入射光的偏振特性对全内反射荧光显微术中荧光激发的影响

基于麦克斯韦的电磁场理论，研究了在全内反射荧光显微术中不同偏振态的入射光所产生的 不同偏振的隐失场以及对不同取向的荧光分子荧光发射的影响.理论分析结果表明，p偏振的 入射场将产生椭圆偏振的隐失场，s偏振的入射场将产生s偏振的隐失场.随着荧光分子三维 取向的不同，这两种隐失场的激发荧光效率也将不同，由此引起荧光发射强度的各向异性分 布.据此特性，可以实现对膜表面分子三维取向的成像. 关键词： 全内反射 荧光显微术 隐失波 偏振态     

全内反射荧光显微术

全内反射荧光显微技术是当今世界上最具前途的新型生物光学显微技术之一，可以用来实现对单个荧光分子的直接探测。它利用全内反射产生的隐失波照明样品，使照明区域限定在样品表面的一薄层范围内，因此具有其它光学成像技术无法比拟的高的信噪比和对比度。近上来，已被生物物理学家们广泛应用于单分子的荧光成像中。本文系统的介绍了全内反射荧光显微技术的原理。国内外的发展和现状及其在生物学上的应用，并对其未来做了展望。     

全内反射荧光显微术

全内反射荧光显微技术是当今世界上最具前途的新型生物光学显微技术之一 ,可以用来实现对单个荧光分子的直接探测。它利用全内反射产生的隐失波照明样品 ,使照明区域限定在样品表面的一薄层范围内 ,因此具有其它光学成像技术无法比拟的高的信噪比和对比度。近年来 ,已被生物物理学家们广泛应用于单分子的荧光成像中。本文系统的介绍了全内反射荧光显微技术的原理、国内外的发展和现状及其在生物学上的应用 ,并对其未来做了展望。     

活细胞内的单分子荧光成像方法

文章介绍近年来新发展的几种重要的活细胞内单分子荧光成像方法,如转盘式共聚焦显微术、全内反射荧光显微术、荧光共振能量转移技术等。通过介绍它们的原理、特点和在活细胞内单分子行为研究中的应用实例,展示了这些新方法在生命科学领域广阔的应用前景。     

离焦系统下的单分子三维取向研究

提出了一种新思路来确定单分子的三维取向,在全内反射荧光显微成像的基础上,在显微镜的油镜上加一个水层,水和油的折射率不同造成光程差,产生离焦,利用全内反射产生隐失波激发了单分子的纵向分量,并在探测器前增加了一个分光镜,把光路分成偏振方向相互垂直的两束光,使得探测器上的光场分布包含单分子三维取向的信息。推导了隐失场激发的偶极矩光场在探测器上的光强分布表达式,通过分析偏振方向相互垂直的两束光在探测器上的不同的强度分布,来判断单分子偶极矩的三维取向。     

纳米光学和生物单分子探测

纳米光学技术展示了纳米级探测本领，同时生物单分子探测所需要分辨尺度也是纳米数量级的，因此在生物单分子探测过程中，纳米光学发挥了巨大的作用．文章介绍了与生物单分子探测技术相关的纳米光学技术，包括量子近场光学探针技术、近场光学成像技术(包括扫描近场光学显微术及全内反射荧光显微术)和激光光钳测控技术及它们在生物单分子探测上的进展，从而在染色、成像、测控三个方面展示了纳米光学技术在生物方面的应用，并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望．     

全内反射双通道观察双标记荧光染色的非洲绿猴肾细胞

在像增强型电荷耦合器件(ICCD)荧光显微成像装置上用双通道成像方法观察了非洲绿猴肾细胞(COS-7)中由EGFP转染的肌球蛋白Myosin 15a,以及Rhodamine标记的细胞微丝。为观察微丝尖端的肌球蛋白Myosin 15a,采用了高灵敏、低损伤的全内反射激发荧光显微成像技术,并在双通道中选用合适滤光片组合消除两种荧光染料间的光谱串扰。实验观测到非洲绿猴肾细胞内过表达的肌球蛋白Myosin 15a和伸长的微丝的分布情况,尤其是清晰观察到Myosin 15a在微丝上的分布。为全内反射双通道荧光成像技术在生命科学中的应用展示了广阔的前景。     

荧光发射强度影响因素及荧光猝灭实验研究

荧光发射强度在荧光显微术科学观测中至关重要。理论分析了三大影响荧光发射强度的重要因素:分子吸收激发光光子的能力、荧光量子产量及其荧光饱和与荧光猝灭,指出选择具有大光吸收截面和高量子产量的荧光分子,能有效保证荧光发射强度;确定合理的激发光强度范围,可避免不必要的荧光饱和现象。进一步实验研究了超高真空和大气环境下的荧光猝灭现象,得出超高真空时荧光分子的荧光猝灭现象极不明显,而大气环境可造成荧光光强指数递减的结论。     

乙醇和水分子形成配合物与荧光光谱特性研究

讨论了紫外光照射乙醇和水混合溶液的荧光光谱及其对应的激发光谱，认为乙醇和水分子混 合时会发生团簇形成新的分子从而成为能辐射荧光的物质.采用不同波长的紫外光照射乙醇 水溶液，计算了不同入射光的荧光量子产率，进而选取具有最高荧光效率的激励光照射不同 混合比率溶液，通过探测混合物所发射的荧光光子数目随乙醇和水混合比率的变化规律，研 究了团簇分子的可能类型，并利用荧光强度和吸收率的加和性计算了混合物的总吸收率和总 荧光光子数目，从而解释了乙醇水溶液的荧光光谱特征峰.结果可为乙醇和水分子形成的新 团簇分子研究提供实验和理论依据. 关键词： 乙醇-水配合物 荧光光谱 分子团簇 激发光谱     

HeLa细胞突起中微丝束的纳米分辨荧光成像

在Matlab编程环境下模拟了单分子定位显微的纳米分辨成像,在传统实验参数条件下,对不同间隔分子带模型进行了模拟成像.模拟结果表明,单分子定位显微方法可以区分中心相隔20 nm的两个分子带.同时,也分析了不同像元大小对单分子定位精度的影响.此外,通过单分子定位显微方法在IX71倒置荧光显微镜上实现了纳米分辨,系统极限分辨率,即半高全宽为48 nm.在该系统上,获得了HeLa细胞突起中微丝束结构的纳米分辨图像.从重构获得的图像中可以看到微丝束的直径为75—200 nm.     

Dual-color prism-type TIRFM system for direct detection of single-biomolecules on nanoarray biochips

This study examined the applicability of a prism-type simultaneous dual-color total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) system for the simultaneous detection of nano biomolecules on nanoarray biochips at the single-molecule level. The dual-color TIRFM system with two individual laser beams and a high-sensitivity camera was used for the simultaneous dual-color detection of two different nano beads (i.e. 20 nm yellow–green and crimson fluorescent FluoSpheres beads), and single-protein molecules labeled with different fluorescent dyes (i.e. actin from rabbit muscle conjugated with Alexa Fluor^® 488 and Alexa Fluor^® 633 goat anti-rabbit IgG) without a time-delay and the need to move the sample. When this system was applied to two different single-protein molecules labeled with different fluorescent dyes on the GPTS/CHI/GA-modified glass nanoarray chip, the full images of the biomolecules at the single-molecule level were obtained simultaneously in two different colors using a Dual-View™. The dual-color TIRFM system is quite suitable for the biological imaging at the single-molecule level on nanoarray biochips. This study provides a benchmark for directly monitoring the interactions and detecting the colocalization of two different nano biomolecules, and can be applied to the development of a nanoarray biochip at the single-molecule level.     

Total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy with W-shaped axicon mirrors

A scheme based on a W-shaped axicon mirror device for total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is presented. This approach combines the advantages of higher efficiency compared with traditional TIRFM, adjustable illumination area, and simple switching between wide-field and TIRF imaging modes. TIRF images obtained with this approach are free of shadow artifacts and of interference fringes. Example micrographs of fluorescently labeled polystyrene beads, of Convallaria majalis tissue, and of Propidium-iodide-labeled Chinese hamster ovary cells are shown, and the capabilities of the scheme are discussed.     

Three-dimensional particle tracking in concave structures made by ultraviolet nanoimprint via total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and refractive-index-matching method

Optical Review - Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is a promising method for measuring fluid flow close to a wall with nanoscale resolution in a process that is termed...     

Effects of using a metal layer in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

This proceeding examines the characteristics of imaging through a metal-coated glass cover slip using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Through back and front focal plane imaging of sub-diffraction-limited fluorescent beads, the experimental characteristics of the emission are compared with theoretical simulations. Furthermore, at the angle at which surface plasmon resonance occurs, we show that the anisotropic emission of the fluorescent beads collected through the metal layer results in a irregular point spread function that has a donut-like structure with multiple concentric rings. PACS 42.30.Va; 73.20.Mf     

Complex formation of CdSe/ZnS/TOPO nanocrystal vs. molecular chaperone in aqueous solution by hydrophobic interaction

Feasibilities to stabilize CdSe/ZnS/trioctylphosphineoxide (TOPO) nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) in aqueous solutions with prefoldin macromolecules in their bioactive states are reported. Prefoldin is a jellyfish-shaped hexameric co-chaperone of the group II chaperonins. As a protein folding intermediate is captured within its central cavity, so CdSe/ZnS/TOPO QDs would also be included within this cavity. It is also found the QDs can be much more dispersed in aqueous solutions and suspended for certain period of time by adding trace amount of t-butanol in the buffer prior to the mixing of the QDs mother solution. While biochemical procedures are evaluated with ordinary fluorescence measurements, possible complex formations are also evaluated with TIRFM single-molecule detection techniques.     

Investigation on emitting centers in naphthalene-benzophenone mixed crystals

In this paper we investigate the nature of naphthalene phosphorescence in naphthalene-benzophenone mixed crystals. A first study of this emission with temperature change leads us to assume the presence of isolated naphthalene molecules in naphthalene crystals doped with benzophenone molecules. Then we investigate the benzophenone-naphthalene coupling in these crystals. After a short recall of theoretical results, we show that benzophenone-naphthalene coupling is the same with naphthalene doped crystals as with benzophenone doped crystals. These conclusions confirm the previous statement that there exist isolated naphthalene molecules in naphthalene crystals doped with benzophenone molecules.     

Analysis of water molecules around GTP in Hras-GTP complex and GDP in Hras-GDP complex by molecular dynamics simulations

We investigate the structures of the Hras-GTP and the Hras-GDP complexes in water solvents in order to understand the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis in the Hras-GTP complex. We performed MD simulations of these complexes in order to study the positions and the orientations of water molecules around the guanosine nucleotides. Using trajectories we calculated the angular distribution of water molecules around the most distant phosphorus from guanosine in our previous work. It was shown that water molecules are distributed evenly in GTP, although unevenly in GDP. This suggests that the trigger of GTP hydrolysis is possibly the attack of water molecule to γ?phosphate from the appropriate direction. In this paper, in order to investigate the role of water molecules in GTP hydrolysis in detail, we calculate the orientation of water molecules. The distribution of the orientation is different between GTP and GDP. In order to investigate the cause of this difference, we examine the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and oxygen atom of the most distant phosphate from guanosine. We find that these hydrogen bonds are formed. We also find that the oxygen atom of hydrogen bond is determined by the position of the water molecule of hydrogen bond.     

FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for nano-material characterization

Covalently grafting functional molecules to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is an important step to leverage the excellent properties of that nano-fiber in order to exploit its potential in improving the mechanical and thermal properties of a composite material. While Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy can display the various chemical bonding in a material, we found that the existing database in FTIR library does not cover all the bonding information present in functionalized CNTs because the bond between the grafted molecule and the CNT is new in the FTIR study. In order to extend the applicability of FTIR to nano-material, we present a theoretical method to derive FTIR spectroscopy and compare it with our experimental results. In particular, we illustrate a method for the identification of functional molecules grafted on CNTs, and we are able to confirm that the functional molecules are indeed covalently grafted on the CNTs without any alterations to its functional groups.     

The effect of phenyl groups on the transport properties of tetracene molecule

Electronic transport properties of pure tetracene and rubrene molecules were studied using density functional theory within the non-equilibrium Green's function method. Transmission coefficient and I-V curve were calculated for both molecules. The comparison between transmission coefficients in tetracene and rubrene molecules shows that there are some extra peaks in rubrene that belong to phenyl rings which are attached to tetracene. Besides, we found that up to 2.2 V the current is almost the same in both rubrene and tetracene and above this value, the current in rubrene is increased in comparison to tetracene which is the result of attachment of additional phenyl groups in rubrene molecule. Finally, we detected that these two molecules exhibit negative differential resistance behavior in the range between 1.2 V and 2 V.     

利用单分子光学探针测量幂律分布的聚合物动力学

研究聚合物薄膜纳米尺度的动力学特性对于高性能材料的制备具有重要的意义.本文利用尼罗红单分子作为光学探针吸附在聚丙烯酸甲酯(PMA)聚合物链上,研究该聚合物薄膜的动力学特性.通过单分子散焦宽场荧光成像显微镜技术测量了单分子随PMA聚合物链转动弛豫的三维再取向特性,当环境温度高于PMA的玻璃点温度19 K时,发现处于PMA聚合物薄膜中的单分子光学探针的转动态和非转动态的持续时间概率密度服从指数截止的幂律分布.研究结果表明该温度下PMA聚合物薄膜的纳米环境动力学仍存在空间和时间异构性.