碳气凝胶薄片的制备及表面密度致密层去除工艺

研究了不同密度和厚度的碳气凝胶薄片的制备及其表面致密层去除工艺。在以间苯二酚、甲醛为原料制备有机及碳气凝胶块体材料的基础上,结合自制活动式微模具成型工艺,制备了厚度在80~350 μm,密度在50~600 mg·cm-3范围内变化的碳气凝胶薄片。采用场发射扫描电镜、X射线相衬成像和表面轮廓仪-台阶仪等手段对其表面和内部微观结构进行了表征。测试结果表明,碳气凝胶薄片与块体的内部结构相同,但薄片表面存在一层和内部结构截然不同的致密层。采用不同粗糙程度的材料对薄片进行了表面微处理,成功去除该致密“皮”层。     

密度渐变多层碳气凝胶靶型的制备

 以间苯二酚-甲醛为原料,结合自制活动式微模具成型工艺制备不同厚度和密度的碳气凝胶薄片,采用密度为10 mg·cm^-3的SiO₂溶胶为“粘合剂”,获得单元薄片厚度在100～580 μm,密度在50～400 mg·cm^-3范围内变化的5层密度渐变碳气凝胶靶型。重点研究了该特殊靶型内部C/SiO₂气凝胶层间界面情况。采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）,X射线相衬成像仪等对靶型整体结构及碳气凝胶单元薄片表面和内部微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：胶粘层SiO₂气凝胶厚度约为15 μm,厚度一致,远小于碳气凝胶层厚度且与碳气凝胶薄片的胶粘程度较好,界面平整,靶结构均匀。     

ICF分解实验用双介质调制靶的研制

为了研究惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验用靶丸不同密度界面的流体力学不稳定性增长,设计并制备了聚苯乙烯(CH)/碳气凝胶(CRF),CRF/硅气凝胶(SiO2)和CH/Al三种双介质调制靶。采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了密度分别为250和800mg/cm3的CRF气凝胶薄片;采用激光微加工工艺分别在两种不同密度的CRF薄片和工业用纯Al箔上引入调制图形;采用旋涂工艺在Al箔和CRF薄片(250mg/cm3)的调制表面制备一层CH薄膜,得到CH/Al和CH/CRF双介质调制靶,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺在CRF薄片(800mg/cm3)表面制备一层低密度SiO2气凝胶,得到CRF/SiO2双介质调制靶。采用电子天平、扫描电子显微镜、工具显微镜和台阶仪对所制备的CH/CRF,CRF/SiO2和CH/Al三种双介质调制靶进行靶参数测量。结果表明:三种双介质调制靶层与层之间结合紧密,界面清晰,调制图形为正弦,靶参数测量准确。     

碳气凝胶/聚苯乙烯双介质柱状靶的研制

 介绍了碳气凝胶/聚苯乙烯（CRF/CH）双介质柱状靶的制备方法。使用溶胶-凝胶法和微模具原位成型法制备了直径为820 μm的间苯二酚-甲醛（RF）气凝胶微柱,在氮气保护下进行高温碳化后得到直径为730 μm、密度为250 mg·cm^-3的CRF微柱;采用浸渍提拉法在CRF微柱柱面镀制一层厚度为26 μm 的CH薄膜, 形成CRF/CH双介质结构;采用机械微切割技术制备了长度为1 mm, 内径为730 μm,壁厚为26 μm的CRF/CH双介质柱状靶。实验研究了RF,CRF气凝胶微柱的制备工艺、微观形貌及CRF微柱轴向和径向的密度均匀性,探讨了影响CH薄膜厚度的主要因素,并对CH薄膜的表面形貌和两种材料之间的界面进行了表征。     

高密度间苯二酚-甲醛碳气凝胶ICF靶的制备与吸附性能研究

 以间苯二酚和甲醛为前驱体，通过改进传统制备技术解决了高密度间苯二酚-甲醛(CRF)碳气凝胶制备过程中的龟裂问题，制备出了符合ICF实验需要的高密度CRF碳气凝胶材料。分别对CRF碳气凝胶的元素组成和物相组成进行了鉴定，采用自动吸附仪考察了CRF碳气凝胶对N₂和H₂的吸附性能。结果表明：该碳气凝胶是一种由C元素组成的类似石墨结构的非晶固态材料，结构均匀性好，具有良好的机械加工性能，比表面积达676 m²·g^-1，平均孔径为7.16 nm；氢吸附质量分数达2.28%，相应体积密度为17.83 kg·m^-3。     

纳米多孔碳气凝胶的储氢性能

 以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺,结合高温碳化和溶剂替换常压干燥技术,制备了碳气凝胶。通过改变间苯二酚与碳酸钠的物质的量比和反应物间苯二酚与甲醛的质量分数,实现对碳气凝胶孔洞结构的控制。制备了钯掺杂碳气凝胶。以透射电镜、X射线衍射谱证实了钯元素以纳米单质颗粒形式存在于碳气凝胶的骨架结构中。对掺杂碳气凝胶进行了活化工艺的后处理,成功提高了比表面积有2倍之多,获得了比表面积为1 273 m²/g的钯掺杂碳气凝胶。氢吸附性能研究结果表明：最优活化工艺所得的碳气凝胶样品（3 212 m²/g）在92 K,3.5 MPa条件下的饱和储氢质量分数为3%,此样品在303 K,3.2 MPa时的储氢质量分数为0.84%。对钯掺杂碳气凝胶的常温（303 K）氢吸附测试表明,掺杂后碳气凝胶的总储氢质量分数下降了,但单位比表面积的储氢质量分数提高了。     

超低密度SiO2气凝胶的制备及成型研究

 以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源，采用酸碱二步催化溶胶-凝胶法，结合超临界干燥技术制备了超低密度SiO₂气凝胶,最低密度为3.4 mg/cm³；进一步结合成型工艺，在解决了模具设计和脱模技术后制备了具有不同密度的柱状和微型套筒样品，密度10～50 mg/cm³。研究了水、催化剂、稀释剂对二步溶胶-凝胶过程的影响，获得了制备低密度SiO₂气凝胶的最佳条件。利用扫描电镜、孔径分布及比表面积测试仪等对SiO₂气凝胶微结构进行了研究。结果表明，获得的超低密度SiO₂气凝胶具有较好的纳米网络，平均孔径18.9 nm，还具有高比表面积898 9 m²/g。     

对苯二酚-甲醛碳气凝胶的制备

 溶胶-凝胶法制备了高HC比（10~40，对苯二酚与催化剂(Na₂CO_{3/sub>)的物质的量之比）的对苯二酚-甲醛有机气凝胶，并经高温碳化处理得到其碳气凝胶。借助有机气凝胶的红外光谱研究了其化学结构，说明其网孔结构形成的可能性；研究了有机气凝胶的扫描电镜图像、比表面积及孔径分布等，并得到碳化前后的一些对比数据：有机气凝胶颗粒大小30~50 nm，碳化后约为10 nm，比表面积从341.77 m²/g增大到452.75 m²/g，密度从0.170 8 g/cm^{3/sup>增大到0.335 6 g/cm3/sup>。}}     

MF气凝胶的制备和结构表征

 以三聚氰胺(M)和甲醛(F)为原料，经溶胶-凝胶和超临界干燥工艺制备出密度156.82 mg/cm³的MF气凝胶。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及比表面测定仪(BET)等测试手段研究了其结构和性能。XRD结果表明MF气凝胶是一种非晶材料；TEM和SEM结果表明MF气凝胶所有孔孔径均在10 nm左右；孔径分布及比表面积测试仪测得该气凝胶具有很高的比表面积（1 015.98 m²/g），孔径大小主要为5~30 nm。所得MF气凝胶是一种具有nm量级3维网络结构的轻质多孔材料，有望在ICF实验靶中得到应用。     

间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶及其碳气凝胶的制备与表征

 以间苯三酚(P)和甲醛(F)为原料，经溶胶-凝胶、溶剂交换、超临界干燥和碳化等过程制备出了间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶(PF)及其碳气凝胶(CPF)。测试结果表明气凝胶具有比较高的比表面积、是一种连续nm级3维网络结构的多孔材料；碳化后密度和平均孔径增大，比表面积基本无变化，且仍然维持气凝胶的网络结构。催化剂摩尔比决定气凝胶的微观结构，反应物质量分数控制着气凝胶密度。通过优化制备条件，可以制备出能满足惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶需要的不同结构和不同密度的气凝胶。     

On the direct contact between overgrowth and substrate through amorphous carbon layers

The influence of intermediate amorphous carbon layers of different thicknesses on the epitaxy of Cu on Au (111) platelets was investigated. The experimental results prove that under experimental conditions for which the so called “long range” effect has been detected, direct contact between overgrowth and substrate through the intermediate layers is possible, provided its thickness is below a certain critical value. For carbon films prepared at room temperature on Au (111) substrates in a vacuum of 10^?6 Torr, this value lies between 50A?and 70A?.     

Supercapacitive electrochemical performance of graphene-containing carbon aerogel prepared using polyethyleneimine-modified graphene oxide

Graphene-containing carbon aerogel was prepared by a sol–gel polymerization of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) method using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified chemically exfoliated grapheme oxide, and its electrochemical performance as an electrode for supercapacitor was examined. The effect of PEI in the preparation of RFGO (resorcinol-formaldehyde and graphene oxide) solution on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of graphene-containing carbon aerogel (CAPG) was investigated. For comparison, graphene-containing carbon aerogel was prepared using PEI-free graphene oxide (CAG). Graphene-free carbon aerogel (CA) was also prepared. CAPG showed the highest BET surface area (792 m²/g) and the largest pore volume (1.64 cm³/g) with well-developed porous structure. Various electrochemical measurements revealed that CAPG showed high specific capacitance (205 F/g), low equivalent series resistance (0.55 Ω), and superior capacitive behavior. The PEI-modified graphene oxide played an important role in enhancing physicochemical properties and supercapacitive electrochemical performance of CAPG.     

纳米碳管的电化学贮锂性能

用透射电镜、高分辨透射电镜、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱表征了用催化热解法制备的纳米碳管的结构,研究了纳米碳管的电化学嵌脱锂性能。以纳米级铁粉为催化剂热解乙炔气得到的纳米碳管石墨化程度较低,结构中存在褶皱的石墨层、乱层石墨和微孔等缺陷,具有国交高的贮锂容量,初始容量为640mAh/g,但循环稳定性较差。而以纳米级氧化铁粉为催化剂热解乙烯得到的纳米碳管结构比较规则,循环稳定性较好,但贮锂容量较低,初始容量为282mAh/g。讨论了纳米碳管的结构对其温度特性和不同电流密度下的充放电容易的影响。     

Laser welding of low-thickness zinc-coated and uncoated carbon steel sheets

Laser welding is a competitive joining process for low-thickness plates. The speeds achieved with laser welding using a CO₂ laser and the low heat input introduced to the base material are the main advantages of this process. The widespread use of laser welding will increase the productivity and accuracy of welding operations. Nevertheless, there are still important developments to be made.The results of laser welding of thin sheets (below 1.25 mm) of uncoated and zinc-coated carbon steels are presented. A CO₂ laser was used for the welding of sheets of different thicknesses and to make dissimilar welds (carbon steel to zinc-coated steel). The bead dimensions and the distortions of the welded sheets are analysed.     

Particular features of the transmission of laser radiation with wavelength 0.438 µm and intensity (3–7)·1014 W/cm2 through an undercritical plasma from polymer aerogels

The velocities of energy transport in an undercritical plasma of polymer aerogel with and without copper nanoparticles were measured. Transmission of the laser light through targets of different thicknesses such as submicron three-dimensional polymer networks with densities below the critical value (0.13–0.52 N _cr) for a wavelength of 0.438 μm and intensity of (3–7)·10¹⁴ W/cm² at a half-height pulse duration of 0.32 ns was studied. The transfer of a heating laser radiation was registered on the rear side of the target. It ranged from a level of ∼0.5% for the thickness of a low-density layer of 400 μm and density of 9 mg/cm³ (mass per unit square of 0.36 mg/cm²) up to 50–60% for a thickness of 100 μm and density of 2.25 mg/cm³ (mass per unit square of 0.02 mg/cm²). The time dependences of the optical emission from the rear side of the targets were measured. They appear to be indicative of the plasma dynamics in two-layer targets (polymer foam on Al foil) and enable the estimation of the absorption depth for the laser light in an undercritical plasma. __________ Translated from Preprint No. 8 of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow (2007).     

Study on the impedance of aligned carbon microcoils embedded in silicone rubber matrix

This paper reports that carbon microcoils are grown through a chemical vapour deposit process, they are then embedded in silicone rubber, and manipulated to parallel with each other along their axes in the resulting composite. The impedance |Z| as well as phase angle θ of both the original carbon microcoil sheets and the aligned carbon microcoil/silicone rubber composites are measured. The results illustrate that carbon microcoils in different forms show different alternating current electric properties. The aligned carbon microcoils in the composites show stable parameters for f<10⁴ Hz but a sharp decrease in both |Z| and θ for frequencies >10⁴ Hz, which will also change as the carbon microcoils are extended. But, the original sheets have a pure resistance with their parameters stable throughout the entire alternating current frequency range investigated.     

Effect of a uniaxially deformed aerogel on the orientation of the order parameter of superfluid 3He

The effect of a uniaxially deformed aerogel on the orientation of the order parameter of ³He has been analyzed with the inclusion of correlations in the positions of the particles forming the aerogel. The minimum strain for the B phase in the uniaxially stretched aerogel that can lead to the orientation of the orbital part of the order parameter different from the bulk case has been estimated. The orientational effect has been estimated for the A-like phase in the uniaxially compressed aerogel has been estimated. It has been shown that the dependence of the orientational effect on correlations in the mutual locations of the aerogel particles is stronger than that of the superconducting transition temperature.