氯铝酸离子液体酸性的红外光谱探针和量子化学研究

文章采用吡啶探针红外光谱、吡啶递增吸附实验研究和量子化学理论计算相结合的方法深入研究了氯铝酸离子液体的酸性及氯铝酸离子液体Lewis酸位Al₂Cl-₇与吡啶吸附之间的相互作用机理。通过实验和理论计算研究发现,Al₂Cl-₇,AlCl-₄阴离子具有吸电性,能够吸引吡啶环上的孤对电子产生吸附作用,具有Lewis酸性,它们分别呈现吡啶探针红外光谱Lewis酸特征峰;通过红外光谱特征峰峰位、键长及电荷分布分析表明Al₂Cl-₇的酸性强于AlCl-₄;氯铝酸离子液体Lewis酸位Al₂Cl-₇与吡啶吸附的机理为：当吡啶含量小时,仅存在Py-Al₂Cl-₇吸附;当吡啶量增加到一定程度时,Py-Al₂Cl-₇配位络合物中的AlCl-₄容易与吡啶发生吸附解离为Py-AlCl-₄配位络合物和Py-AlCl₃配位络合物,导致离子液体吡啶递增吸附红外特征峰发生变化。     

非理想化学计量比氧化铀的拉曼和红外光谱

测量了七种非理想化学计量比的UO₂+x(0＜x＜0.66)及UO₂和U₃O₇等理想化学计量比氧化铀的拉曼和红外光谱,并进行了对比分析,其中U₃O₇和U₃O₈之间UO₂+x的分子振动光谱为首次报道。拉曼光谱结果显示,随着UO₂+x中x值的增加,UO₂特征峰中的578和1 150 cm-1峰强度快速减弱,当x=0.19时,这两峰基本消失,可视为准完美萤石晶体结构UO₂的标志。445 cm-1峰强度在减弱的同时变宽并偏移,当x=0.32时,该峰已偏移至459 cm-1处,同时在～630 cm-1出现一弱肩峰,这与四方相U₃O₇的特征峰一致。当x≥0.39时,459 cm-1峰发生分裂,在235和754 cm-1处出现新峰并增强,其特征逐渐与正交相的α-U₃O₈接近。但直至x=0.60时,与α-U₃O₈相比其333,397,483和805 cm-1峰仍不突出。红外光谱结果显示,随着UO₂+x中x值的增加,UO₂位于400～570 cm-1区间的强吸收特征谱带逐渐分裂为～421和～515 cm-1两峰并增强,同时UO₂在～700 cm-1的弱吸收峰逐渐消失,～645 cm-1处的肩峰逐渐显现,出现的这三个峰正是U₃O₇的特征红外吸收峰。当x≥0.39时,在744 cm-1出现一强吸收峰并增强,该峰是α-U₃O₈的最强特征峰。但即使x=0.60时,～645 cm-1峰仍然存在,同时～515 cm-1峰也未明显分裂成485和535 cm-1峰,这表明UO_2.60仍处于四方相和正交相的过渡阶段。上述结果表明,随着x值的增加,UO₂+x的晶体结构发生变化,每次变化均在拉曼和红外光谱中得到体现。通过对比各特征峰相对强度和位置的变化情况,可很好区分和表征不同的氧化铀。     

凝胶玻璃中原位合成铕-铽-钆-六氟乙酰丙酮三元配合物的发光性能研究

稀土配合物掺杂无机玻璃的发光性质在光学器件和生物医学等领域有着重要应用,引起人们广泛关注。采用原位合成技术,在凝胶玻璃中合成并光学均匀掺杂了铕-铽-钆-六氟乙酰丙酮(HFA)三元配合物Eu_1/2-xTb_1/2-xGd_2x(HFA)₃(TPPO)2(x=0或1/18;TPPO：三苯基氧化磷);研究了含配合物凝胶玻璃的发光性能及铽、钆离子掺杂对铕离子发光性能的影响。凝胶玻璃显示铕和铽离子的特征发光,并观察到了基于声子支助的钆(周围配体)到铽、铕和铽到铕的能量转移,铕和铽离子的发光强度随测试温度改变而改变,该性质在温度探测器、生物探针、光纤传感器的热敏探针等多种领域具有重要的应用。     

Eu3+和Bi3+共掺杂锆酸钡荧光粉的制备及发光性质研究

在还原气氛下采用高温固相法制备了BaZrO₃∶0.05Bi,xEu(x=0, 0.010,0.025,0.050)荧光粉,并研究了其发光性能。研究证实：Bi,Eu共掺杂的BaZrO₃荧光粉在近紫外340 nm 激发下,具有来自于Bi3+的宽带发射峰和Eu3+的特征发射;Bi3+对Eu3+具有能量传递和敏化作用,通过Bi3+和Eu3+之间的能量传递获得了具有白色发光的BaZrO₃荧光粉。     

离子液体存在下银的电沉积及其表面增强拉曼散射活性研究

离子液体作为一种绿色介质,在电化学领域的应用研究正在兴起,并已引起了研究者的浓厚兴趣。运用循环伏安法研究了离子液体(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硝酸盐,[bmim]NO₃)添加剂存在时,AgNO₃溶液中的Ag在玻碳电极上的电化学沉积行为。研究表明,离子液体的加入对Ag的沉积具有阻化作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对沉积层的表面形貌进行表征,结果显示离子液体的存在可使沉积层更加致密,Ag颗粒的尺寸减小。以甲基橙为探针分子,研究了在加入及不加[bmim]NO₃添加剂的AgNO₃溶液中电沉积所得银颗粒膜的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)效应,增强因子分别为1.7×105和1.1×105,表明在离子液体存在下制得的Ag颗粒膜具有相对较好的SERS活性。     

改性高岭土的制备、表征及其光催化性能

通过焙烧和H₂SO₄浸渍制备了改性高岭土。利用热重-差热(TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)结合能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)及BET比表面积测定等手段对所获得样品进行了表征。以甲基橙为模型反应物,评价了样品的光催化活性。同未经酸改性的焙烧高岭土相比,改性高岭土的UV-Vis光谱吸收边带产生明显红移。样品具有更高的光吸收效率,促进了其光催化活性。吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)分析显示,改性高岭土表面具有酸性。当酸浸过程的H₂SO₄溶液浓度高于30%时,得到的样品同时具有Brnsted和Lewis酸位。光谱分析结果结合光催化评价结果表明,样品的酸性是影响其光催化性能的主要因素。     

量化计算在预测NMR参数和固体催化剂酸性中的应用

本论文将量化计算和NMR实验方法相结合,研究了有机分子在分子筛孔道中的吸附以及分子筛H-MCM-22和重要烷基化催化剂BF₃/γ-Al₂O₃的酸结构和酸强度, 同时我们成功将组合量子化学ONIOM-GIAO方法用到大体系化学位移的计算.  (1) 将ONIOM-GIAO方法用来预测有机固体化合物和吸附在分子筛孔道中有机小分子的¹³C化学位移屏蔽张量. 以前该方法仅被用来研究小的体系,我们成功将其用于预测氨基酸分子和一系列被吸附有机分子的¹³C的化学位移. ONIOM-GIAO方法充分将氨基酸晶体(或分子筛骨架)的空间结构和静电势的影响考虑到活性中心化学位移的计算中,计算得到的¹³C化学位移与实验值符合得非常好.  (2) 分子筛中铝原子和Brǒnsted酸性质子的分布将直接影响到分子筛的催化反应活性. 我们利用ONIOM方法研究了铝原子在分子筛MCM-22骨架中的分布状态,结合探针分子(丙酮和三甲基膦氧)的固体NMR实验,确定了MCM-22分子筛的酸强度和酸分布,合理地解释该分子筛对某些催化反应所表现出的独特选择性.  (3) 结合固体NMR实验结果,用量化计算方法从原子分子水平揭示了重要烷基化催化剂BF₃/γ-Al₂O₃酸位形成机理,提出来了BF₃表面修饰γ-Al₂O₃后所产生Brǒnsted和Lewis酸性位的结构. 理论计算提出的酸性位的结构和酸强度特征完全符合NMR的实验结果.  (4) 量化计算表明当异丙醇与萘分子共吸附在丝光沸石孔道中,异丙醇呈现被分子筛Brǒnsted酸质子化的趋势. 这是由于萘分子大的共轭体系所表现出的强溶剂诱导效应,分散了异丙醇碳正离子的电荷,这是一种新的非极性溶剂所产生的诱导效应.     

BCP对红色有机电致磷光器件效率的影响

使用R-4B作为磷光掺杂剂,CBP为主体,制作以BCP调节载流子复合的红色磷光器件,器件结构ITO/MoO₃(30)/NPB(40)/TCTA(10)/CBP:R-4B(6%)(15)/BCP(x)/CBP:R-4B(6%)(15)/BCP(10)/Alq₃(40)/LiF/Al, 其中x为BCP的厚度,对五种不同厚度的器件和一个对MoO₃优化好且不加BCP的对比器件,来研究它们的发光性能和效率。实验表明：对于面积为1.18 cm2的器件,BCP为4 nm, MoO₃在30 nm时,它的性能达到了最佳,启亮电压为4 V,最大效率为18.9 cd·A-1,其对应的EL主峰位于612 nm, 色坐标为(0.643,0.353), 得到了稳定高效的红色磷光OLED器件。     

Yb3+离子摩尔分数对Yb ∶ GAB晶体辐射陷阱的影响

测量了一系列Yb³⁺摩尔分数(0.125…1)在Yb³⁺ ∶ GdAl₃(BO₃)₄ 晶体(Yb ∶ GAB)的室温偏振吸收光谱、发射光谱。为了揭示和消除辐射陷阱对Yb³⁺光谱性质的影响,分别测量了块状、粉末和稀释粉末样品的发射光谱。为了比较不同摩尔分数和不同方式辐射陷阱的影响,采用倒易法(RM)和Fuchtbauer-Ladenburg公式(FL)来计算发射截面。实验结果表明:随着Yb³⁺离子摩尔分数的增加,辐射陷阱效应对发射光谱的影响越来越严重。在发射光谱中,随着Yb³⁺离子摩尔分数的增加,短波段发射变弱,长波段发射变强,因此,提出了Yb ∶ GAB 晶体中发射光谱的重心波长移动 Δλ与 Yb³⁺离子摩尔分数之间的经验关系来定量分析Yb³⁺离子摩尔分数变化对辐射陷阱的影响;采用稀释法能够很好消除辐射陷阱对发射光谱的影响,而粉末法对于低Yb³⁺浓度的样品能够比较好地消除辐射陷阱的影响,块状样品直接测量很难消除辐射陷阱的影响。     

离子分子束源的浓度调制光谱研究

建立了一套交流放电产生离子分子束源的装置,以N₂为例,束流中N＋₂的发射谱强度远大于N₂的发射谱强度,N+₂(B)/N₂(C)高达6∶1。根据其发射谱,对交流放电过程和浓度调制光谱进行了测量研究,并计算了离子分子激发态振动温度和转动温度,分别为3 310和282 K。     

Revisited vibrational assignments of imidazolium‐based ionic liquids

Imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) involving anions of variable coordinating strength have been investigated using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and selective deuteration of the imidazolium CH groups. Particular emphasis has been placed on the vibrational assignments of the anion and cation internal vibrations, a prerequisite before any interpretation of spectral changes due to ion–ion interactions in these unconventional liquids. The vibrations of highly symmetric and weakly coordinating anions, such as PF₆⁻, have unperturbed wavenumbers, but unexpected IR or Raman activity for some modes, showing that the anion is subjected to an anisotropic electric field. The stretching as well as the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane bending modes of the imidazolium CH groups are anharmonic. They give broad bands that reflect a large distribution of interactions with the surrounding anions. All the bending modes are mixed with ring vibrations and the stretching modes are complicated by Fermi resonance interactions with overtones and combination of in‐plane ring modes. However, the stretching vibration of the quasi‐diatomic C₍₂₎ D bond appears to be a good spectroscopic probe of the increasing cation–anion interactions when the coordinating strength of the anion increases. The broad absorption observed in the far IR with weakly coordinating anions remains practically unchanged when the acidic C₍₂₎ H imidazolium bond is methylated and even when the imidazolium cation is substituted by tetra‐alkyl ammonium or pyrrolidinium cations. It is concluded that this absorption is a general feature of any IL, coming from the relative translational and librational motions of the ions without needing to invoke C₍₂₎ H anion hydrogen bonds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of functionalized diaryl alkanes from azines using Lewis acidic ionic liquids

Novel Lewis acidic ionic liquids containing thionyl cations and chlorozincate anions were obtained by one pot synthesis for the first time. This ionic liquid is used as catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzalazines and acetophenone azines for the synthesis of substituted diaryl alkanes. The products were characterized by elemental and spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) analyses.     

Insight into the activity of efficient acid–base bifunctional catalysts for the coupling reaction of CO2

The fixation of carbon dioxide with epoxide catalysed by a series of carboxylic acidic functionalised ionic liquids (ILs) catalysts is investigated by density functional theory method. Except for the catalysts reported by the experiment, the catalytic activity of a new designed catalyst (4c see Scheme 1) is also explored. These ILs are categorised into four groups according to the different cation structures and number of functional groups. The effects of different chain length, anion, and cation structure on the catalytic activity are explored. The elongation of alkyl chain length in cation will increase the product yield, while increasing the chain bulk has almost negligible effect on the enhancement of catalytic activity. Utilisation of imidazole group as the cation is better than pyridine group. And the cation with two functional groups will have a better catalytic activity than that with one functional group.     

Electrolyte based on fluorinated cyclic quaternary ammonium ionic liquids

Ionic liquids, ILs, based on fluorinated pyrrolidinium and piperidinium ammonium cations and imide anion were prepared and characterized. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these ILs including melting point, glass transition and degradation temperatures, viscosity, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability were determined and compared to alkyl pyrrolidinium and piperidinium ILs. The incorporation of a CF₃ group instead of a CH₃ induces an increase of the IL viscosity, thus a conductivity decrease. However, good ionic conductivity is obtained with fluorinated pyrrolidinium IL. Cyclic amine ILs with propyl alkyl chain or fluorinated ammonium exhibit very high electrochemical stability toward oxidation. The effect of the addition of LiTFSI on the IL properties was studied with the same methodology.     

Raman spectra of acetonitrile in imidazolium ionic liquids

Raman spectra of dilute solutions of acetonitrile in ionic liquids reveal the characteristic features of ionic liquids' polarity. This is accomplished by investigating the Raman bandshape of the ν (CN) band, corresponding to the CN stretching mode of CH₃CN, which is a very sensitive probe of the local environment. The amphiphilic nature of the CH₃CN molecule allows us to observe the effect of electron pair acceptor and electron pair donor characteristics on ionic liquids. It has been found that the overall polarity of nine different ionic liquids based on 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations is more dependent on the anion than cation. The observed wavenumber shift of the ν (CN) band of CH₃CN in ionic liquids containing alkylsulfate anions agrees with the significant different values previously measured for the dielectric constant of these ionic liquids. The conclusions obtained from the analysis of the ν (CN) band were corroborated by the analysis of the symmetric ν₁ (CD₃ ) stretching mode of deuterated acetonitrile in different ionic liquids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of surface acidity in mesoporous materials containing aluminum and titanium

The surface acidity of mesoporous molecular sieves of aluminum and titanium was evaluated using four different techniques: n-butylamine volumetry, cyclohexylamine thermodesorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and adsorption of pyridine. The nature, strength and concentration of the acid sites were determined and correlated to the results of a probe reaction of anthracene oxidation to 9,10-anthraquinone (in liquid phase). In general, the surface acidity was highly influenced by the nature, location and coordination of the metal species (Al and Ti) in the mesoporous samples. Moderate to strong Brönsted acid sites were identified for the Al-MCM-41 sample in a large temperature range. For mesoporous materials containing Ti, the acidity was represented by a combination of weak to moderate Brönsted and Lewis acid sites. The Ti-HMS sample exhibits a higher acidity of moderate strength together with a well-balanced concentration of Brönsted and Lewis acid sites, which enhanced both conversion and selectivity in the oxidation reaction of anthracene.     

Potentialities of ionic liquids as new electrolyte media in advanced electrochemical devices

This paper reviews the various classes of ionic liquids (ILs) in view of their established and expected applications in advanced electrochemical devices, such as lithium batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. In this respect, particular attention is devoted to aprotic and protic ILs, with a related discussion in terms of their thermal and transport properties. In addition, the role in the electrochemical technology of a new class of ILs having cation and anion tethered in an intramolecular form is stressed. Due to their emerging importance, IL-based polymers are finally reported and discussed. A conclusion, where the expected evolution of the ILs research and development is evaluated, is also included.     

Surface states associated with acid sites on solids

It is shown that present models of Lewis acidity or basicity and of surface states on ionic solids have substantial overlap, although the former is designed to describe chemical interactions at the surface site, and the latter electron capture. The site requirements for a Lewis acid are compared to the requirements for an acceptor surface state to suggest under what conditions a site should exhibit both strong acidity and a deep surface state: The expected influence of electronic properties of the solid on acid strength, and the influence of adsorbed water, acids or bases on surface state energies are discussed. Experimental measurements are reported where both chemical acidity measurements and electrical surface state measurements are made on a series of Lewis acids. A positive correlation is found. Where there is correlation, it is concluded that chemical interaction measurements should provide a valuable tool to describe the energy distribution of surface states on a semiconductor surface. Also, the use of the surface state models and measurements from semi-conductor physics should help in understanding and classifying acid and basic sites on ionic semiconductors and insulators.     

Solvent effects of ionic liquids: investigation of ferrocenes as electrochemical probes

The redox potentials of ferrocene and decamethylferrocene were determined in a number of molecular and ionic solvents and used as a probe for polarity of room temperature ionic liquids (ILs). No macroscopic solvent property is simply related to redox potentials. Single empirical solvent parameters also are not able to describe the differences in potentials. Instead, Kamlet–Taft multiparameter relationship fits well ferrocenes redox potentials variation, with both molecular solvents and ILs, well describing specific solvent–solute interactions with the two probes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.