The power spectrum and correlation of flow noise for an axisymmetric body in water

Understanding the physical features of the flow noise for an axisymmetric body is important for improving the performance of a sonar mounted on an underwater platform. Analytical calculation and numerical analysis of the physical features of the flow noise for an axisymmetric body are presented and a simulation scheme for the noise correlation on the hydrophones is given. It is shown that the numerical values of the flow noise coincide well with the analytical values. The main physical features of flow noise are obtained. The flow noises of two different models are compared and a model with a rather optimal fore-body shape is given. The flow noise in horizontal symmetry profile of the axisymmetric body is non-uniform, but it is omni-directional and has little difference in the cross section of the body. The loss of noise diffraction has a great effect on the flow noise from boundary layer transition. Meanwhile, based on the simulation, the noise power level increases with velocity to approximately the fifth power at high frequencies, which is consistent with the experiment data reported in the literature. Furthermore, the flow noise received by the acoustic array has lower correlation at a designed central frequency, which is important for sonar system design.     

转捩区长度对回转体流噪声的影响

本文通过分析回转体边界层转捩区声辐射的机理,就转捩区长度对回转体转捩区辐射声压谱的影响进行了讨论。结果表明,来流速度和回转体直径是影响回转体转捩区长度、也是影响回轨体转捩区辐射声压谱的主要因素,在来流攻回轨体直径相同时,则回转体形对转捩区长度的影响超主导作用,采用本文的方法所得的理论值与实验值之间的一致性较好。     

Modeling and characterizing the typical under-ice acoustic channel for the Arctic

The properties of arctic underwater acoustic channel were researched using BurkeTwersky(BT) model and ray theory.In the BT model,sea ice ridge is assumed as a set of semi-elliptical cylinder randomly distributed on a stress-free surface.By approximation of low frequency and high frequency of the BT model,the reflection coefficients were calculated at different frequencies.On the basis of ray theory,the acoustic field was calculated and the properties of underwater acoustic channel was analyzed.Compared to underwater acoustic channel properties when the boundary is air,the results show that under the ice surface some sound rays disappear during transmission,because the ice surface reflection coefficients is less than absolute soft surface.Especially,the higher the frequency,the higher the under-ice transmission loss.As a result,under-ice condition is unfavourable for acoustic signals to travel far.Besides,as to the channel structure,the reflection coefficient of ice layer is smaller,the channel multi-path structure is not significant compared to water-air interface without ice.The research results are valuable for our understanding of hydroacoustic channel and the prediction of the sonar system working in the polar region.     

北极典型冰下声信道建模及特性

将Burke-Twersky (BT)散射模型与射线理论相结合研究北极典型冰下的水声信道特性。BT模型将极地冰水界面的冰脊视为随机分布在自由表面的半椭圆柱。首先根据BT模型分别对高频和低频情况下的冰面反射系数取近似,计算不同频率的冰面反射系数。然后结合射线理论计算冰下声场并分析冰下信道特性,并与相同条件下绝对软界面的水声信道进行对比研究。结果显示,由于冰界面的存在,冰水界面与绝对软界面相比,冰面反射系数较小,使得部分声线不会传播很远,且随频率的增加衰减越发严重,因此不利于声信号远距离传播;此外在信道结构上,由于冰层反射系数较小,冰下信道多径相较于无冰的水-空气界面其多途现象不明显。研究结果对认知极地冰下水声信道特性以及开展极地水声系统性能预报具有一定意义。      

高精度球面阵聚焦声源定位方法研究

提出了一种高精度高空间分辨率球面阵聚焦声源定位方法——虚拟源法。该方法通过球面阵波束扫描获得实际声源的空间聚焦谱,并假定各扫描点为虚拟声源,将实际声源聚焦谱看作是全体虚拟源共同作用的结果,由此得到各虚拟源对声场的贡献量,从而可实现声源精确定位。仿真研究分析了频率,阵列孔径,声场模态阶数,信噪比等参数对声源定位性能的影响,并与常规算法进行对比。结果显示,该方法不受频率和阵列孔径的限制,避免了空间“混淆”,能够进行高精度高分辨率声源定位,并具有良好的背景噪声抑制能力。      

Array gain for a cylindrical array with baffle scatter effects

Cylindrical arrays used in sonar for passive underwater surveillance often have sensors surrounding a cylindrical metal baffle. In some operational sonars, the phones in each stave (i.e., each line of phones aligned with the cylinder axis) are hardwired together so that the array is equivalent to a baffled circular array of directional elements, where each element corresponds to a line array of omnidirectional phones steered to broadside. In this paper a model is introduced for computing the array gain of such an array at high frequencies, which incorporates baffle scatter using infinite, rigid cylinder scattering theory, and with ambient noise described by an angular spectral density function. In practice the phones are often offset from the baffle surface, and the acoustic field sampled by the staves is distorted at high frequencies due to interference between the incident and scattered fields. Examples are given to illustrate the resulting array gain degradation, using three noise distributions that are frequently used in sonar performance modeling: three-dimensional isotropic, two-dimensional isotropic, and surface dipole noise.     

Direct simulations of trailing-edge noise generation from two-dimensional airfoils at low Reynolds numbers

The aeroacoustic sound generated from the flow around two NACA four-digit airfoils is investigated numerically, at relatively low Reynolds numbers that do not prompt boundary-layer transition. By using high-order finite-difference schemes to discretize compressible Navier–Stokes equations, the sound scattered on airfoil surface is directly resolved as an unsteady pressure fluctuation. As the wavelength of an emitted noise is shortened compared to the airfoil chord, the diffraction effect on non-compact chord length appears more noticeable, developing multiple lobes in directivity. The instability mechanism that produces sound sources, or unsteady vortical motions, is quantitatively examined, also by using a linear stability theory. While the evidence of boundary-layer instability waves is captured in the present result, the most amplified frequency in the boundary shear layer does not necessarily agree with the primary frequency of a trailing-edge noise, when wake instability is dominant in laminar flow. This contradicts the observation of other trailing-edge noise studies at higher Reynolds numbers. However, via acoustic disturbances, the boundary-layer instability may become more significant, through the resonance with the wake instability, excited by increasing a base-flow Mach number. Evidence suggests that this would correspond to the onset of an acoustic feedback loop. The wake-flow frequencies derived by an absolute-instability analysis are compared with the frequencies realized in flow simulations, to clarify the effect of an acoustic feedback mechanism, at a low Reynolds number.     

一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计

矢量水听器的每个阵元同时测量声场中声矢量和质点振速的3个分量,相对于声压水听器阵来说,矢量阵获取声场中更多的信息。利用矢量阵所获得速度场的信息可以去除目标方位估计中的 180°模糊。模拟器可以模拟实际海洋环境中目标的辐射特性和噪声特性,应用模拟器可以有效地缩短声纳的研制周期。本文提出一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计方案,该方案解决了矢量阵中宽带信号的90°移相问题、时延精确控制问题和宽带噪声的谱状控制问题。     

A numerical study on the flow and sound fields of centrifugal impeller located near a wedge

Centrifugal fans are widely used and the noise generated by these machines causes one of the serious problems. In general, the centrifugal fan noise is often dominated by tones at blade passage frequency and its higher harmonics. This is a consequence of the strong interaction between the flow discharged from the impeller and the cut-off in the casing. However, only a few researches have been carried out on predicting the noise because of the difficulty in obtaining detailed information about the flow field and considering the scattering effect of the casing. The objective of this study is to understand the generation mechanism of sound and to develop a prediction method for the unsteady flow field and the acoustic pressure field of the centrifugal impeller. A discrete vortex method is used to model the centrifugal impeller and a wedge and to calculate the flow field. The force of each element on the blade is calculated by the unsteady Bernoulli equation. Lowson's method is used to predict the acoustic source. In order to consider the scattering and diffraction effects of the casing, Kirchhoff-Helmholtz boundary element method (BEM) is developed. The source of Kirchhoff-Helmholtz BEM is newly developed, so the sound field of the centrifugal fan can be obtained. A centrifugal impeller and wedge are used in the numerical calculation and the results are compared with the experimental data. Reasonable results are obtained not only for the peak frequencies but also for the amplitudes of the tonal sound. The radiated acoustic field shows the diffraction and scattering effect of the wedge.     

半球封闭圆柱体表面绕射声场研究

基于一致性几何绕射理论,对半球封闭圆柱体上半球表面的高频绕射声场进行了数值计算与分析。获得了单个点声源作用下,半球表面声场的声压分布图,其中包括一些干涉条纹,干涉条纹的区域及形状与点声源的位置和频率有关;在多个点声源作用下,发现在接近半球顶点的附近,多个声波经多途传播后在该区域的叠加声压由衰减转为增强的现象。     

Acoustooptic Bragg diffraction without overemodulation with a phased-array transducer

Acoustooptic Bragg diffraction without overemodulation (i.e., with the extended high-efficiency region on the diffraction efficiency dependence vs. sound amplitude) is studied theoretically and experimentally. It is found that this effect appears in the case of a symmetrically nonuniform acoustic field and is due to the equality of additional opposite phase shifts of light beams passing through symmetric regions of the acoustic field. The situation is considered when an acoustic field is excited by a three-section phased-array transducer. The conditions are determined, in which reverse optical power transfer from the diffracted beam to transmitted beam (overemodulation) in the case of a high (close to 100%) diffraction efficiency is considerably suppressed. In the case of a phased array, the effect weakly depends on the frequency of sound and the size of transducer sections, which makes it possible to observe it in a wide range of acoustooptic interaction parameters.     

深海海底反射区声场的相干结构及其有源声呐估距

有源声呐在探测深海海底反射区的目标时,由于声线大掠射角弯曲且声速沿声线传播路径不断变化,造成了常规估距方法产生较大的误差。有效声速法是减小常规估距方法误差的有效途径,但由于需要预先计算空间每一位置点的"声线时延有效声速"对,复杂度高,实时性差。针对有效声速法的实时性问题,本文基于深海海底反射区声场的相干结构,提出一种改进的有效声速估距方法.首先指出深海声场能量沿声源出射角强弱相间变化及其引起的海底反射区离散声呐可探测区现象,并利用深海近水面声源的声线干涉效应解释了该现象的物理机理,建立了声呐可探测区与高能量声线的量化关系。在此基础上,计算声呐可探测区边界位置的"声线时延-有效声速"对,并线性拟合出可探测区所有位置点对应的值。经仿真验证,该方法与传统的有效声速法均可实现对常规估距方法估距误差的有效校正。虽然该方法估距精度较传统的有效声速法略有增大,但计算复杂度和计算时间显著减小,实时性好,具有良好的工程应用前景。      

Investigation of long-range sound propagation in surface ducts

Understanding the effect of source-receiver geometry on sound propagation in surface ducts can improve the performance of near-surface sonar in deep water. The Lloyd-mirror and normal mode theories are used to analyze the features of surface-duct propagation in this paper. Firstly, according to the Lloyd-mirror theory, a shallow point source generates directional lobes, whose grazing angles are determined by the source depth and frequency. By assuming a part of the first lobe to be just trapped in the surface duct, a method to calculate the minimum cutoff frequency （MCF） is obtained. The presented method is source depth dependent and thus is helpful for determining the working depth for sonar. Secondly, it is found that under certain environments there exists a layer of low transmission loss （TL） in the surface duct, whose thickness is related to the source geometry and can be calculated by the Lloyd-mirror method. The receiver should be placed in this layer to minimize the TL. Finally, the arrival angle on a vertical linear array （VLA） in the surface duct is analyzed based on normal mode theory, which provides a priori knowledge of the beam direction of passive sonar.     

利用海洋环境噪声估计浅海海底表层声速

为提高反演效率,提出一种快速估计浅海海底表层声速的方法。根据噪声能流理论,垂直阵接收的海洋环境噪声数据能够用于无源提取海底反射损失,反射损失曲线中具有明显的临界角效应,从而接估计海底表层声速。以射线模型为基础,推导了噪声提取的反射损失与理论值之间的差异,并讨论实际阵列波束形成在不同角度和频率下的性能。考虑到非等声速环境下声线会发生弯曲,需对角度进行修正以提高方法的广泛适用性。不同频率的临界角与有效深度之间存在对应关系,黄海某海区数据处理结果表明,在临界角不变的有效深度内,海底表层可以视为等声速层,该海区海底表层0.5 m内声速估计结果为1547 m/s,与有源反演结果相近。      

Noniterative phase retrieval from a single diffraction intensity pattern by use of an aperture array

A noniterative method for retrieving the phase of a wave field from a diffraction intensity measurement in a coherent wave field is proposed. In this method, the phase can be calculated from analytic equations based on the properties of entire functions by use of Fourier transforms. This method requires only a single measurement of the intensity of a diffracted wave through an array filter of rectangular apertures and then does not need to use any lens systems and coherent reference waves. Therefore, it provides a potentially useful means for coherent imaging in a wide class of wave fields such as optical, x ray, electron, and atomic waves.     

海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模综述*

相对于大多数声纳,海洋环境噪声通常被视为背景干扰。水听器基阵的信噪比增益成为了基阵设计和性能估计的重要参数。从空间相关特性的角度看,当信号场已知时,阵增益可唯一由噪声场的空间相关特性来确定,这就是海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模的动机。根据环境和声场之不同,文献中已给出几种不同的噪声场模型。为了阐明已有模型的特点及未来的研究方向,本文对噪声场空间相关特性建模做了简要综述。     

The scattering of the field of a point source by an axisymmetric screen with a variable impedance

The method of continued boundary conditions is used to solve the acoustic diffraction problem for the case of a field generated by a point source and diffracted by an axisymmetric screen, with generalized impedance boundary conditions being satisfied at the screen surface. Two types of impedance boundary conditions are considered, which differ; at zero impedance one of them takes the form of the Dirichlet boundary condition, while the other the takes the form of the Neumann boundary condition. Both stationary and non-stationary diffraction problems are investigated. Numerical results are obtained for screens with parabolic and spherical shapes.     

开孔结构流致噪声的数值模拟和机理分析

飞机机体表面的开孔设计会形成空腔结构,产生空腔流致噪声。空腔噪声的控制需要彻底认识其流动和噪声机理。以飞机的功能性开孔为例,通过半经验公式分析了其空腔噪声频率随速度的变化规律,预测了出现流声共振的工况。空腔发生流声共振时,特定频率的纯音噪声会被放大。为此,采用脱体涡模拟方法开展了开孔结构流声共振的三维非定常数值计算,分析了其流场和声场特性。其中,数值方法的准确性通过圆形空腔标模计算进行验证。结果表明,在一定速度下剪切层内的扰动将诱发空腔深度方向声模态,出现流声共振现象。此时,剪切层表现为强烈的周期性上下拍动,空腔底部和后缘区域的局部压力脉动幅值较大,声波主要由空腔后缘向上游方向辐射,上游噪声大于下游。     

Noise attenuation by a hard wedge-shaped barrier

This paper is concerned with the problem of sound screening by a wedge-like barrier. The sound source is assumed to be point like, and the receiver is located in the shadow of the source sound field, so that according to geometrical optics only the field diffracted by the edge of the barrier is considered. First, for the hard wedge in space, three models are used for calculating the amplitude of the edge-diffracted field. These are the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD), the Hadden-Pierce model, both in the frequency domain, and the Biot-Tolstoy theory of diffraction which is a time domain formulation. It is first shown that even at relatively low frequencies, the frequency domain models perform quite satisfactorily as compared to the exact time domain theory. Hence, and due to its relative simplicity the UTD is proposed as an accurate calculation scheme for solving problems with edge diffraction by hard wedges. It is also proved from theoretical calculations that the amplitude of the edge-diffracted field increases for an increasing angle of the wedge, and consequently the hard half-plane gives the lowest field amplitude in the shadow zone. Some applications are then considered for evaluating the performance of a barrier on a flat ground, either completely hard or with mixed homogeneous boundary conditions. An improvement of the scheme for calculating the sound field in the all-hard case is achieved through considering the multiple diffraction, in this case only to the second order, between the top of the wedge barrier and its base. The results show that for usually occurring situations, increasing the angle of the hard wedge barrier affects negatively its efficiency through diminishing its insertion loss. These conclusions are also supported by the results of some experimental measurements conducted at a scale-model level.     

Passive acoustic tomography of the ocean using arrays of unknown shape

It was recently established that ocean acoustic tomography based on an inversion of ray travel times can be implemented without use of any dedicated sound sources by cross-correlating the ambient noise recorded on two line arrays, the shapes of which are known. In contrast to active tomography, the amount of useful information from noise interferometry is proportional to the product of the numbers of receivers in the two arrays. In our study based on the 2D and 3D numerical experiments, we examine a hypothesis concerning the feasibility of simultaneous performance of a passive ray tomography and passive positioning of arrays through cross-correlation of ambient or shipping noise. The numerical experiments are conducted under conditions close to those of a field experiment on passive ocean tomography. It is demonstrated that, when using arrays of 20–40 hydrophones, the sound velocity profile and the array shape can be found from noise correlation to an accuracy adequate for oceanological and acoustic applications.