发展中的超声马达

本文简介超声马达的原理、分类和发展状况,并简要地概述几种典型超声马达的结构特点和应用。由驻波马达、行波马达发展到目前利用复合振子的混合型马达,显示出对超声马达的研究正不断深入,并潜在着广阔的应用前景。     

超声马达

本文简要介绍超声马达的工作原理和特点，及其发展现状和应用前景，指出为提高超声马达所需要研究和解决的问题，介绍了按定子振动激发方法的分类方法，例举几种研究较多的超声马达，并说明其各自的特点。     

超声马达中夹紧压电环的非轴对称振动

应用环形压电板振子的超声马达具有厚度小的优点,能满足很多工程上的要求。其工作原理和其他类型的超声马达一样,也是通过摩擦力把振子表面质点的椭圆运动变换为转子的运动。因此,为要开发出性能优良的超声马达,必须清楚了解作为超声马达定子的环形板的振动特征。过去对环形板或圆盘的分析均仅考虑自由振动的情形,本文则分析了在环的内缘或外缘夹紧的情况下,环形压电板的非轴对称振动。内容包括振动时的位移分布图样,自由边缘上质点的椭圆运动,表面上感应电荷的分布及机电耦合因数等。还进行了数字计算,并从应用于超声马达的角度出发,对几种不同的振动模式作了评估。     

纵向振动超声马达的力学模型

提出并建立了一个纵向振动超声马达的力学模型。阐述了超声马达的工作机理,对定子和转子在间断接触时的粘连和滑动做了理论分析,给出了马达的驱动力随时间连续变化的解析表达式。对超声马达的速度、输入输出能量和效率等进行了分析,特别讨论了驱动频率、初始压力、转子的转动惯量和外加力矩对马达特性的影响。数值结果表明,按照本文模型得到的结论与模拟结果和实验结果相吻合。这些结论与结果为超声马达的构造、设计和控制等提供了可资参考的理论依据。     

Development of ultrasonic motors--recent trends inChina

基于最新参考文献与INTERNET网络查询,本文提出超声马达或压电驱动器在我国科技领域最新的研究成果及其未来走向。其中,能够引起研究人员兴趣的尖端性领域包括超声马达的微型化;具有多个自由度的压电驱动器;具有新颖结构的压电驱动器;超声马达的振动实验测试;高分辨率的压电驱动器;超声马达的使用寿命;超声马达的动力学模型等。     

超声波马达的发展──国内最新动态

基于最新参考文献与ＩＮＴＥＲＮＥＴ网络查询,本文提出超声马达或压电驱动器在我国科技领域最新的研究成果及其未来走向。其中,能够引起研究人员兴趣的尖端性领域包括;超声马达的微型化;具有多个自由度的压电驱动器;具有新颖结构的压电驱动器;超声马达的振动实验测试;高分辨率的压电驱动器;超声马达的使用寿命;超声马达的动力学模型等。     

行波超声马达定子和转子接触状态实验研究

提出了一种直接测量行波超声马达定子和转子接触状态的方法—电接触法。利用这种方法研究了接触预压力和定子激励电压(定子振幅)对定子和转子接触状态的影响。借助于自制的超声马达摩擦特性模拟实验装置,测量了超声马达堵转力矩和空载转速随接触预压力和定子激励电压的变化。提出用相对接触长度描述定子和转子的接触特性,建市了超声马达特性与定子和转子相对接触长度的联系。此外,还利用现有的行波超声马达定子和转子接触理论模型,计算了给定工作条件下接触区长度,并与实验结果进行了比较。研究结果可为行波超声马达的设计提供理论指导。     

一种驻波型超声马达的研究

研制出一种以长条片关压电陶瓷振子作煊子的驻波型超声马达，该马达具有整体结构简单，易于制作与调整、驱动电路合理、运行稳定的特点；由实验研究，测出了其主要性能参数，利用该马达已开发出特性优异的超声步进马达及时钟模型，小型走纸机。     

压电超声马达简介

近年来压电超声马达很引入注目．传统的马达是利用电磁力驱动的，而压电超声马达则是利用压电或电致伸缩材料作为驱动源，直接推动可运动的部件产生直线的或旋转的运动．本义重点介绍压电蠕动马达和超声行波马达的原理和简单结构．     

一种新型的圆筒非接触超声马达

提出了一种新型的圆筒非接触超声马达．该马达主要工作在驻波状态下,且仅需单路信号激励。文中给出了马达定子的振动解析,并依此设计定子。当马达稳定转动时,采用激光测振仪测得了马达定子的振动模态。实验表明,单路信号激励下同样可以实现非接触驱动。此外还采用高速摄像机拍摄了马达的起动特性。     

用视密度加权平均二阶矩模型模拟旋流两相流动

本文用视密度加权平均代替时平均,建立了视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型方程组（ＭＵＳＭ）,其中用体积分数代替了数密度,用颗粒驰豫时间作为封闭两相脉动速度关联方程耗散项的时间尺度,并引入了颗粒视在的气体速度脉动的输运方程。用ＭＵＳＭ模型模拟了旋流数为０．４７的气粒两相流动。并和实验结果及时间平均的ＵＳＭ模型的模拟结果进行了对照,两种模型均能较好地预报的两相的轴向和切向速度,轴向和切向脉动速度。此外,ＭＵＳＭ模型可以减少所用方程数,节省计算量。因此视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型是一种对时间平均的统一二阶矩模型的改进,今后可以进一步扩大应用。     

Study of a new type linear ultrasonic motor with double-driving feet

A new type linear USM with double-driving feet has been developed. The stator consists of eight piezoelectric ceramic plates and one brass plate. Piezoelectric ceramics plates are polarized along the thickness and are symmetrically bonded to the two surfaces of one rectangle brass plate. Double-driving feet are assembled on the same side of the brass plate. The working vibration mode is a composite in-plane bimode, which consists of the first longitudinal in-plane vibration mode and the second bending one. The basic size of the linear USM is determined carefully by FEA. The characteristics of the prototype motor were measured experimentally.     

旋流燃烧NO生成的USM湍流反应模型

用统一二阶矩(USM)湍流反应模型对不同旋流数下甲烷-空气旋流燃烧NO生成进行了数值模拟,并和EBU-Arrhenius(E-A)燃烧模型对燃烧的模拟结果和简化PDF湍流反应模型对NO生成的模拟结果以及相应的实验结果进行对比。结果表明,USM模型显著地优于E-A模型和简化PDF模型。E-A模型不能合理地模拟有限反应动力学,而简化PDF模型用两个单变量PDF的乘积代替联合PDF,大大地低估了NO湍流反应率。USM模型预报结果和实验结果符合最好。     

Local zone wise elastic and plastic properties of electron beam welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy using digital image correlation technique: A comparative study between uniform stress and virtual fields method

Joining of materials using welding results in the formation of material zones with varying microstructure across the weld. Extraction of the mechanical properties of those individual heterogeneous zones are important in designing components and structures comprised of welds. In this study, the zone wise local extraction of the elastic and plastic properties of an electron beam welded Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy has been carried out using both the uniform stress method (USM) and the virtual fields method (VFM) involving digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The surface strain field obtained using DIC technique from a transverse weld specimen tensile testing is used for extracting the zone wise strain evolution. Initially, using uniform stress assumption, zone wise full range stress–strain curves are extracted. In USM methodology, the elastic and plastic material models are fitted to the zone wise stress–strain curves and required parameters are extracted from it. But inherent disadvantage is lot of images need to be processed for the parameter extraction. Recently, VFM is gaining lot of popularity in characterization domain as it is robust, accurate and faster. VFM is based on the principle of virtual work where, the weak form of local equilibrium equations and kinematically admissible virtual displacement fields are utilized for parameter extraction. Hollomon׳s power law is used here as the hardening rule. Young׳s modulus, Poisson׳s ratio, yield stress, strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent are the parameters extracted zone wise using both USM and VFM. A Vicker׳s microhardness measurement is also conducted across the weld zone towards mapping the strength behavior. Fusion zone has reported higher yield strength, strength coefficient and Poisson׳s ratio. Young׳s modulus value is found decreasing from base metal towards the fusion zone. The trend observed in parameter variation across the weld zone obtained by both USM and VFM compares very well. Due to various advantages associated with VFM technique it is generally recommended for parameter extraction.     

High resolution miniaturized stepper ultrasonic motor using differential composite motion

Experiments show that there is a limited minimum stepped angle in ultrasonic motors (USM). The research on the minimum angle of stepper USM with 15 mm in diameter and wobbling mode is being carried out. This paper presents a novel way to decrease the minimum stepped angle of USM based on the principle of differential composite motion (DCM), i.e. clockwise and counterclockwise rotation. The prototype was fabricated and experiments proved that this method is useful and also keeps a high torque for a large stepped angle. The stator of the prototype is steel, and rotor is fiberglass, antifriction material or steel. The prototype can operate well over 150 h with a 5 kHz wide frequency band. The minimum stepped angle is 46" using a coventional method while 12" using DCM method proposed in this paper.     

Mössbauer study of Fe powder mechanically alloyed by power ultrasonics

The Mössbauer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of Fe-powder and Fe₄₆C₅₄-powder blend, mechanically milled by high power ultrasonics (USM) in He environment for 20–75 hours, have been carried out. As shown, the USM results in effective grinding of initial polycrystalline iron particles up to formation of single crystalline state, dissolution of carbon in iron particles, synthesis of carbides and possibly penetration of Fe atoms into graphite. Annealing of processed Fe₄₆C₅₄ powder causes carbide reaction.     

Analysis of a disk-type stator for the piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using impedance matrix

Impedance and admittance matrices of a piezoelectric annular actuator with segmented electrodes are presented for the analysis of the disk-type piezoelectric ultrasonic motors (USM). Equations of motion and the conjugate parameters for the impedance and admittance matrices are derived using the variational principle. In the derivation, the electric field in the piezoelectric layer is assumed to be constant over the area covered by a particular electrode, and the effects of both shear deformation and rotary inertia are taken into account. The resonance and antiresonance frequencies and the vibrating modes are calculated for the various resonance modes and boundary conditions, and the results are compared with those by the three-dimensional finite element methods. They are in excellent agreement with each other. It is expected that the derived impedance matrix can be effectively applied to the analysis and the design of the USM.     

几种二阶矩模型模拟湍流旋流燃烧的比较

本文对几种二阶矩湍流反应模型,包括统一二阶矩模型、只考虑温度脉动的二阶矩模型、只考虑浓度脉动关联的二阶矩模型、及同时考虑温度脉动和浓度脉动关联的二阶矩模型,进行了比较。将上述模型加入到FLUENT6.0软件平台上,模拟了不同旋流数下甲烷-空气的旋流燃烧。模拟结果和实验结果进行了比较,探讨了各关联量大小及其对时平均反应率的影响。结果表明,统一二阶矩湍流反应模型具有最好的模拟效果。其原因是,各种关联矩中,化学反应率系数与浓度间的脉动关联最重要。     

An electric contact method to measure contact state between stator and rotor in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor

Performances of ultrasonic motor (USM) depend considerably on contact state between stator and rotor. To measure the contact state in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor (TWUSM), a special test method is necessary. This paper develops a new method named electric contact method to measure contact state of stator and rotor in traveling wave type USM. The effects of pre-load and exciting voltage (amplitude) of stator on contact state between stator and rotor are studied with this method. By a simulating tester of friction properties of TWUSM, the variations of stalling torque and no-load speed against the pre-load and the exciting voltage have been measured. The relative contact length that describes the contact characteristic of stator and rotor is proposed. The relation between the properties of TWUSM and the contact state of stator and rotor are presented. Additionally, according to a theoretical contact model of stator and rotor in TWUSM, the contact lengths at given conditions are calculated and compared with the experimental results.     

Influence of the material removal mechanisms on hole integrity in ultrasonic machining of structural ceramics

Micro-chipping via micro-cracks, due to rapid mechanical indentations by abrasive grits, is the fundamental mechanism of material removal during ultrasonic machining (USM) of hard-brittle materials like ceramics and glass. This study aims mainly to investigate the adverse effects of this inherent removal phenomena on the hole integrity such as entrance chipping, wall roughness and subsurface damage. It also presents the material removal mechanism happens in the gap between the tool periphery and the hole wall (called ‘lateral gap’). To do so, experiments were conducted for drilling holes on three advanced structural ceramics, namely, silicon carbide, zirconia, and alumina. Earlier published basic studies on the initiation of different crack modes and their growth characteristics are employed to explain the experimental findings in this USM study. It is realized that the radial and the lateral cracks formed due to adjacent abrasives, which are under the tool face, extends towards radial direction of the hole resulting in entrance chipping. Additionally, the angle penetration and the rolling actions of the abrasives, which are at the periphery of the tool, contribute to the entrance chipping. Later on, in the ‘lateral gap’, the sliding (or abrasion) and the rolling mechanisms by the larger abrasives take part to material removal. However, they unfavorably produce micro-cracks in the radial direction resulting in surface and subsurface damages, which are ultimately responsible for higher wall-surface roughness. Since the size of micro-cracks in brittle materials is grit size dependent according to the earlier studied physics, it is realized that such nature of the hole integrity during USM can only be minimized by employing smaller grit size, but cannot fully be eliminated.