近场拉曼光谱技术的发展

将近场光学技术与拉曼光谱相结合,发展出近场拉曼光谱术。综述了近场拉曼光谱探测技术的发展现状,讨论了近场拉曼光谱术的优点和纳米局域光谱分析能力。对两种常用的探测方法(常规近场光谱探测方法和近场增强拉曼光谱探测方法)进行了比较,并介绍了近场拉曼光谱技术在生物、化学、纳米材料等领域的一些应用。     

有孔探针近场拉曼光谱和成像技术进展

基于有孔探针SNOM的近场拉曼光谱和成像技术的出现使得拉曼光谱的分辨率突破了光学衍射极限,从而提供了一个有力的工具对样品亚波长尺度之下的化学信息进行表征。文章讨论了探针性质对实现近场拉曼光谱的影响,并全面地介绍了有孔探针近场拉曼光谱发展十余年来在纳米尺度化学分辨成像、液-液界面性质研究、微观层面解释SERS增强机理、图像化反映SERS热点分布等诸多领域的研究进展。     

近场拉曼光谱在纳米结构表征中的应用

近场拉曼光谱是近场光学领域中的新型技术,因其可对纳米结构进行光谱表征而备受科学研究者的关注。 文章从光学的角度简述了将近场光学与拉曼光谱相结合成为近场拉曼光谱的原理,介绍了近场拉曼光谱技术的优势,详细阐述了近场拉曼光谱在单壁碳纳米管、生物样品、热电晶体、染料分子等纳米结构表征中的应用,展现了近场拉曼光谱技术广阔的应用前景。     

针尖增强拉曼光谱:技术、应用和发展

本文从提高表面拉曼光谱检测灵敏度和空间分辨率两个方面的发展叙述了针尖增强拉曼光谱的原理、方法、特点及最新进展。利用单晶电极上单分子层吸附物种的TERS研究和单壁碳纳米管的TERS成像例证了TERS所具有的高检测灵敏度和高空间分辨率。介绍了TERS理论的最新研究进展,并对TERS的应用前景做了预测。     

针尖增强拉曼光谱中物理与化学效应的实验研究

针尖增强拉曼光谱(Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,TERS)的增强机制中物理和化学效应的影响是一个非常重要的研究课题。通过采用基于原子力显微镜平台的针尖增强拉曼光谱系统,深入研究了金纳米光栅表面苯硫酚的针尖增强拉曼效应。通过与相同样品在表面增强拉曼光谱系统中不同模式的增强因子对比,发现在TERS中物理效应和化学效应对其拉曼信号的增强均有贡献,同时TERS技术会带来更大的化学增强效应,尽管在针尖加载的过程中并未改变苯硫酚与金光栅基底之间的化学环境。这种现象可以归因于苯硫酚分子在垂直金属表面方向上的各向异性及其与针尖表面电荷和外加光电场之间相互作用的影响。本文的研究促进人们对TERS机理的理解,为进一步完善TERS增强理论奠定基础。     

扫描拉曼埃分辨显微术：埃级分辨的针尖增强拉曼光谱成像技术

本综述对埃分辨针尖增强拉曼光谱成像技术的最新进展做了一个概述. 首先在理论层面介绍了如何理解原子尺度下对光进行限域,并解释了单个分子在这样一个原子级束缚的局域光“照射”下拉曼散射过程是如何发生的. 然后,概述了埃分辨针尖增强拉曼光谱技术相关研究领域的发展历程及其最新进展,特别介绍了最近发展的一种新的实空间单分子化学结构可视化重构技术—“扫描拉曼埃分辨显微术”. 最后,展望了该技术所具有的这种在单个化学键层面上识别材料化学结构的能力在不同的科学领域的应用前景.     

偏振不敏感的表面等离激元三维聚焦研究获进展

正表面等离激元(surfaceplasmons)是一种局域在金属和电介质界面处的电磁场模式,能够突破光学衍射极限,将携带的光学信息和能量局域在亚波长尺度。在高端纳米光学应用领域,如高分辨近场光学成像、针尖增强拉曼光谱,光学集成器件、纳米光     

近场拉曼光谱实验装置及CVD金刚石膜的近场拉曼光谱

我们把拉曼光谱仪与实验室自制的近场扫描光学显微镜结合起来 ,建立了近场拉曼光谱系统 ,从而实现了高空间分辨拉曼光谱的测量。利用该装置 ,我们研究了热丝化学气相沉积法生长的金刚石膜 ,在约 2 0微米的范围内 ,观察到金刚石拉曼峰与非金刚石碳拉曼峰强度比随样品不同位置的变化     

表面增强拉曼光谱在细胞生物和电化学研究中的应用

表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)技术与针尖增强拉曼光谱(Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,TERS)技术常用于解决电化学表面和界面上的问题,研究细胞生物体系。利用表面等离子基元的效应,通过设计特殊的纳米材料可以获得更高的信号增强效果。为了提高空间分辨率,针尖增强拉曼技术利用针尖处高度局域的光电场,可将空间分辨率推进到2~5 nm。另外,通过发展单粒子的检测方法,研究了单粒子的生长以及相互作用的过程。在材料表面,可获得每一个位点的特征光谱,实现了同时跟踪整个表面的反应以及变化。并通过该方法,研究了微观粒子以及宏观表面化学反应中的区别和联系。随着SERS在灵敏度、选择性、重现性、时间和空间分辨率等方面的进一步提高,SERS将在生物和医学领域得到更重要的应用。     

超分辨近场结构的研究进展及其应用

超分辨近场结构(super-resolution near-field structure,super-RENS)由于突破了传统远场光学衍射极限的限制,在纳米光储存、微纳米加工、基于局域表面等离子体增强的生物传感器方面展现出良好的应用前景,因此吸引了众多研究者的目光.文章简要介绍了超分辨近场结构的发展历程、相应的工作机理、最新研究动态及其在超高密度光存储、近场光刻中的应用状况,并对未来的工作重点做出展望.     

Single-molecule surface- and tip-enhanced raman spectroscopy

A review is given on single-molecule surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS and TERS). It sketches the historical development along different routes toward huge near-field enhancements, the basis of single-molecule enhanced Raman spectroscopy; from SNOM to apertureless SNOM to tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and microscopy; from SERS to single-molecule SERS to single-molecule TERS. The claim of extremely high enhancement factors of 10¹⁴ in single-molecule SERS is critically discussed, in particular in the view of recent experimental and theoretical results that limits the electromagnetic enhancement to ? 10¹¹. In the field of TERS only very few reports on single-molecule TERS exist: single-molecule TERS on dyes and on a protein (cytochrome c). In the latter case, TERS ‘sees’ even subunits of this protein, either amino-acids or the heme, depending on the orientation of the protein relative to the tip. The former case concerns the dye brilliant cresyl blue adsorbed either on a Au surface under ambient conditions or on a Au(111) surface in ultra high vacuum. These results indicate that significant progress is to be expected for TERS in general and for single-molecule TERS in particular.     

反射式无孔径近场Raman研究(英文)

近场扫描光学显微技术与Raman光谱技术的结合能够在纳米尺度下提供化学 /结构信息 ,这对很多应用都是至关重要的 ,比如硅器件 ,纳米器件 ,量子点及生物样品单分子研究。本文报导了采用无孔径探针的近场Raman研究。我们的系统有两大特征 :1 近场Raman的增强是通过金属探针上的银镀层实现的 ,无需样品准备 ;2 系统在反射模式下工作 ,适用于任何样品。这两点对实际应用是至关重要的。我们首次在实际硅器件上用 1秒积分时间获得了 1维近场Raman映射和 2维近场Raman图象。我们首次展示了由于积分时间短 ,该技术可用于成象用途。因此 ,这是近场扫描Raman研究中的一次巨大进步。此外 ,我们系统中采用的金属探针可同时用于AFM及电学特性成象 ,比如电阻 ,电容 ,这些是器件应用中的重要参数。     

Nano‐imaging through tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Stepping beyond the classical limits

The spatial resolution in optical imaging is restricted by so‐called diffraction limit, which prevents it to be better than about half of the wavelength of the probing light. Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), which is based on the SPP‐induced plasmonic enhancement and confinement of light near a metallic nanostructure, can however, overcome this barrier and produce optical images far beyond the diffraction limit. Here in this article, the basic phenomenon involved in TERS is reviewed, and the high spatial resolution achieved in optical imaging through this technique is discussed. Further, it is shown that when TERS is combined with some other physical phenomena, the spatial resolution can be dramatically improved. Particularly, by including tip‐applied extremely localized pressure in TERS process, it has been demonstrated that a spatial resolution as high as 4 nm could be achieved.     

Influence of tip geometry on the spatial resolution of tip enhanced Raman mapping

In 2013,a breakthrough experiment pushed the Raman mapping of molecules via the tip-enhanced Raman scattering(TERS) technique to a sub-nanometer spatial resolution,going into the single-molecule level.This surprising result was well explained by accounting for the critical role of elastic molecule Rayleigh scattering within a plasmonic nanogap in enhancing both the localization and the intensity level of the Raman scattering signal.In this paper,we theoretically explore the influence of various geometric factors of the TERS system on the spatial resolution of Raman mapping,such as the tip curvature radius,tip conical angle,tip–substrate distance,and tip–molecule vertical distance.This investigation can help to find out the most critical geometric factor influencing the spatial resolution of TERS and march along in the right direction for further improving the performance of the TERS system.     

Near-field Raman spectroscopy of biological nanomaterials by in situ laser-induced synthesis of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy tips

We report a new approach in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) in which TERS-active tips with enhancement factors of ～10(-5)× can be rapidly (1-3 min) produced in situ by laser-induced synthesis of silver nanoparticles at the tip apex. The technique minimizes the risks of tip contamination and damage during handling and provides in situ feedback control, which allows the prediction of the tip performance. We show that TERS tips produced by this technique enable the measurement of spatially resolved TERS spectra of self-assembled peptide nanotubes with a spatial resolution of ～20 nm.     

Nano-Raman spectroscopy with side-illumination optics

We describe an apertureless near-field Raman spectroscopy setup that has successfully produced substantial enhancements for a wide variety of samples and achieved a high contrast. The tremendous potential of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) for nanoscale chemical characterization has been demonstrated by various groups by measuring organic dyes, biological molecules, single-walled carbon nanotubes and silicon. Keys to rapid advances in the application of TERS to pressing scientific problems include the optimization of the method to achieve greater reproducibility and greater enhancement factors if possible, but more importantly, greater imaging contrast. Using a side-illumination geometry, we demonstrate reproducible enhancements of the Raman signal per volume on the order of 10³–10⁴ using silver- and gold-coated tips on various molecular, polymeric and semiconducting materials as well as on carbon nanotubes. We have experimentally verified localization of the enhancement to a depth of ∼20 nm. Most importantly, optimization of the polarization geometry makes possible a contrast between the near-field and far-field signals of 900% in the case of silicon—a level that makes the technique attractive for various applications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Mapping of Graphene Sheets

Abstract: Single graphene sheets, a few graphene layers, and bulk graphite, obtained via both micromechanical cleavage of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and carbon vapor deposition methods, were deposited on a thin glass substrate without the use of any chemical treatment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy mapping (TERM) were used for characterization of the graphene layers. In particular, TERM allows for the investigation of individual graphene sheets with high Raman signal enhancement factors and allows for imaging of local defects with nanometer resolution. Enhancement up to 560% of the graphene Raman band intensity was obtained using TERS. TERM (with resolution better than 100 nm) showed an increase in the number of structural defects (D band) on the edges of both graphene and graphite regions.     

Nano-optical imaging and spectroscopy of order,phases, and domains in complex solids

The structure of our material world is characterized by a large hierarchy of length scales that determines material properties and functions. Increasing spatial resolution in optical imaging and spectroscopy has been a long standing desire, to provide access, in particular, to mesoscopic phenomena associated with phase separation, order, and intrinsic and extrinsic structural inhomogeneities. A general concept for the combination of optical spectroscopy with scanning probe microscopy emerged recently, extending the spatial resolution of optical imaging far beyond the diffraction limit. The optical antenna properties of a scanning probe tip and the local near-field coupling between its apex and a sample provide few-nanometer optical spatial resolution. With imaging mechanisms largely independent of wavelength, this concept is compatible with essentially any form of optical spectroscopy, including nonlinear and ultrafast techniques, over a wide frequency range from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet. The past 10 years have seen a rapid development of this nano-optical imaging technique, known as tip-enhanced or scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). Its applicability has been demonstrated for the nano-scale investigation of a wide range of materials including biomolecular, polymer, plasmonic, semiconductor, and dielectric systems.

We provide a general review of the development, fundamental imaging mechanisms, and different implementations of s-SNOM, and discuss its potential for providing nanoscale spectroscopic including femtosecond spatio-temporal information. We discuss possible near-field spectroscopic implementations, with contrast based on the metallic infrared Drude response, nano-scale impedance, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, phonon Raman nano-crystallography, and nonlinear optics to identify nanoscale phase separation (PS), strain, and ferroic order. With regard to applications, we focus on correlated and low-dimensional materials as examples that benefit, in particular, from the unique applicability of s-SNOM under variable and cryogenic temperatures, nearly arbitrary atmospheric conditions, controlled sample strain, and large electric and magnetic fields and currents. For example, in transition metal oxides, topological insulators, and graphene, unusual electronic, optical, magnetic, or mechanical properties emerge, such as colossal magneto-resistance (CMR), metal–insulator transitions (MITs), high-T _C superconductivity, multiferroicity, and plasmon and phonon polaritons, with associated rich phase diagrams that are typically very sensitive to the above conditions. The interaction of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom in correlated electron materials leads to frustration and degenerate ground states, with spatial PS over many orders of length scale. We discuss how the optical near-field response in s-SNOM allows for the systematic real space probing of multiple order parameters simultaneously under a wide range of internal and external stimuli (strain, magnetic field, photo-doping, etc.) by coupling directly to electronic, spin, phonon, optical, and polariton resonances in materials. In conclusion, we provide a perspective on the future extension of s-SNOM for multi-modal imaging with simultaneous nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution.