一种纳米颗粒粒度测量的快速图像动态光散射法研究

提出了一种新的基于图像相关处理的图像动态光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量方法。该方法采用图像法测量纳米颗粒动态光散射空间分布信号,以很短时间间隔拍摄两幅动态光散射信号空间分布图,再用二维相关算法对这两幅图像进行处理,获得对应衰减时刻的相关系数,根据相应衰减时刻的粒径-相关系数曲线求得纳米颗粒的粒度。与传统动态光散射测量方法相比,将测量时间从百秒级缩短到微秒级,数据处理时间也缩短到毫秒级。对79、482和948 nm三种不同粒径的标准颗粒进行实验,测量结果误差小于7%,可以实现纳米颗粒粒度测量的实时在线。     

短数据量动态光散射颗粒测量信号去噪方法

在动态光散射测量中,采用自相关法对测量信号进行去噪,其去噪效果受数据量影响。根据噪声和信号的不同特点,采用小波包变换对信号进行去噪,能够提高信噪比,改善粒径反演结果。采用两种去噪方法,对粒径为100 nm颗粒的散射信号进行去噪并反演,小波包去噪法能够改善粒径误差0.88%~6.41%。在不同数据量下,由两种去噪法的反演结果对比看出,在短数据量时,小波包去噪效果更好,当数据量大于1×106时,两种去噪法效果相差不大。因此,小波包去噪法更适合于短数据量的动态光散射颗粒测量。     

动态光散射实验

动态光散射技术是测量纳米及亚微米颗粒粒径的有效方法．本文介绍了动态光散射实验的原理、实验装置及方法，并测量了粒径为85nm的聚苯乙烯水溶液的粒径，分析了实验产生误差的原因．     

光源的偏振态对动态光散射颗粒测量结果的影响

研究了在动态光散射纳米颗粒测量中,光源的偏振态对测量结果的影响。采用了粒径为100nm、体积浓度为0.5%的标准颗粒作为样品,使He-Ne激光通过起偏器得到0°～180°方向的偏振光,测量了散射光强、偏振度和粒径测量值的变化,计算了相应的粒径均值偏差和标准差,并将这一结果与无偏振He-Ne激光入射进行了比较。结果表明,当入射光为线偏振光时,偏振方向垂直于散射面时测量效果最好;另一方面,由于颗粒系散射迭加造成的散射光偏振度降低,使线偏振光源与无偏振光源产生的散射光偏振度无明显差别,证明在测量中可以使用无偏振He-Ne激光代替。     

动态光散射及电子显微镜纳米颗粒测量方法的比较研究

本文以聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒作为测量对象,分别采用最为常见的扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)和动态光散射法(DLS)测量其粒径。结果表明:电子显微镜法可观察颗粒形貌及结构,但测量误差偏大;动态光散射法可精确测量颗粒粒径及其分布状态。分析讨论了这两种测量方法的优缺点,对纳米颗粒测量具有重要的指导作用。     

基于后向散射的高浓度纳米颗粒粒度分布测量方法研究

传统的动态光散射法通常采集侧向散射进行纳米颗粒粒度分布的测量,由于多次散射的影响,利用侧向散射不能准确测量高浓度样品的颗粒粒度分布。针对该问题,对后向散射测量方法进行了研究,在实验基础上提出了后向散射最佳光程的判断准则。在不同样品浓度下,用侧向散射和后向散射方法对标称粒径分别为110 nm、220 nm的聚苯乙烯乳胶球颗粒进行了测量。实验结果表明,对于高浓度的待测样品,后向散射测量方法通过自适应调整光程,在最优光程处进行测量,能够有效得到高浓度纳米颗粒的粒径及粒度分布,测量结果相对误差为2.72%。     

基于去偏振-偏振图像动态光散射的纳米棒尺度测量

二维纳米棒的布朗运动可以用平移扩散和转动扩散运动来描述.提出了一种基于去偏振-偏振图像的动态光散射(DIDLS)测量方法,通过分析纳米棒布朗运动的平移扩散和转动扩散在偏振激光入射下产生的垂直-垂直和垂直-水平偏振动态光散射信号,测量了纳米棒的尺寸和尺寸分布.研究了连续测量的偏振动态光散射信号图像间的相关系数函数,通过两次反演,计算出纳米棒的长度以及长径比,进而得到颗粒的二维尺度分布.分析了不同入射激光波长对测量结果的影响,提出自相关函数的基线值可以作为信噪比的判据.采用650,780,905 nm三种波长对直径为20 nm、长度为300 nm的纳米金棒进行了测量,得到了纳米金棒的平均尺寸和尺寸分布.     

双峰分布颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射数据反演

采用多角度动态光散射和加权正则化反演方法,对4组模拟的双峰分布颗粒体系(100/600 nm,200/600 nm,300/600 nm和350/600 nm)分别选取1、3、6和10个散射角进行测量.粒度反演结果表明,采用加权正则化方法反演双峰颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射测量数据,可获得峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径(＞350 nm)颗粒的双峰颗粒粒度分布.采用标准聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒进行实测的结果验证了这一结论.得到含大粒径颗粒的双峰粒度分布反演结果的原因在于,多角度动态光散射能提供更多的大粒径颗粒的粒度信息,加权正则化反演方法能减少测量数据中的噪声,因而多角度动态光散射测量数据的加权反演能实现峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径颗粒的双峰颗粒体系的测量.     

双峰分布颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射数据反演（英文）

采用多角度动态光散射和加权正则化反演方法,对4组模拟的双峰分布颗粒体系(100/600nm,200/600nm,300/600nm和350/600nm)分别选取1、3、6和10个散射角进行测量.粒度反演结果表明,采用加权正则化方法反演双峰颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射测量数据,可获得峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径(350nm)颗粒的双峰颗粒粒度分布.采用标准聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒进行实测的结果验证了这一结论.得到含大粒径颗粒的双峰粒度分布反演结果的原因在于,多角度动态光散射能提供更多的大粒径颗粒的粒度信息,加权正则化反演方法能减少测量数据中的噪声,因而多角度动态光散射测量数据的加权反演能实现峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径颗粒的双峰颗粒体系的测量.     

基于动态光散射的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体分散稳定性初探

基于动态光散射法,采用同差探测实现了纳米流体分散体系的粒度测量。对体积分数为0.005%和0.0025%浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体颗粒粒径进行了测量,粒径的实验值的平均偏差分别为1.37%和1.39%,可以满足纳米颗粒粒径的高精度测量要求。两种浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体的平均粒径基本一致,偏差在实验的不确定度以内,且随时间无明显变化,证明了颗粒分散的稳定性,本方法可以用于纳米流体分散稳定性的评价。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.