主观评价实验中声音样本剂量值的度量方法

提出了一种基于对播放时长短时化处理的声音样本剂量值度量方法, 确定了十一种剂量值指标用于衡量具有固定播放时长声音样本的剂量值, 并分析了可能影响声音样本剂量值的主要因素; 随后, 对大量声音样本以各种指标度量的剂量值矩阵进行了聚类分析, 获得了三种类型的声音样本剂量值度量指标, 并确定了不同指标类型中的代表性指标; 最后, 分析了声音样本采用不同类型指标度量的剂量值与评价者对声音样本主观烦恼度等级之间的关系. 为利用主观评价实验进行固定播放时长声音样本作用下的主观烦恼度研究奠定了基础. 关键词： 声暴露量 烦恼度 声音样本 主观评价     

机载多脉冲激光测距特性及其不确定度研究

针对机载平台特殊环境下激光测距的概率特性, 建立了脉冲回波信号的理论分析模型, 得出了不同信噪比情况下脉冲回波信号包络的概率密度分布函数. 结果表明: 信噪比的降低通过回波波形直接导致测距离散数据的不同分布, 大信噪比时呈现高斯分布, 小信噪比时近似瑞利分布, 一般情况符合莱斯分布; 根据恒比定时时刻鉴别方法, 在获取大量实验数据的基础上, 实验结果验证了理论模型的合理性. 对以“方差”定义的测距精度不适用的情况下, 引入测量不确定度的概念, 结合不确定度原理, 通过分布区间概率量化了实验结果, 提出了一种新的评价机载激光测距性能的方法, 该方法能够克服传统评价指标的单一性以及不合理性, 同时为机载光电系统的性能测试与评估提供了参考意义.     

基于灰度相关的红外隐身效果评价方法研究

提出了一种基于图像灰度相关算法的红外隐身效果评价方法.通过对采用红外隐身措施前后目标图像的相关处理，提取相关峰的峰显著系数、峰.相关能量比和峰-背景比这三个特征参量来定义红外隐身概率作为衡量红外隐身效果的客观评价指标.采用人眼对红外热图进行判识的统计结果来确定红外隐身概率中各参量的统计权重，从而使计算机图像处理方法所得结果与实际人眼的主观判识结果一致.实验结果表明:此方法适用于对地面典型军事目标的红外隐身效果进行客观评价.     

城市道路交通噪声烦恼度社会调查

本文以烦恼度为主观反应指标,采用三种5级程度衡量尺度,对西安市内三条主要干道和两类典型交叉口附近区域内的道路交通噪声进行了烦恼度问卷调查。此次调查针对人口统计学因素(性别、年龄、文化程度、身体健康状况)上的个体差异与等级描述词不同的程度尺度可能对道路交通噪声烦恼度调查结果的影响,以及特定路况条件下的噪声烦恼度与不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度展开了研究。通过对调查数据的分析处理,发现并初步总结出:与选取不同的烦恼度尺度相比,人口统计学因素对调查结果的影响更加显著;人口统计学因素与特定路况条件下的噪声烦恼度及不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度无明显相关;但不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度不同,实际研究中需对摩托车噪声加以重视并区别对待。     

民机适航审定噪声的纯音修正方法

大型运输类民机适航合格审定噪声水平采用有效感觉噪声级来评定,引入纯音修正因子来考虑噪声频谱不规则性对人主观感觉的影响,而纯音修正因子的计算受试验环境、测试系统特性、数据计算精度、纯音频带分割、数据调整方法和虚假纯音等影响,应在计算中给予考虑。根据适航规章要求,对适航审定噪声的纯音修正方法进行了研究。通过分析纯音修正因子计算的影响因素,基于"CCAR-36"基本方法提出了调整后的计算方法和步骤,并对某型民机适航审定试验的噪声进行了纯音修正分析。结果表明,合理地考虑各影响因素对实现纯音修正因子准确计算具有重要意义,该方法能可靠地应用于纯音修正因子计算,提高了纯音修正因子和有效感觉噪声级计算的准确度,可为国产大型民机噪声适航审定提供有益参考。     

基于周期图最大似然算法的相干激光测风多普勒频率估计

采用径向风速的估计不确定度和探测概率作为评价指标,研究了周期图最大似然(PML)算法的多普勒频率估计性能.基于大气分层激光回波模型,分别以PML和周期图最大值法(PM)对回波信号进行处理,验证了PML算法在相干激光测风中的可行性;分析比较不同信噪比条件下PML算法的风速估计不确定度与探测概率.仿真结果表明,在发射脉冲宽度为400ns、采样点数为128时,PML算法适合在中等信噪比条件下使用,且风速估计的不确定度整体小于PM算法的,在信噪比为-13dB时径向风速的估计不确定度为0.75m/s,探测概率在90%以上,该研究为后续的外场试验提供了指导.     

基于改进对比度的有限离散剪切波图像融合

为了提高多聚焦图像的融合精度,结合有限离散剪切波变换(FDST)良好的局部化特性及平移不变性,提出了一种基于有限离散剪切波变换与改进对比度相结合的图像融合新算法。对经过严格配准后的多聚焦图像进行FDST分解,得到低频子带系数和不同尺度不同方向的高频子带系数;对低频子带系数采用区域平均能量匹配度自适应融合算法,高频子带系数的选取则根据低频与高频系数关联得到的对比度进行融合;应用有限离散剪切波逆变换重构得到融合图像,并对融合结果进行主观视觉和客观评价。通过仿真实验,算法在主观视觉效果上有着明显的优越性。在不同融合算法比较的融合结果中,熵值、互信息量和边缘相似度分别平均提高了1.4%、34.6%和8.0%,各项客观评价指标优于其他算法。     

旋转液体特性实验测量重力加速度不确定度研究

重力加速度测量实验是大学生物理实验必修课实验内容之一,在实验过程中由于仪器使用不当或操作不正确,在计算结果时存在不同的偏差。不确定度是衡量测量精度的重要指标,本文计算了三种不同情况测量重力加速度时的不确定度,主要考虑了激光照射透明挡板的角度r、激光垂直入射点的偏差Δx和激光垂直入射方向的偏差β对重力加速度的不确定度。通过计算,当透明挡板向上/下偏移的角度为5°时,不确定度为1.496 3 m/s~2;当激光向左/右偏移5 mm时,不确定度为1.0044 m/s~2;当激光向左和向右偏移的角度为5°时,不确定度分别为1.551 5 m/s~2和1.250 8 m/s~2。本文可为减小旋转液体测量重力加速度误差提供理论依据。     

开放型办公室掩蔽语音环境下工作效率的客观评价方法

本文研究了开放型办公室中平稳噪声掩蔽语音环境下噪声可懂度的客观评价指标与工作效率之间的关系。文章通过对三种客观评价指标:Speech Transmission Index(STI),Perceptually Evaluation of Speech Quality(PESQ)和modified Normalized Covariance Method(mNCM)与专门设计的主观实验结果相对比,得到了该条件下客观评价指标与主观烦扰度和工作效率之间的关系。结果显示,客观评价指标与主观实验结果均具有较高的相关性,说明利用客观评价指标来预测、评估工作效率具有可行性。实验结果还初步揭示了噪声的语言可懂度和工作效率之间的变化规律:在噪声的语言可懂度的中间区域,工作效率变化显著;但噪声的语言可懂度高于一定值以后,工作效率趋于稳定。     

猫听皮层调频诱发反应及其区域特性

利用平均技术在猫记录了听皮层纯音调频诱发电位,并测定了对不同载波频率F的调频反应阈△F_m。调频诱发电位的波形与短纯音诱发电位的相似,也有“给”、“撤”、“给-撤”等几种类型。△F_m因载波频率及皮层记录点的不同而异,最佳者中、高频可以在0.01F以下,低频在10赫以下,与文献上用条件反射方法测得的结果大致相当。高、中、低频纯音调频反应灵敏点在AI区的分布互相交错,不像调谐反应那样有排列整齐的频率区域特性。     

公路交通噪声阈限值的分析研究

本文采用客观测量和主观评价相结合的方法研究公路交通噪声对人的影响。通过研究，求得了公路交通噪声扰民的容忍阈值，分析了比较了公路交通噪声各种客观评价量与人的主观评价量的之间的相互关系。     

Relation between annoyance and single-number quantities for rating heavy-weight floor impact sound insulation in wooden houses

This study investigated the relation between annoyance and single-number quantities to rate heavy-weight floor impact sound insulation. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the subjective response of annoyance resulting from heavy-weight floor impact sounds recorded in wooden houses. Stimuli had two typical spectra and their modified versions, which simulate the precise change in frequency response resulting from insulation treatments. Results of the first experiment showed that the Zwicker's percentile loudness (N(5)) was the quantity to rate most well annoyance of heavy-weight impact sound over a wide sound level range. The second experiment revealed that arithmetic average (L(iFavg,Fmax)) of octave-band sound pressure levels measured using the time constant "fast" and Zwicker's percentile loudness (N(5)) much better described annoyance by the precise change in the sound spectrum attributable to insulation treatments than Japanese standardized single-number quantities (L(i,Fmax,r), L(iA,Fmax), and L(i,Fmax,Aw)) do. Japanese standardized single-number quantities using the A-weighting curve as a rating curve were found to be excessively influenced by the 63 Hz octave-band sound level and have the great sound level-dependences in the relation with subjective ratings.     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements of sound-level encoding in the absence of background scanner noise

Effects of sound level on auditory cortical activation are seen in neuroimaging data. However, factors such as the cortical response to the intense ambient scanner noise and to the bandwidth of the acoustic stimuli will both confound precise quantification and interpretation of such sound-level effects. The present study used temporally "sparse" imaging to reduce effects of scanner noise. To achieve control for stimulus bandwidth, three schemes were compared for sound-level matching across bandwidth: component level, root-mean-square power and loudness. The calculation of the loudness match was based on the model reported by Moore and Glasberg [Acta Acust. 82, 335-345 (1996)]. Ten normally hearing volunteers were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) while listening to a 300-Hz tone presented at six different sound levels between 66 and 91 dB SPL and a harmonic-complex tone (F0= 186 Hz) presented at 65 and 85 dB SPL. This range of sound levels encompassed all three bases of sound-level matching. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus, induced by each of the eight tone conditions relative to a quiet baseline condition, was quantified as to extent and magnitude. Sound level had a small, but significant, effect on the extent of activation for the pure tone, but not for the harmonic-complex tone, while it had a significant effect on the response magnitude for both types of stimulus. Response magnitude increased linearly as a function of sound level for the full range of levels for the pure tone. The harmonic-complex tone produced greater activation than the pure tone, irrespective of the matching scheme for sound level, indicating that bandwidth had a greater effect on the pattern of auditory activation than sound level. Nevertheless, when the data were collapsed across stimulus class, extent and magnitude were significantly correlated with the loudness scale (measured in phons), but not with the intensity scale (measured in SPL). We therefore recommend the loudness formula as the most appropriate basis of matching sound level to control for loudness effects when cortical responses to other stimulus attributes, such as stimulus class, are the principal concern.     

Sound localization of stereo reproduction with parametric loudspeakers

A parametric loudspeaker radiates an audible signal by the interaction of the primary wave that is amplitude modulated and is known as a super-directivity loudspeaker. The parametric loudspeaker is one of the prominent applications of nonlinear acoustics. So far, the applications have been limited monaural reproduction sound system for public address in museum, station, street etc. In this paper, we investigated sound localization of stereo reproduction using two parametric loudspeakers in comparison with that using two ordinary dynamic loudspeakers. In subjective tests, the binaural information ILD (Interaural Level Difference) or ITD (Interaural Time Delay) was focused on. To investigate the characteristics of sound localization in a wide listening area, three typical listening positions were picked up. Signals were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz pure tones and pink noise. The used parametric loudspeaker was an equilateral hexagon. The subjective test led to the results that when the parametric loudspeakers were used, the listeners at the three typical listening positions perceived the correct sound localization of not only pure tone but also pink noise and when the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers were used, except for the case of pure tone with ITD, the tendency was almost similar to those using the parametric loudspeakers. The second subjective tests were conducted in order to investigate in details the difference between parametric loudspeakers and ordinary dynamic loudspeakers by increasing the number of subjects. In the case of ITD and 500 Hz using the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers, three types of sound localization were categorized, in which the reversed type was major and the normal and the other types were minor. The ILDs which were measured with a dummy head and were calculated with several formulas were almost the same and indicated the reasons of the reversed typed sound localization and a serious influence of the crosstalk. It was found that in the case of pure tone with ITD, the contradiction between the binaural information ILD and ITD is remarkable, because the directivity of the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers was so dull that the crosstalk components had a serious influence on sound localization. It was determined the parametric loudspeaker could transmit correct binaural information to the listener, because the directivity of the parametric loudspeakers was so sharp that it suppressed the cross talk components.     

检定声级计有关性能用猝发声的研究

在相关标准中,规定检定声级计有关性能用的猝发声必须“零起零落”。本文通过实验验证指出,猝发声“零起零落”与否,对声级计的检定结果有明显影响,但其差别远小于相应容差的1／10,这一差别对计量检定要求来说是很小的,可忽略不计。因而,在声级计检定中没有必要强调猝发声必须“零起零落”。     

Differentiation of cochlear pathophysiology in ears damaged by salicylate or a pure tone using a nonlinear systems identification technique.

Mongolian gerbils were exposed to either alpha-ketoglutarate, salicylate, or an 8-kHz pure tone. Cochlear microphonic (CM) was recorded from the round window in response to 68 and 88 dB SPL Gaussian noise. A nonlinear systems identification technique provided the frequency-domain parameters of a third-order polynomial model characterizing cochlear mechano-electric transduction (MET). A series of physiologic indices were derived from further exploration of the model. Exposure to the 8-kHz pure tone and round window application of salicylate resulted in different changes in the polynomial parameters and physiologic indices even though the threshold shifts were similar. A general reduction of CM magnitude was found after the tone exposure, and an increase at low-mid frequencies was demonstrated in the salicylate group especially at the lower signal level. The slope of the MET curve was reduced by the acoustic overstimulation. The root or the operating point of the MET was shifted in opposite directions after the two treatments. Sound-pressure levels that saturate MET expanded in the tone exposure group and narrowed in the salicylate group. The signal level also had effects on these indices.     

Subjective loudness level measurements and equal loudness contours in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Loudness level measurements in human listeners are straightforward; however, it is difficult to convey the concepts of loudness matching or loudness comparison to (non-human) animals. For this reason, prior studies have relied upon objective measurements, such as response latency, to estimate equal loudness contours in animals. In this study, a bottlenose dolphin was trained to perform a loudness comparison test, where the listener indicates which of two sequential tones is louder. To enable reward of the dolphin, most trials featured tones with identical or similar frequencies, but relatively large sound pressure level differences, so that the loudness relationship was known. A relatively small percentage of trials were "probe" trials, with tone pairs whose loudness relationship was not known. Responses to the probe trials were used to construct psychometric functions describing the loudness relationship between a tone at a particular frequency and sound pressure level and that of a reference tone at 10 kHz with a sound pressure level of 90, 105, or 115 dB re 1 μPa. The loudness relationships were then used to construct equal loudness contours and auditory weighting functions that can be used to predict the frequency-dependent effects of noise on odontocetes.     

Temporal interactions between pure tones and amplitude-modulated noise

An auditory interaction between the temporal fine structure of a low-frequency tone and the envelope of a high-frequency waveform was observed at very large frequency separations. Thresholds for detection of sinusoidal amplitude modulation of a high-frequency, narrow-band noise were measured as a function of the relative phase between the modulator and a pure tone with the same frequency as the modulator. These "phase functions" were determined at various intensities of the noise and tone for three different modulation frequencies. In general, the phase functions show that low-frequency stimulation has a cyclic effect on the sensitivity to amplitude modulation; over a limited range of relative phases, the modulation threshold is lower than that measured without low-frequency stimulation whereas over a broader range of relative phases, the modulation threshold is much higher. The difference between minimum and maximum modulation thresholds was observed to be as great as 23 dB. Despite this substantial degree of temporal interaction, little, if any, masking by the low-frequency tone of the high-frequency noise was observed.     

Correspondence between two types of rating indices for the heavy weight floor impact sound insulation of residential buildings

Of the two types of rating indices for the heavy weight floor impact sound insulation, the method of utilizing a rubber ball impact source combined with A-weighted sound level and the method utilizing a tire impact source combined with L-rating curve, the advantage of the former has been reported. In order to extend the advantage, the possibility was studied of estimating the rating utilizing the rubber ball impact source, based on the measurement results utilizing the tire impact source, especially for the case of a double leaf wooden floor. The correlation between the indices is not high enough to estimate one of them directly from the other with an accuracy not incorrectly estimating the rating grade of 5 dB step. The use of predictor variables, such as the special specifications of the double leaf wooden floor, for example, the use of sound insulation sheet, and the floor impact sound levels in the 31.5-Hz, 63-Hz and 125-Hz bands, is possibly able to increase the accuracy. Three principal types of multiple regression equation were derived through the analysis of measurement results in existing residential buildings.     

Underwater sound pressure variation and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) hearing thresholds in a small pool

Studies of underwater hearing are often hampered by the behavior of sound waves in small experimental tanks. At lower frequencies, tank dimensions are often not sufficient for free field conditions, resulting in large spatial variations of sound pressure. These effects may be mitigated somewhat by increasing the frequency bandwidth of the sound stimulus, so effects of multipath interference average out over many frequencies. In this study, acoustic fields and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) hearing thresholds were compared for pure tone and frequency modulated signals. Experiments were conducted in a vinyl-walled, seawater-filled pool approximately 3.7 x 6 x 1.5 m. Acoustic signals were pure tone and linear and sinusoidal frequency modulated tones with bandwidths/modulation depths of 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. Thirteen center frequencies were tested between 1 and 100 kHz. Acoustic fields were measured (without the dolphin present) at three water depths over a 60 x 65 cm grid with a 5-cm spacing. Hearing thresholds were measured using a behavioral response paradigm and up/down staircase technique. The use of FM signals significantly improved the sound field without substantially affecting the measured hearing thresholds.