全光纤M-Z干涉仪的高灵敏度与大动态范围多普勒激光雷达风场探测技术

多普勒测风激光雷达是大气风场探测的重要手段之一。通过检测风速导致的大气后向散射谱的多普勒频移从而实现风速的探测。由于受鉴频器本身特性的影响,高灵敏度与大动态范围的探测一直是大气风场探测的难点。提出采用双光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)作为多普勒激光雷达的鉴频器件,设计两路不同动态范围及风速探测灵敏度的FMZI鉴频器同时对大气回波信号进行鉴频。采用小光程差(13.7 cm)、大动态范围(±100 m·s-1)鉴频光路FMZI-2对风速区间进行定位,大光程差(74.8 cm)、高探测灵敏度(2.62%/(m·s-1))的鉴频光路FMZI-1进行风速精细探测,从而实现大动态范围高灵敏度的风场探测。利用标准大气模型对不同参数条件下的系统灵敏度、系统探测的信噪比及风速误差进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统可以实现±100 m·s-1大动态范围内风速误差小于1 m·s-1的大气风场探测,为大动态范围高灵敏度测风激光雷达的发展进行了有益的探索。     

大气风场和温度对无线电声波探测系统探测高度影响的数值研究

从声波扰动介质中的电波波动方程出发, 使用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法, 结合声波传播的FDTD 模型, 构建了描述声波和电波相互作用的数值模型, 并运用该模型分析风场和温度对无线电声波探测系统的探测高度的影响. 数值模拟结果表明: 温度与风场剖面的存在改变声波和电波散射回波的传播轨迹; 温度梯度剖面主要影响声波的传播速度, 风场剖面导致作为电波散射体的声波波阵面的偏移, 降低电波散射回波的强度并改变回波路径, 使得接收数据减少, 限制无线电声波探测系统的探测高度; 在强风背景下, 若降低声波散射体高度, 电波散射回波“聚束点”的偏移会有较大的改善, 但同时意味着探测高度的降低. 为了改善风场背景下无线电声波探测系统的探测高度, 可以使用双基地雷达或者增大接收天线面积等方法来实现.     

Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术

相对于传统多普勒鉴频器Fabry-Perot干涉仪, Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)具有透过率高、直线条纹易于探测、可进行视场展宽等优点. 本文设计了基于条纹成像MZI的非相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统, 构建了风速反演的数学模型, 利用MZI视场展宽技术优化了激光雷达系统的性能. 数值仿真实现了MZI鉴频系统干涉条纹图样的理想输出, 采用SineSqr函数拟合法获取了高精度的多普勒频移前后干涉条纹的移动距离, 并通过视场补偿减小了入射角对MZI光程差的影响, 从而实现视场展宽. 结果表明: 采用SineSqr函数拟合法可获得在±100 m·s^-1的径向风速范围内<0.45 m·s^-1的风速误差, 克服了条纹重心法反演风速不稳定性的缺点; 视场展宽技术在不降低鉴频性能的情况下, 能最大补偿1°的视场角. MZI条纹成像多普勒激光雷达应用技术的探讨将为中高层大气风速激光雷达测量系统的实际开发奠定良好的基础. 关键词： 激光雷达 条纹成像Mach-Zehnder干涉仪 风速反演 视场补偿     

大气后向散射比对风速测量的影响

 采用同时测量Rayleigh散射和Mie散射混合信号的多普勒频移的单边缘技术，探测低空中（<12 km）的大气风速。由于大气后向散射比R_b值的变化，导致测量结果有很大的误差。详细分析了Rb值的变化对风速测量灵敏度及测量结果的影响，并做出了在不同Rb值情况下的风速测量校正曲线。结果表明：随着R_b值的增大，风速测量灵敏度有升高的趋势；随着Rb值偏差的增大，测量的风速误差有增大的趋势；同时，在相同的R_b值偏差情况下，随着径向风速的增大，测量的风速误差也有相应的增大。     

利用干涉成像光谱技术测量大气风场

以大层大气中的气辉（极光）为被探测源,利用干涉成像光谱技术和电磁波的多普勒效应对上层大气风场进行测量,分析和计算了大气风场的速度和温度,并就被探测源和探测器之间的相对速度与其连线成任意角时的情形进行了讨论。采用计算机模拟,分析了大气风场的测量效果。     

Acoustic sounder monitoring of windshear within the atmospheric boundary layer over Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Summary A tri-axial acoustic sounder with Doppler wind measuring capability has been used to measure boundary layer winds from which windshear fields have been evaluated over Ile-Ife (7.29° N, 4.34° E) Nigeria between April and June, 1988. The correlation between SODAR-derived windshear profile and a radiosonde-derived temperature profile is examined. Associated Richardson numbers have been used to categorize atmospheric layers into various stability types. A case study of wind fields and derived windshear zones associated with a rain event has been made. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Coherence function and mean field of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence

Inhomogeneity and anisotropy are intrinsic characteristics of daytime and nighttime atmospheric turbulence. For example, turbulent eddies are often stretched in the direction of the mean wind, and the turbulence statistics depends on the height above the ground. Recent studies have shown that the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of plane and spherical sound waves are significantly affected by turbulence inhomogeneity and anisotropy. The present paper is devoted to studies of the mean sound field and the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature and velocity fluctuations. These statistical moments of a sound field are important in many practical applications, e.g., for source detection, ranging, and recognition. Formulas are derived for the mean sound field and coherence function of initially arbitrary waveform. Using the latter formula, we also obtained formulas for the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves. All these formulas coincide with those known in the literature for two limiting cases: homogeneous isotropic turbulence with temperature and wind velocity fluctuations, and inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature fluctuations only. Using the formulas obtained, we have numerically shown that turbulence inhomogeneity significantly affects the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves.     

大气风场和温度场星载探测光谱仪的星上定标技术

 大气风场和温度场是重要的大气基本参数,由于应用领域广泛,其探测技术在很多国家已发展成熟,中国对该探测技术的需求也日趋强烈。大气风场和温度场测量是利用高精度的光谱仪,通过测量大气中特征谱线的多普勒频移和展宽,来确定大气的温度分布场和风向风速场。星上定标技术是大气风场和温度场星载探测光谱仪进行高精度测量的基本保障。文中就几种重要的大气风场和温度场探测光谱仪的星上定标技术进行分析和总结,为大气风场和温度场探测技术发展提供参考,打下基础。     

Wind sensing in an atmospheric boundary layer by means of micropulse coherent Doppler lidars

An algorithm is developed and computer simulation of wind sensing by means of micropulse coherent Doppler lidars (CDLs) in the atmospheric boundary layer is conducted for low values of the signalto- noise (SNR) ratio. The accuracy of lidar wind measurements is studied numerically for parameters of micropulse Stream Line CDLs. Optimal parameters of the measurements and processing data obtained at low SNR, which allow reconstructing vertical profiles of the wind velocity vector with required accuracy within an entire atmospheric boundary layer, are determined.     

Estimate for the doppler shift of a non-Gaussian signal upon coherent detection of scattered optical radiation in a turbulent atmosphere

A non-Gaussian model for estimating the radial velocity of turbulent flows in the atmosphere for coherent detection of scattered optical radiation is proposed. The model was obtained based on a theoretical approach that includes results of the statistical analysis of a pulse Doppler lidar signal in a turbulent medium, as well as on the perturbation-theory methods that have been developed in the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. It is shown that the estimate of the Doppler shift in the first-order perturbation theory is a sum of a regular component and two conditional fluctuation components—Gaussian and non-Gaussian ones. In the case of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, the estimate of the radial wind velocity is approximately equal to its true average value. The statistical uncertainty in measurements of the average radial wind velocity is determined by the behavior of conditional Gaussian and non-Gaussian components and significantly depends on the state of atmospheric turbulence. It is shown that basic equations of the non-Gaussian model in the limit case coincide with formulas of the local and nonlocal models, as well as with those of the Gaussian model.     

Interference image spectroscopy for upper atmospheric wind field measurement

Based on the observation of natural airglow and auroral visible emission lines in the upper atmosphere as the explored source, we have surveyed the upper atmosphere wind field through interference imaging spectroscopy coupled with the Doppler effect of electrical and magnetic waves. The velocity and temperature of the upper atmospheric wind field are analyzed and studied. The survey theory and calculation formula of atmosphere wind field in all directions and multi-directions are presented when the relative velocity of the explored source to the detector and their linking line have an arbitrary angle. We also analyzed the effects of the measurement of the upper atmospheric wind field using computer simulation, and explained the reason why the auroral emission line is thought as Gaussian profile.     

半干旱草原下垫面动量和感热总体输送系数参数化关系研究

本文利用锡林郭勒草原2008年春季近地层涡旋相关系统和铁塔的风、 温平均梯度观测资料, 分析了总体输送系数随梯度Richardson数的变化特征, 建立了动量总体输送系数随大气稳定度、近地层风速以及感热总体输送系数随大气稳定度和近地层气温的关系. 中性条件下, 半干旱草原植被下垫面动量总体输送系数与近地层大气动力状态之间存在明显的相互作用, 总体输送系数与近地面层风速之间满足二次曲线拟合关系; 风速较小时, 大气动力特征对地表粗糙度长度的改变不是很明显, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而增大; 而当风速较大时, 强风速会使植被高度发生改变, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而减小. 另外, 感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间也存在二次曲线关系. 动量总体输送系数与近地层风速之间的关系、感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间关系的建立为总体输送系数参数化提供了重要途径, 同时该方案避免了对动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度的求解. 关键词： 总体输送系数 参数化 湍流通量 相似性函数     

二维粗糙海面散射回波多普勒谱频移及展宽特征

基于二维线性海面模型及粗糙面电磁散射的一阶小斜率近似公式,研究了海面回波各阶多普勒谱的频移特性,得到了多普勒谱频移所对应的理论公式,与经典多普勒频移公式相比考虑到了风速、大尺度波浪轨道运动等因素对多普勒谱频移的影响;同时根据粗糙面的双尺度模型,基于多普勒谱频移的物理机理,给出了求解散射场多普勒谱展宽的理论公式.最后将理论公式计算所得结果与模拟结果及实测数据进行了比较,讨论了风速、入射波频率及入射角等因素对多普勒频移及多普勒谱展宽的影响.通过比较可以发现,给出的理论公式可以对多普勒谱频移和展宽进行一定程度的预测. 关键词： 粗糙海面 电磁散射 多普勒谱     

Performance comparison of Fabry–Perot and Mach–Zehnder interferometers for molecular Doppler lidar based on fringe-imaging technique

Fringe-imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer (FIFPI) and fringe-imaging Mach–Zehnder interferometer (FIMZI) used as frequency discriminator for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar were analyzed, respectively. For a pure molecular backscattered signal, performances (wind measurement sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio) of both FIFPI and FIMZI systems were simulated based on the U.S. standard atmospheric model. Comparisons of two systems were made under the same emitting and receiving parameters with certain wind speed dynamic range. Simulated results show that, though relatively lower sensitivity to Doppler shift, the single-channel FIMZI system provides a factor of 1.3 times smaller error in the horizontal wind velocity than that of FIFPI at a range of 20 km. We expect that the FIMZI frequency discriminator would provide an effective technique to improve the measurement accuracy for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar.     

梯度倾斜相关测量水平C_n~2和横向风速廓线的理论与仿真研究

根据Rytov近似以及泰勒湍流冻结假设,推导出以不同距离的前向散射光为信标的水平路径上梯度倾斜角的相关表达式.基于该表达式,在理论上提出了计算湍流强度与横向风速的新方法,并通过数值仿真对该方法进行了初步验证.结果表明,在5%高斯误差情况下,大气折射结构常数和风速的计算结果与理论真值在整体变化上具有较好的一致性,线性相关系数分别能达到0.8与0.9.该方法能够得到不同湍流与风速条件下的湍流强度廓线以及风速廓线,为反演大气湍流强度以及风速提供了一种新思路.     

Restoration of spectral characteristics of ionospheric wave disturbances

The problem of short-wave radio-signal reflection from a parabolic ionospheric layer with traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID) in the form of density waves is solved in an approximation of geometrical optics. Formulas that relate the arrival angle and Doppler shift of a radio signal to the TID parameters are derived by the small-perturbation method for the characteristic function. The inverse problem of determination of the TID spectral characteristics is solved. The amplitude, dispersion law, and propagation direction of ionospheric irregularitiesare restored.     

On the possibility of reconstruction of wind-wave spectra from reverberation signals in two-position acoustic sounding of the ocean

Formulas are derived that relate the running energy spectrum of a surface-reverberation signal to the space spectrum of a wind wave in two-position acoustic sounding of the ocean.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 856–861, August, 1993.     

Scattering of sound waves by a turbulent wake

In this investigation, the Doppler shifted power spectrum of the scattering cross-section is obtained for plane acoustic waves scattered by fluid flow fluctuations appropriate to a turbulent wake. The wake considered in this paper is assumed almost homogeneous and isotropic and of low Reynolds number.It is shown that the evaluation of the Doppler scattering cross-section essentially reduces to the calculation of the wave number converted and frequency shifted energy spectrum function of the turbulent flow fluctuations. In prescribing the low Reynolds number turbulence spectrum, inertial forces are assumed negligible. Convective effects of the macro-eddies, which cause a Doppler shift in the scattered waves, are considered using a Lagrangian-type of space-time velocity correlation.After finding the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations, the Doppler shifted power spectrum of the scattering cross-section, which characterizes the scattered waves, is obtained explicitly for the far field approximation.     

Mobile Rayleigh Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique

<正>We describe a mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar(DWL) based on double-edge technique for wind measurement of altitudes ranging from 10 to 40 km.A triple Fabry-Perot etalon is employed as a frequency discriminator to determine the Doppler shift proportional to the wind velocity.The lidar operates at 355 nm with a 45-cm-aperture telescope and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner that provides full hemispherical pointing.To guarantee wind accuracy,a single servo loop is used to monitor the outgoing laser frequency to remove inaccuracies due to the frequency drift of the laser or the etalon.The standard deviation of the outgoing laser frequency drift is 6.18 MHz and the corresponding velocity error is 1.11 m/s.The wind profiles measured by the DWL are in good agreement with the results of the wind profile radar(WPR).Evaluation is achieved by comparing at altitudes from 2 to 8 km.The relative error of horizontal wind speed is from 0.8 to 1.8 m/s in the compared ranges.The wind accuracy is less than 6 m/s at 40 km and 3 m/s at 10 km.