超声波在不同浓度NaCl溶液中传播速度的研究

利用超声波声速测定仪测定出超声波在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的传播速度.实验给出,超声波在NaCl溶液中的传播速度与溶液浓度呈线性关系.溶液温度对超声波波速也有影响,并从理论作了分析研究,给出了合理的解释.     

猪的新鲜离体软组织的超声衰减和速度

本文使用脉冲插入取代法测量了猪的6种新鲜软组织(血管、脑、肾、心、脾及肝)的超声衰减和传播速度。在37℃下,6种软组织的超声衰减系数a_s与频率a_s-f~n之间均满足幂函数关系。在所研究的l—13MHz频段内,n值在0.96—1.39之间。六种软组织的超声速度均表现出微量但颇为明显的频散现象,在5—13MHz频段内平均频散量为0.11—0.38m/s.在7一37℃温度范围内对脑组织超声衰减和传播速度的研究表明:声速(1MHz)随温度单调上升,变化趋势与水中声速类似。声衰减(1、3、5MHz)则随温度上升而下降,但对较低频率,下降的速度变缓。6种软组织的声速值(5MHz,37℃)近似地与它们各自的总蛋白含量成正比,蛋白含量每增加1％约使声速升高2.9m/s。     

利用超声光栅测量液体声速的影响研究

根据声光效应原理,利用分光计和超声光栅对生活中几种常见液体(蒸馏水、75%乙醇、食用油、5%Na Cl溶液、30%葡萄糖溶液)中的声速进行了测量,同时测量了不同浓度葡萄糖溶液中的超声波声速,并利用Origin软件对其进行数据拟合分析,结果显示:不同液体介质和同种液体不同浓度对超声波声速的测量均有一定程度的影响。在几种常见的液体中,葡萄糖溶液中测量的声速误差最小;超声波在葡萄糖溶液中传播的速度在一定浓度范围内线性增大,而在浓度为32%葡萄糖溶液中的声速的拟合残差最小,该浓度下测量的超声波声速精确度最高,可作为测量超声波在葡萄糖溶液中传播速度的有效浓度。     

基于超声光栅法测定电解质溶液浓度的研究

为了探索超声光栅法测定电解质溶液浓度的规律,测量未知的电解质溶液浓度,验证超声光栅仪器的稳定性;在温度为17.0℃下,配置不同浓度的氯化钠电解质溶液,用超声光栅法测量氯化钠电解质溶液的浓度;测得的超声波速度与溶液浓度呈良好的线性关系,超声波速度随着溶液浓度增加而增加;用oringin8.0进行曲线拟合和线性回归分析,超声波传播速度与电解质浓度线性关系显著,得到线性回归方程,其可信度相关系数r=0.997 3;用未知浓度的氯化钠电解质溶液检验回归方程,测得结果与真实值相对误差较小,验证了回归方程准确性。     

通过脉冲超声速度研究谷类茎部组织的生长

超声声速可用来研究谷类茎部组织的发育。通过脉冲波在茎轴线方向上的传播,测量了频率为0.1MHz的纵波声速。样品是薄圆筒,它是在植物生长过程中每3—7天从植物的同一节间位置得到的。植物从生长到成熟过程中,其超声声速由400m/s增加到5000m/s。声速的变化决定于组织发育的不同阶段,厚膜组织中微原细胞纤维素的沉积和细胞壁中生理水的损失对声速的影响最为明显。脉管束纤维的木质化过程将引起脉冲声速的微小变化。由于茎部的发育程度与声速     

基于PASCO平台的超声光栅实验设计及应用

利用PASCO物理平台实验附件可组装性强的特征,设计与搭建了超声光栅实验装置,获得了清晰、直观的超声光栅衍射光强分布图,并利用极值查找等数据处理工具确定精确的衍射条纹位置.在此基础上,通过测量与计算得到了不同酒精溶液浓度下的超声波声速.     

基于光致瞬态光栅测量液体内的声速

光束通过瞬态布拉格光栅,其衍射光的强度发生周期性变化,变化频率即为介质密度振荡的频率,由此可以测量介质中的声速.利用光致瞬态光栅测量了常温、常压条件下硝基苯和乙醇中的声速,分别为1 455m/s和1 136m/s,与文献报道结果相符.光学非接触式的声速测量方法,便于与其他装置联合使用,可用于观测高温、高压等极端条件下液体中的声速.     

动物肝脏的超声速度随组织中水份的变化

软生物组织中的超声速度,随组织的分子组份与结构、水份及温度等等的不同,在1500m/s—1650m/s范围内变化。试验结果指出,支配组织中超声速度的最重要因素之一是水份。 作者以肝为样品,从理论和实验研究了超声速度对水份的依赖关系。实验用了三种方法:测量具有不同水份的不同兔子的肝样品的声速;测量同样肝样品的声速,但这些样品由于存贮条件不同,其水份各异;对碎肝用水稀释到不同程度,测其声速。     

水中声速的测量

将空气中声速测量实验拓展至水中声速的测量,将NaCl溶于水中,制成不同浓度的盐水来模拟海水,对不同盐分的"海水"中的声速进行了测量.结果表明,随着海水盐度的增加,声速也增加.     

固井水泥传输函数及其含水成份对声速和声衰减影响的实验研究

本文采用实验方法初步研究了固井水泥的超声传输函数、声衰减和频率的关系以及含水饱和度对声速和衰减的影响。实验中我们对若干种不同型号、水灰比和固化温度的水泥样品进行了声传输函数测量,测量频段为1.5MHz—4.5MHz。并使用中心频率为1.25MHz探头测量了固井水泥含水饱和度对声速和声衰减的影响。结果表明,在本测量频段内,各种固井水泥的声衰减系数主要与频率一次方成正比。随着固化温度的增加,固井水泥的声衰减系数有增大的趋势,水灰比由40％增至50％时,衰减系数有减小的趋势。固井水泥含水饱和度变化对声衰减影响剧烈,当含水饱和度由100％降至80％时,声衰减增加最快。含水饱和度变化对固井水泥声速度的影响不大。     

超声去脂原理和高效换能器的设计

本文叙述了超声波对生物组织的微观作用。当超声波的强度超过了生物组织的临界空化阈值,可引起生物细胞的破碎。利用人体组织结构、密度的不同,其临界阈值不同,可实现超声波的可选择性破碎功能。介绍了提高换能器效率的方法和途径。给出了测试结果,减肥仪的整机效率约为73.6%左右。     

超声波马达的应用

超声马达具有诸多优良特性,它已经在很多领域得到了广泛的应用。本文介绍了超声马达的应用现状和发展前景。     

Factors in the design of ultrasonic probes

This paper attempts to demonstrate the comprehensive way in which the Unit Impulse Response technique can be used to evaluate and calibrate thickness mode piezoelectric transducers and the ultrasonic probes made from these transducers. Two commonly used piezoelectric materials were compared in the form of batches of disc transducers at several different frequencies and diameters.At higher system gains spurious signals associated with transverse mode resonances seriously reduced the discrimination of the probe. These spurious effects were fully investigated and explained.The effects of backing; quarter-wavelength matching into water; and electrical tuning, were measured and explained.Other methods of measuring the transducer parameters based on frequency response analysis were considered.     

Electrical detection of the ultrasonic cavitation onset

We propose a new technique for the study of ultrasonic cavitation. This method is based on the quantification of the electrical admittance variations of the emitter in a range around the resonance frequency at different excitation levels. As the cavitation threshold is reached, the state of the fluid is changing; we evaluate these changes. The high-power piezoelectric transducer is modelled through an analytical model, which is used to relate the characteristics of the fluid domain (bubble density, extent) to the electrical admittance (peak value, resonance frequency, and bandwidth). Thus, the admittance we measure allows us to determine the characteristics of the bubbly liquid. The procedure is applied to the inertial cavitation field generated at 24kHz at very high amplitudes. The results obtained show that a very high bubble density layer is formed at the surface of the sonotrode.     

关于超音速多普勒效应的思考

超音速多普勒效应由于其不便于测量,基本停留在纯理论分析阶段,导致人们产生了一些错误的观点.本文通过逻辑分析、计算机软件模拟等手段,对超音速多普勒效应的音频时序进行了分析研究,找出了错误观点产生的原因,作出了相应的解释,并对错误观点进行了修正,提供了解决方案.     

一种保证超声清洗机性能的换能器大功率测试方法

本文较详细地叙述了生产超声清洗机过程中，对换能器频率，频带宽度，阻抗等参数实施一种简单而实用的大功率测试法，据此进行筛选来提高超声清洗机的性能。     

超声治疗设备中换能器失效原因分析

超声治疗设备中换能器失效主要是电气绝缘受到损伤或被破坏。在医院这种特殊的使用场合,频繁的装拆、清洗,特别是反复的高温、高压水蒸气消毒是造成电气绝缘下降的主要原因。本文并提出了补救的办法。     

Radial vibration and ultrasonic field of a long tubular ultrasonic radiator

The radial vibration of a metal long circular tube is studied analytically and its electro-mechanical equivalent circuit is obtained. Based on the equivalent circuit, the radial resonance frequency equation is derived. The theoretical relationship between the radial resonance frequency and the geometrical dimensions is studied. Finite element method is used to simulate the radial vibration and the radiated ultrasonic field and the results are compared with those from the analytical method. It is concluded that the radial resonance frequency for a solid metal rod is larger than that for a metal tube with the same outer radius. The radial resonance frequencies from the analytical method are in good agreement with those from the numerical method. Based on the acoustic field analysis, it is concluded that the long metal tube with small wall thickness is superior to that with large wall thickness in producing radial vibration and ultrasonic radiation. Therefore, it is expected to be used as an effective radial ultrasonic radiator in ultrasonic sewage treatment, ultrasonic antiscale and descaling and other ultrasonic liquid handling applications.     

Optimization of ultrasonic transducers

The so-called KLM-model for ultrasonic transducers is employed to optimize transducer design. Some new performance characteristics are defined which change monotonically with design parameters. These characteristics are based on the area of the envelope of the echo waveform produced by the transducer and of the corresponding amplitude spectrum. The efficiency of the transducer is defined by the round trip energy factor. The performance characteristics are used in a composite performance measure, which is then employed as a criterion in the optimization procedure. Two transducers are investigated: for medical imaging purposes and for spectral analysis of clinical echograms. The influence of electrical matching, backing impedance, matching layer impedance, bond line thickness and series induction on the optimized transducers is investigated.