纯钨红外光谱发射率特性研究

光谱发射率是一个重要的热物性参数,在辐射测温、热传输计算等领域有着广泛的应用。钨作为一种重要的金属,关于其光谱发射率的研究报道较少。利用黑体炉、傅里叶红外光谱仪、加热装置和光学系统搭建了一套能量对比法光谱发射率测量装置,该装置能够测量3~20μm的光谱发射率,测量装置的整体不确定度优于5%。利用该装置测量了纯钨在4个温度点(573, 673, 773和873 K)的法向光谱发射率,重点探讨了氧化、温度、波长和加热时间对纯钨光谱发射率的影响。研究结果表明:纯钨在表面未氧化的情况下,光谱发射率在几个温度点的变化规律基本一致,且数值相差较小,而当其表面发生氧化后光谱发射率迅速增加,在某些波长处出现了强烈的振荡。表面未氧化时纯钨的光谱发射率受温度的影响较小,随着温度的增加仅出现微小的增加,但是当表面发生氧化后,随温度的升高而迅速增大。纯钨的光谱发射率整体上随着波长的增加而减小,但是当表面发生氧化后,由于表面氧化膜与钨金属基底发生干涉效应,在4, 9, 12.5和16.5μm处均出现了峰值。在573和673 K,纯钨的光谱发射率随着加热时间的增加无明显变化。然而,随着温度的升高,在773和873 K时,光谱发射率随着加热时间增加而增大,在773 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较大,因为在该温度点,纯钨表面刚开始发生氧化,氧化速率较大,在873 K时光谱发射率随加热时间的增加增幅较为平缓,并且随着加热时间的增长呈现稳定的趋势。综上,纯钨的光谱发射率在温度较低和表面未氧化时较为稳定。随着温度的升高,当表面发生氧化后,光谱发射率迅速增大,并且在多个波长位置出现了强烈的振荡。由此可见,纯钨光谱发射率受温度、波长、加热时间的影响较大,在实际应用过程中,特别是在辐射测温过程中,如果把纯钨的光谱发射率看做常数将会带来较大的测量误差。该研究将进一步丰富钨的光谱发射率数据,并为其在科学研究和应用中提供数据支持。     

300～1123K铜红外光谱发射率特性研究

基于基尔霍夫定律,利用砷化镓(GaAs)半导体激光器作为标准光源研制了一种能够准确实时测量不透明物体光谱发射率的反射式测量装置。利用该装置在300~1 123K之间对黄铜和紫铜两种样品在波长1.55μm处的光谱发射率进行了系统的研究,探讨了温度、氧化、加热时间等因素对两种铜样品光谱发射率的影响。实验结果表明:黄铜和紫铜的光谱发射率均随温度的升高而增大,并且紫铜的光谱发射率始终大于黄铜的光谱发射率,两种样品随温度的光谱发射率曲线均出现了峰值和谷值。通过分析有氧化膜时金属表面的反射模型,得到了金属表面氧化膜厚度的计算公式,并利用该公式估算了紫铜发射率出现峰值和谷值时氧化膜的厚度。恒温长时间测量结果表明:光谱发射率随加热时间出现小幅增大,2h后,由于样品表面氧化达到一定程度,氧化速率开始变缓,样品表面的光谱发射率也随之开始趋于稳定。样品在较高温度处的光谱发射率数值始终大于较低温度处的发射率数值。该研究进一步丰富了铜的光谱发射率数据,并为其光谱发射率的应用提供了实验依据。     

白铜热氧化过程中光谱发射率特性研究

随着科技的发展,工业领域对白铜产品质量的要求日益提升;利用辐射测温技术对白铜在冶炼和加工时的温度进行精确测量,是决定产品质量的重要手段,因此研究白铜的光谱发射率特性就显得尤为重要。基于傅里叶红外光谱仪搭建的光谱发射率测量装置,测量了白铜在四个温度点（673,773,873和973 K）,波长范围2～22 μm内的光谱发射率,分别研究了波长、温度、加热时间和氧化对白铜光谱发射率的影响。研究发现,在氮气环境下白铜的光谱发射率随温度的升高而增加,随波长的增加而减少。当白铜暴露在空气环境中,随着温度的升高,其光谱发射率迅速增加。673 K时,白铜表面生成一层细微的氧化物颗粒,阻止白铜进一步氧化,这些氧化物颗粒的光谱发射率大于白铜基底,所以此温度下短波处的光谱发射率略微增加。773 K时,白铜表面氧化物的主要成分是Cu₂O,在实验过程中也观察到白铜表面逐渐变红的现象,这也是白铜在773 K温度下其光谱发射率迅速增加的原因。873 K时,白铜表面氧化物的种类和含量明显增多,氧化膜的厚度满足干涉效应条件,在白铜的光谱发射率曲线中可以明显地观察到干涉极值的演变,随着加热时间的增加,干涉极值逐渐向长波移动。随着温度的升高,白铜的抗氧化能力下降。973 K时,白铜表面的氧化程度最深,在XRD图中氧化物的峰值也最大,因此氧化1 h后由于干涉效应产生的干涉极值数最多。综上所述,波长、温度和氧化对白铜的光谱发射率有重要的影响,在运用辐射测温技术测量白铜温度时应充分考虑上述因素的影响。该研究丰富了白铜的光谱发射率数据,为辐射测温提供了真实可靠的数据支撑。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金方向光谱发射率特性研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪在温度范围为573～953 K、波长范围为3～20μm下测量Ti-6Al-4V合金在0°～84°下的方向光谱发射率,并系统研究了方向变化对其光谱发射率的影响。实验结果表明,在波长小于10.3μm的短波处,Ti-6Al-4V合金发射率在0°～84°下随角度变化呈现出类似绝缘体的特性,而在大于10.3μm的长波处,其变化呈现出类似金属的特性。该合金的光谱发射率在573～773 K范围内随温度的升高而增大,并且在0°～70°与80°～84°内随波长变化趋势相反。当Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化后,其发射率在60°时达到最大值且非金属特性在长波处随氧化时间增加越来越明显。由此可见,在不同测量角度下,温度、波长和氧化程度等因素对Ti-6Al-4V发射率的影响很大,该研究可以丰富Ti-6Al-4V合金的方向光谱发射率数据库,为辐射测温技术提供数据支持。     

A3铁、304钢和201钢光谱发射率

随着科学技术日新月异的发展,红外测量技术在遥感、辐射测温、红外隐身、农业、医疗等领域都展现出了重要的应用前景。在花样众多的辐射测量中,材料的发射率是重要的参数之一。为满足材料发射率数据的需求,根据一套自主研制的光谱发射率测量装置对A3铁、304钢以及201钢在不同温度下的光谱发射率进行了精确的测量,并对影响发射率的几个因素做了深入的探究。结果显示：这三种钢材的发射率随温度升高而变大,同等温度下A3铁的发射率要高于304钢和201钢,且材料中的铬含量会降低材料的发射率值。采用XRD分析了三种材料表面氧化后的成分,并探讨了表面成分变化对发射率的影响。结果表明：A3铁氧化后生成不稳定的四氧化三铁Fe₃O₄和氧化亚铁FeO,各种成分的相互转变会导致光谱发射率发生较大的变化,而304钢和201钢表面氧化后主要生成氧化铬,因而光谱发射率也相对比较稳定。另外使用辐射光叠加原理和Christiansen效应成功解释了三种材料的发射率在大约10 μm处出现极大值的现象。该研究极大地丰富了三种材料的光谱发射率数据,为辐射测量技术在三种材料中的应用提供了强有力的数据支撑。     

连铸坯表面发射率的测量研究

铸坯表面发射率是影响铸坯表面温度测量的一项重要的物理参数。利用辐射能比较测量发射率的方法,研制了一套高温铸坯发射率测量装置,其主要由加热系统、角度旋转系统、温度检测系统、真空控制系统以及背景辐射屏蔽系统等5部分组成。利用该装置测量了GCr15钢在不同角度、不同温度及不同氧化程度下的表面发射率。研究表明:角度增加对发射率的影响具有先增大后减小的变化规律;发射率会随着氧化程度的加深而变大,并且发射率极值点所对应的角度逐渐减小;随着温度的增加,发射率会随之增大,但是当温度超过1000℃后,其对发射率的影响较小。当温度为1000℃以上时,深度氧化的GCr15钢发射率的最大不确定度为0.0205。     

基于激光旋转加热的非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试方法与装置

光谱发射率是表征材料热物理性能的重要参数。对于非导电材料的高温光谱发射率测试,一般采用高温加热炉加热或辐射加热的方式来进行发射率测试,存在的问题是采用高温石墨炉加热时,样品可能会与高温石墨发生化学反应,从而破坏材料原有物性;采用辐射加热,一般是单向静止加热,会存在样品温场梯度非均匀分布的问题。基于激光旋转加热和样品/黑体整体一体化设计,提出了一种“样品动中测”的非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试新方法,建立了相应的测量模型,突破了传统的 “样品静中测”的局限,样品与参考黑体共形一体化设计,采用微区域光谱辐射成像方法,同时测量参考黑体和样品的光谱辐射能量与温度。建立了激光旋转加热状态下的热传导方程,对典型样品材料的温度分布进行了仿真计算,结果表明旋转样品温场分布较为均匀,分析了温场分布与红外光谱发射率测量误差间的关系,给出了适用于本测试方法的材料的热导率下限值。基于该方法,搭建了相应的测量装置,对典型材料碳化硅在1 000 K时的光谱发射率进行了测试,在4 μm处对各个典型高温温度点的光谱发射率进行了测试,得到了碳化硅材料在红外波段的光谱发射率波长变化和温度变化规律特性。与国外的测量结果进行了比对,结果较为一致,验证了激光旋转加热光谱发射率测试方法的可行性。采用此方法,不破坏样品本身的理化特性,样品加热升温速度快,测量温度范围上限高,有效减小了激光静止单向加热带来的温度不均匀性,可同时测量出样品和参考黑体的光谱辐射亮度及温度,无需另外再设计标准高温黑体,解决了现有非导电材料高温光谱发射率测试中非均匀加热和辐射能量同步比对测量的问题,可应用于多种非导电材料高温光谱发射率的测试。     

光谱发射率测试方法的不确定度分析

光谱发射率是材料重要的热物性参数之一,具有重要而广泛的应用需求。基于调制辐射源加热的光谱发射率测试方法能够实现材料高温光谱发射率和温度的同时测量,克服了传统测试对高温样品温度准确测量的依赖性。为研究和提高基于调制辐射源的光谱发射率测试方法的适用性,论文开展了测量反问题的数值模拟验证分析,研究分析了样品表面光谱发射率范围、温度范围和测量噪音等条件对光谱发射率测量不确定度的影响,并对光谱发射率反问题求解的数值不确定度与理论不确定度进行了定量评估。     

气动加热下高温陶瓷材料的表观辐射特性

建立了气动加热下高温陶瓷材料表面的辐射模型,采用控制容积法结合蒙特卡罗法模拟了不同条件下材料的温度分布与表观发射率、在分析等温条件下光学厚度、散射反照率、基底发射率和折射率对表观发射影响的基础上,考察了气动热流和散射反照率对材料内温度场与表观发射率的影响.结果表明,随着气动加热热流和散射反照率的增加,高温陶瓷材料内温度升高,表现发射率减小.     

基于辐射加热源的材料高温发射率测量方法

材料高温辐射特性参数是量化研究热输运过程中的基本参数。本文将高能流太阳能聚集模拟器引入到材料高温发射率测量中,利用高能流太阳能聚集模拟器产生的可见光及近红外光谱辐射直接对样品进行加热,建立了材料中红外波段的高温发射率测量方法,避免了常规测量中封装窗口及高温炉体自身光谱辐射对测量的影响。基于该方法,采用红外热像仪、FTIR光谱仪等设备,搭建了实验平台,理论上可实现1700 K以内的样品发射率测量。采用该装置对某型钢进行了实验测量,获得了材料7~25μm波段内不同温度下的发射率曲线。     

Experimental study of the relationships between the spectral emissivity of brass and the temperature in the oxidizing environment

Effect of surface oxidization on the spectral emissivity of brass is studied over the temperature range from 800 to 1070 K at the wavelength of 1.5 μm. The temperature of brass surface is measured by averaging the two R-type platinum–rhodium thermocouples. The radiant energy emitted by the brass surface is received by an InGaAs photodiode detector. Two kinds of relationships between the spectral emissivity and the temperature are investigated in the oxidizing environment at the elevated temperature. One is the variation of spectral emissivity with the heating-duration time at the given temperature. The other is the variation of spectral emissivity with the temperature at the given heating-duration time. The interference effect of radiation coming from the brass surface and coming from the oxidization film is discussed when the oxidation film on the surface is grown. The resonant structures of spectral emissivity are observed during the whole heating period, in particular at the early stage of heating duration. The analytic formula of spectral emissivity versus the temperature is derived at the heating-duration time of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 min, respectively. The conclusion is obtained that coefficients of analytic expressions between the spectral emissivity and the temperature are different from each other for the experimental results obtained at the different heating-duration time, though the polynomial functional form is suitable to fit all the measurements obtained in the present work.     

Spectral emissivity modeling of steel 201 during the growth of oxidation film over the temperature range from 800 to 1100 K in air

This study explores the spectral emissivity modeling of steel 201 during the growth of oxidation film over the temperature range from 800 to 1100 K at 1.5 μm. The radiance coming from the specimen is received by an InGaAs photodiode detector. The specimen temperature is obtained by averaging the two platinum–rhodium thermocouples, which are tightly welded in the front surface of specimen near the measuring area viewed by the detector. The variation of spectral emissivity with the temperature is studied at a given heating time. The variation of spectral emissivity with the heating time is evaluated at a definite temperature. The strong oscillations of spectral emissivity are observed and discussed in detail, which originate from the interference effect between the radiation stemming from the oxidization film on the specimen surface and the radiation coming from the specimen surface. The measurement uncertainties of spectral emissivity contributed only by the surface oxidization are about 3.2–14.1%. At a given heating time, the variation of spectral emissivity with the temperature abides well by a simple analytic functional form. And at a definite temperature, the variation of spectral emissivity with the heating time can also be well reproduced by fitting except for the periodical oscillations.     

一种测量金属熔点温度和法向光谱发射率的多光谱数据处理方法研究

金属熔点温度和法向光谱发射率数据是国际上对电流脉冲加热技术测量材料热物性参数的关键比对点。针对连续测量金属熔点附近温度的特点,提出了一种新的发射率假设模型,并在此基础上提出了一种新的多光谱高速高温计的数据处理方法。该方法只需使用多光谱高速高温计作为测量装置,通过处理两个不同时刻多光谱高速高温计的测量数据,由计算可同时获知两个时刻的真温及光谱发射率。经对国外的标准铌试样进行了测试,所得数据与国外同行的测量数据进行了比对,具有较好的一致性,实验结果表明,熔点真温计算值与生产者提供的值之差在±20K以内。     

Investigation of the effects of Ni-based alloy K465 on the normal spectral emissivity during oxidation

The normal spectral emissivity of Ni-based alloy K465 during oxidation is experimentally measured at 810, 914 and 998 °C for 12 h in air over the wavelength from 1.3 to 2.4 μm. The combined standard uncertainty of the normal spectral emissivity is less than 3%. The oscillations of the emissivity and the effects of oxidation temperature, heating time and wavelength on the emissivity are investigated. The oscillations of the emissivity are formed by the interference effect between the radiation from the surfaces of the substrate and the oxidation film. The oscillation extremums of the emissivity shift towards larger wavelengths as the oxidation process proceeds. The results show that the normal spectral emissivity increases as the temperature increases at the initial time. The normal spectral emissivity decreases as wavelength increases except for the occurrence of the oscillations of the emissivity. The normal spectral emissivity increases rapidly at the initial heating time, and the change of emissivity becomes slow when the oxidation tends to be saturated gradually. Besides, the emissivity fitting models versus heating time and wavelength are established, which fit the experimental results very well. The emissivity relative errors of the fitting models are less than 4%.     

Temperature recovery of opaque bodies by thermal radiation spectrum: the use of relative emissivity to select the optimal spectral range

The approach based on relative emissivity was tested and developed using the experimental data. It was assumed that the medium separating an opaque body and measuring device was diathermic or nonradiating (it is characterized by its transmittance); radiation source emissivity and medium transmittance were unknown. Data on comparison of spectral radiances (spectral intensities), obtained within 220–2500 nm for the temperature lamps in the metrological laboratories of Europe, Russia, and USA were used as the initial experimental data. It is shown that the use of relative emissivity allows graphical interpretation for the solution to the initial nonlinear system of equations. In this case, the problem of determining the true temperature of the body by the thermal radiation spectrum in a graphical interpretation is reduced to the choice depending on relative emissivity at the desired temperature. It is shown that to narrow the interval, which includes the true temperature, the criterion was based on a change in convexity of spectral dependence of the relative emissivity in the process of desired temperature selection. The use of relative emissivity in a spectral range, where the Rayleigh—Jeans approximation is satisfied, allows unambiguous determination for the shape of emissivity dependence on the wavelength. The relationship for determination of the peak wavelength within the registered thermal radiation spectrum on the basis of data about the true temperature of the body and its spectral emissivity is presented.     

Determination of true temperature of opaque materials via spectral distribution of thermal radiation intensity: application of Wien’s displacement law

The equation for the derivative connecting surface spectral emissivity, wavelength, and thermodynamic (true) temperature of an opaque heated body at the point of spectral maximum of thermal radiation was obtained. It is suggested to solve the problem of determining the true temperature of an opaque surface in two stages. At the first stage, the spectral range, most comfortable for approximation of body emissivity, is distinguished using a special function (relative emissivity), and the true temperature is determined. At the second stage, the true temperature is determined again using the resulting equation for the derivative. The dimensionless parameter that connects the radiative properties of material with the peak wavelength and characterizes deviation from Wien’s displacement law was found. If the absolute value of this parameter is low, the value of true temperature obtained at the first step can be specified at the second stage. This approach is illustrated by experimental data obtained at comparison of spectral radiance of the temperature lamps.