生物除磷污泥胞外多聚物含磷形态的核磁共振分析

利用31P-NMR研究了生物除磷污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)的含磷形态,并对检测方法中的影响因素进行了分析.研究发现,测定的三种污泥EPS中磷的形态有五种,磷酸盐、磷单脂、DNA磷、聚磷末端、焦磷酸盐和聚磷.具有除磷能力的A/A/O和A/A/O-MBR污泥其EPS中主要含的是聚磷,证明了EPS中含磷不仅是依靠吸附磷酸盐或生物聚磷过程磷酸盐的滞留,而且EPS本身可能也参与了生物聚磷过程.同时实验证明,EPS提取过程会对EPS含磷形态产生影响,但提取时间在1h内时影响较小;EPS在储存前需要进行中和,从而避免储存过程不同磷形态之间的转化.EPS含磷形态的31P-NMR测定过程中,EPS样品的pH 值对峰的分离和各峰化学位移的稳定性有较大影响,需要控制样品pH＞13.0以确保测定过程的准确性.     

气相色谱法测定地表水中的内吸磷

实验建立了气相色谱法测定地表水中内吸磷的方法.两种内吸磷化合物能有效分离,且方法线性均良好,当取样量为250mL时,两种内吸磷的方法检出限均为0.3μg/L,在两个不同加标水平下,实际地表水样品中两种内吸磷的平均加标回收率为98.3％-107.4％,相对标准偏差为2.1％-3.9％.本方法可准确测定地表水样品中的内吸磷.     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定动物血清和组织器官中的微量银元素

银的应用在当代生物医学领域得到极大地推广,其生物安全性也受到密切关注,明确银离子在生物体内分布以及其安全阈值显得格外重要。因此,需要一种高灵敏度的分析方法来确定医学生物样品中银的含量。电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对于金属离子检测具有很高的灵敏度,非常适用于医学生物样品中所含痕量银元素的检测,但具体方法的开发,包括样品前处理和检测过程,尚处于起步阶段。本研究建立了一套简便易行的微波消解处理机体血清和组织器官样品,通过ICP-MS法测定样品内微量银元素的检测方法。血清和肌肉、骨髓、骨骼组织,以及心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏器官样品经5 mL硝酸-2 mL过氧化氢体系微波消解。消解程序采用2 000 W功率3步式温度梯度,样品最终消解完全,获得的数据重复性好,且耗费时间短,为大批量样品处理节省了时间。消解溶液经稀释定容,在优化仪器工作参数后,用ICP-MS对溶液中的107Ag进行测定,以钇(Y)为内标元素补偿基体效应和准确度漂移。测定结果显示,107Ag元素检出限为0.98 μg·kg-1,标准曲线相关系数为0.999 9,回收率为98%～107%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.0%～4.3%。用该法测定了动物血清和组织器官中的银元素含量,发现机体摄入银离子后,主要蓄积在肝脏。检测结果表明ICP-MS方法可以准确地测定机体的微量银元素,所建立的方法适用性强,可满足不同类型医学生物样品中微量银元素的测定,操作简便快捷,结果准确且灵敏度高,尤其适合于大批量生物样品的检测,为其他生物样品微量元素的检测提供了指导。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定增产丙烯助剂中磷和铁的研究

使用X射线荧光光谱仪,采用人工合成标样,设计合成了一套标准样品,采用数学校正法中的经验系数法校正元素间的互相干扰,样品不经任何处理,粉末直接压片,经验系数法校正基体效应,建立了分析测定增产丙烯助剂中磷和铁含量的方法。讨论了样品制作方法,合适的测量条件,探讨了试样中元素间的相互影响。实验结果表明,该方法重现性好,准确度和精密度较高,测定磷和铁的相对标准偏差为：0.34%和0.59%;测定范围磷为0.01%～2.5%,铁为0.01%～2.5%。分析结果与化学法、等离子发射光谱法测定结果吻合。该方法快速、简便,样品处理简单,可以不分解;分析速度远快于其他分析方法,结果准确,单次测量一个样品只需要5 min,适用范围广,满足了科研和工业生产的需要。     

平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定茶叶中的微量镉

本文提出了平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定镉的方法，以０．２ｍｇ／ｍＬ，ＰｄＣｌ２＋０．２ｍｇ／ｍＬＭｇ（ＮＯ３）２的混合液作基体改进剂，能有效的消除生物样品的基体效应，方法简单，精密度好，利用标准曲线即可测定茶叶样品中镉。     

用ICP—AES法分析碳钢中磷

本文叙述了用ICP-AES法测定碳钢中磷的方法。利用充氮系统测定178.224纳米磷线的净峰强度。给出了该方法的检出限为0.004%,当采用多点校准曲线时的相关系数为0.99993。同时比较两种测定背景(空白)以求检出线的方法。该法同样能测定碳钢中的硅、锰等元素。     

酸分解-硫氰酸盐分光光度法测定稀土镁中间合金中的钨

采用硫-磷混酸分解、硫氰酸盐显色分光光度法测定了电解稀土镁中间合金中的杂质钨。本方法改变了常规的碱熔方式,以硫-磷混酸分解合金样品使其中的杂质钨与磷酸形成络合物,再经NaOH溶液转化为钨酸钠,同时将大部分稀土和镁基体沉淀分离,最后通过硫氰酸盐显色后测定钨。采用所确定的方法测定了钆-镁中间合金样品,RSD为2.5%;标准回收实验测得回收率为102%—104%。     

连续流动分析法测定土壤中的有效磷

为了提高土壤中有效磷的检测效率和方法的稳定性,研究了现代仪器分析方法-连续流动法测定土壤中有效磷的含量,对连续流动法与农业部标准方法NY/T 148-1990《石灰性土壤有效磷测定方法》、NY/T 1121.7-2006《酸性土壤有效磷的测定》的测定结果进行配对两处理t检验,结果表明：连续流动法与标准方法检测的结果不存在系统误差,样品测定的相对标准偏差均小于10％,连续流动法测定值的相对标准偏差较标准方法略小.同时,用连续流动法对土壤标准样品GBW 07413-GBW 07414（碱法）、GBW07416-GBW 07417（酸法）进行有效磷的测定,测定值与标准值相吻合.     

ICP-AES同时测定高纯石英砂中硼和磷含量

研究了氢氟酸酸溶法处理样品,直接用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定高纯石英砂中硼、磷微量杂质元素。通过优化仪器参数,利用软件扣除背景等方法,成功的消除了基体效应。方法用于高纯石英砂中硼和磷的测定,同时对一个土壤标准物质进行了检测对照,实验结果显示,B和P校准曲线的线性关系好,回收率范围在93.33%—105.00%之间,相对标准偏差均小于1%,对照实验结果与标准参考值无显著性差异。方法具有分析速度快、准确度高、精密度好、检出限低的特点,适用于高纯石英砂等材料中B、P含量的同时测定。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高铬铸铁中的铬、镍、铜、锰、磷、硅、钼和钛

摘要高铬铸铁样品经微波消解,以氧化钇为内标,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定样品溶液中的铬、镍、铜、锰、磷、硅、钼和钛.分析了3种有证国家标准物质,测定值同证书值吻合,验证了方法的准确性.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.