基于多物理场模拟的低水甲烷燃料固体氧化物燃料电池的抗积碳阳极设计（英文）

本文采用与实验I-V曲线高度吻合的多物理场全耦合数值模型来模拟低水甲烷燃料SOFC的运行过程.基于抗积碳电流密度实验数据推导出的动力学积碳活性判据,利用多场耦合数值模型系统研究了电池工作参数和阳极扩散阻碍层厚度对阳极积碳倾向的影响.仿真模拟揭示了燃料利用率、电流密度、扩散阻碍层厚度和电池工作电压的相互关系.结果表明,在阳极添加400 um厚的扩散阻碍层是实现SOFC高功率密度和不积碳运行的最优设计.这种阳极结构设计对实现高效率低成本的SOFC技术具有重要意义.     

甲烷固体氧化物燃料电池多物理场模拟及积碳分析

建立了相关实验电池多物理场模型,该模型包括了电化学反应的电化学势平衡方程、甲烷水汽重整的通用速率方程和描述阳极复杂组分气体输运的菲克定律形式尘气模型. 该理论模型的电流～电压 曲线与实验数据很好地吻合,验证了理论模型的有效性. 理论分析发现,低水汽含量甲烷重整反应中水汽的反应级数为1. 理论模型的数值仿真计算还给出多个物理量的详细信息. 据此对碳沉积机制进行深入分析,清楚地描述了工作电流对抑制焦炭生成的机制. 分析比较了积碳活性的两个表达式,发现它们都可以正确地定性反映积碳活性变化趋势,但定量数值并不确切;阳极扩散层降低积碳临界电流的机制也获得了解释. 值得指出的是,虽然积碳活性模型只是定性正确,但分析表明积碳临界电流的降低却可以通过积碳活性模型进行定量解释.     

平板式阳极支撑SOFC多场耦合数值模拟

建立了平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多场耦合数学模型,利用商业CFD软件FLUENT对包括阳极和阴极多孔介质、致密固体氧化物电解质、燃料流道、氧化剂流道、电流收集双极板、外壳的单电池三维整体计算区域进行了数值模拟,得到了流场、温度场、组分浓度场、电流密度场、Nernst电动势、活化过电势和欧姆过电势等重要物理量的详细分布,并分析了影响电池性能的主要因素。模拟结果与SOFC研制单位提供的实验数据基本符合。     

直接甲醇燃料电池气、液相流动数值模拟

本文建立了直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)的二维两相模型,并重点研究阳极的两相流动和质量传递.模型考虑甲醇串流现象,定量计算了在不同电流密度下甲醇串流量的大小及其对电池工作性能的影响;模型中提出求解气、液单相流速的方法,并分别研究气、液流速对物质传递和电池性能的影响.定量分析发现:由甲醇串流产生的寄生电势导致实际开路电压值远低于理论值;在大电流密度下扩散层和催化层内的气相体积分数非常大,阻碍了液相燃料向催化层扩散,成为制约电池性能的关键因素;扩散层和催化层内存在气、液两相的反向流动,且气、液相速度分别有利于排出生成气体并推动液体燃料到达催化层;减小多孔介质的扩散率将削弱对流,恶化电池性能.     

平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多物理场耦合建模

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)在高温下工作,影响电池性能和结构完整性的因素众多,如何能够综合考虑这些因素并准确地预测和优化电池结构与工作性能是亟待解决的问题。使用COMSOL软件建立了单个平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多场耦合有限元三维模型,考虑电化学反应、物质浓度、流体流动、传热和固体力学多物理因素共同作用下,探明了电池在工作阶段的气体摩尔分数、电流密度、温度和热应力的分布规律。结果表明,氢气和氧气的摩尔分数随着气体流动的方向逐渐降低;在电池空气入口处,电解质电流密度较大;电池温度分布不均匀并产生了较大的热应力。本文建立的SOFC多场耦合模型可为后续SOFC的研究提供分析方法和理论支持。     

质子交换膜燃料电池及其发电系统模拟

本文通过质子交换膜燃料电池单电池子模型、布气管子模型、流场子模型相互耦合,对电池堆传热传质过程加以数值模拟,得到单电池及电池堆的流场、温场、当地电流密度分布、过电位分布;给定平均电流密度下单电池及电池堆输出电压等参数;并比较了平均电流密度、布气管尺寸对电池输出电压、堆内反应物分配的影响;在此基础上,对整个ＰＥＭＦＣ发电系统进行流程模拟和参数分析,得到平均电流密度、重整器Ｓ／Ｃ等主要参数对系统性能影响．     

被动式直接甲醇燃料电池阳极混合对流模拟

本文根据被动式微小型直接甲醇燃料电池的运行特性,建立了其阳极膜电极二维、非等温、稳态数学模型。模拟结果表明:阳极膜电极内部温度的分布是不均匀的,最高温度出现在阳极催化层,且质子交换膜的温度要高于阳极气体扩散层。由于被动式直接甲醇燃料电池燃料的供给与消耗所引起的强制对流的存在,使得混合对流温度场和速度矢量场与自然对流情况下的不尽相同,利用模型对此进行了数值分析。     

双钨极耦合电弧数值模拟

基于流体力学方程组和麦克斯韦方程组, 在合理的边界条件下, 建立了双钨极耦合电弧三维准静态数学模型. 通过对方程组的迭代求解, 获得了不同钨极间距和电弧长度下耦合电弧的温度场、流场、电弧压力和电流密度分布等重要结果, 与已有的实验研究符合良好. 模拟结果表明: 与相同条件下的钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧相比, 双钨极耦合电弧的最高温度和最大等离子流速较低, 阳极表面电弧压力和电流密度峰值明显减小; 钨极间距和弧长对耦合电弧的温度场、流场、电流密度和电弧压力等都具有显著的影响, 且耦合电弧阳极的电弧压力和电流密度分布不能用高斯近似进行描述. 关键词： 耦合电弧 三维模型 数值模拟     

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采用简化阴极的一维边界层模型,将同轴磁旋转电弧等离子体发生器的阴极与弧柱耦合求解,使用FLUENT软件,数值模拟了不同锥角阴极的形状对磁分散电弧等离子体、阴极弧根和阳极弧根位形的影响.结果表明:阴极弧根具有扩散特征,其电流密度为107A·m-2量级;阴极形状的改变引起阴极弧根位形和电流密度分布变化,从而影响等离子体参数分布;随着阴极锥角的增大,阴极弧根从阴极前端移动到阴极侧面,等离子体区域向下游偏移,等离子体轴向厚度减小.     

PEMFC气体扩散层内各向异性传递过程数值模拟

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)气体扩散层(GDL)具有各向异性属性,常规数值模拟对GDL采取均匀模型,忽略了各向异性传递过程对PEMFC性能的影响。本文发展了一个三维非等温单相模型,在GDL平面内和GDL厚度方向采用不同的传递系数,模拟了各向异性传递系数对PEMFC整体和局部性能的影响。在本文计算条件下,GDL各向异性和均匀模型模拟得到的电池极化曲线几乎完全相同,但电池电流密度分布和温度分布等局部特性存在很大差异。该结果进一步证明了不能单独用极化曲线来验证电池数学模型的正确性。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.