the three key functions G_ss, G_a. These contraction sum rules contain corresponding normalization sum rules as special cases. The momentum distributions n_↑(k) and n_↓(k), following from f_↑(r) and f_↓(r) by Fourier transform, are correctly normalized through f_s(0) = 1. In addition to the non‐negativity conditions n_s(k),g_ss(r),g_a(r) ≥ 0 [these quantities are probabilities], it holds n_s(k) ≤ 1 and g_ss(0) = 0 due to the Pauli principle and g_a(0) ≤ 1 due to the Coulomb repulsion. Recent parametrizations of the pair densities of the spin‐unpolarized homogeneous electron gas in terms of 2‐body wave functions (geminals) and corresponding occupancies are generalized (i) to the spin‐polarized case and (ii) to the 2‐body reduced density matrix giving thus its spectral resolutions.     

HL-2A 装置超声分子束注入缓解偏滤器靶板上边缘局域模热通量研究

在HL-2A 装置上优化和发展了偏滤器靶板上的红外测温系统,并利用该系统分析了高约束模放电期间边缘局域模的热沉积分布特性。在高约束模式放电期间,超声分子束注入使边缘局域模所引起的偏滤器靶板上瞬间热通量峰值下降了~60%,并伴随着边缘局域模爆发频率增加了2~3 倍,而等离子体储能仅下降了~8%。分析结果表明,大幅度的丝状结构在超声分子束注入之后得到了有效抑制,沉积到偏滤器靶板上的瞬间热通量峰值也随之下降。此外,在超声分子束注入之后偏滤器室内的热辐射损失大幅度增加,从而耗散了热输运所携带的部分能量,进一步分散了沉积到偏滤器靶板上的能量,有效地保护了偏滤器靶板。     

Noise and conductance in one-dimensional systems

Summary We derive an explicit form for the current correlation function of a Fermi gas in a finite sample at arbitrary degree of degeneracy. The expression so found enables a continuous investigation from diffusive to ballistic transport regimes to be carried out. For degenerate one-dimensional conductors under ballistic regime we find that the noise spectral density exhibits characteristic geometrical resonances and its low-frequency value has the universal formS _I (0)=8e ² KT/h, implying a universal conductanceG=2e ²/h.     

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在HL-2A 装置上优化和发展了偏滤器靶板上的红外测温系统,并利用该系统分析了高约束模放电期间边缘局域模的热沉积分布特性。在高约束模式放电期间,超声分子束注入使边缘局域模所引起的偏滤器靶板上瞬间热通量峰值下降了~60%,并伴随着边缘局域模爆发频率增加了2~3 倍,而等离子体储能仅下降了~8%。分析结果表明,大幅度的丝状结构在超声分子束注入之后得到了有效抑制,沉积到偏滤器靶板上的瞬间热通量峰值也随之下降。此外,在超声分子束注入之后偏滤器室内的热辐射损失大幅度增加,从而耗散了热输运所携带的部分能量,进一步分散了沉积到偏滤器靶板上的能量,有效地保护了偏滤器靶板。     

Zeroes of chromatic polynomials: A new approach to Beraha conjecture using quantum groups

The number of colourings of a graphG withQ or fewer colors is a polynomial inQ known as the chromatic polynomialP _G (Q). It coïncides with the partition functionF _G of theQ state Potts model onG at zero temperature and in the antiferromagnetic regimee ^K =0. In the planar case, the Beraha conjecture particularizes the numbers \(B_n = 4\cos ^2 \frac{\pi }{n}\) as possible accumulation points of real zeroes ofP _G in the infinite graph limit. We suggest in this work an approach based on recent developments of quantum groups to handle this conjecture. For the square, triangular and honeycomb lattices and systems wrapped on a cylinderl×t, we first exhibit in the (Q, e ^K ) Potts parameter space a critical line, whereF _G(Q,e ^K) has real zeroes converging to and only to theB _n 's asl, t→∞. The analysis is based on the vertex representation of theQ state Potts model, quantum algebraU _qSl (2) properties forq a root of unity, and conformal invariance.U _qSl (2) symmetry is present for anye ^K , including the chromatic polynomial casee ^K =0. Using an additional hypothesis on the eigenvalues structure and knowledge of the Potts parameter space, we then argue that forP _G (Q), real zeros occur and converge toB _n 's, 2≦n≦n ₀ only, wheren ₀ depends on the lattice. Extensions to other kinds of graphs and size dependence of the zeros are discussed. Finally physical applications are also mentioned.     

New method to extract the neutron-electron scattering length

A novel method to extract the neutron-electron scattering length b _ne from the precise neutron scattering data measured for a noble gas at several different densities n is proposed. The main point of this method is dividing the experimental data into two parts: the first, nearly proportional to n, corresponding to diffraction on neighboring atoms and the second one, a small contribution of n, e scattering independent on n. The proposed technique is demonstrated using the structure factor S(q) for gaseous krypton.Received: 12 October 2004, Revised: 1 December 2004, Published online: 7 March 2005PACS: 28.20.-v, 61.12.-q, 14.20.Dh, 13.40.-f     

HT-6M托卡马克等离子体紫外-可见谱

利用光学多道分析仪(OMA)拍摄了HT-6M托卡马克等离子体近紫外可见谱.系统分析了杂质行为,给出了主要杂质碳和氧的朝内的通量,在简化模型下计算了碳氧的化学溅射率,并由此得出碳氧杂质产生机制和可能的循环途径.结果表明,氧杂质在循环途径中起关键性的作用,控制氧杂质尤其重要.     

Conformational dynamics and internal friction in homopolymer globules: equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium simulations

We study the conformational dynamics within homopolymer globules by solvent-implicit Brownian dynamics simulations. A strong dependence of the internal chain dynamics on the Lennard-Jones cohesion strength e \varepsilon and the globule size N _G is observed. We find two distinct dynamical regimes: a liquid-like regime (for e \varepsilon < e_s \varepsilon_{{\rm s}}^{} with fast internal dynamics and a solid-like regime (for e \varepsilon > e_s \varepsilon_{{\rm s}}^{} with slow internal dynamics. The cohesion strength e_s \varepsilon_{{\rm s}}^{} of this freezing transition depends on N _G . Equilibrium simulations, where we investigate the diffusional chain dynamics within the globule, are compared with non-equilibrium simulations, where we unfold the globule by pulling the chain ends with prescribed velocity (encompassing low enough velocities so that the linear-response, viscous regime is reached). From both simulation protocols we derive the internal viscosity within the globule. In the liquid-like regime the internal friction increases continuously with e \varepsilon and scales extensive in N _G . This suggests an internal friction scenario where the entire chain (or an extensive fraction thereof) takes part in conformational reorganization of the globular structure.