Parameterization of meandering phenomenon in a stable atmospheric boundary layer

Accounting for the current knowledge of the stable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence structure and characteristics, a new formulation for the meandering parameters to be used in a Lagrangian stochastic particle turbulent diffusion model has been derived. That is, expressions for the parameters controlling the meandering oscillation frequency in low wind speed stable conditions are proposed. The classical expression for the meandering autocorrelation function, the turbulent statistical diffusion theory and ABL similarity theory are employed to estimate these parameters. In addition, this new parameterization was introduced into a particular Lagrangian stochastic particle model, which is called Iterative Langevin solution for low wind, validated with the data of Idaho National Laboratory experiments, and compared with others diffusion models. The results of this new approach are shown to agree with the measurements of Idaho experiments and also with those of the other atmospheric diffusion models. The major advance shown in this study is the formulation of the meandering parameters expressed in terms of the characteristic scales (velocity and length scales) describing the physical structure of a turbulent stable boundary layer. These similarity formulas can be used to simulate meandering enhanced diffusion of passive scalars in a low wind speed stable ABL.     

基于校准k-ε模型的复杂地形流动数值模拟

准确计算风电场的内部流动对风电场的微观选址至关重要。求解雷诺平均NS方程(RANS)的模拟是当前模拟风电场内部流动的主要手段。湍流模型对模拟结果的准确性有很大影响。选取在工程中广泛应用的标准k-ε湍流模型进行研究。首先以平板地形为计算模型,探究入口边界条件、壁面方程、模型可调参数和对模拟流向均匀大气边界层的影响,获得平板地形下最优的模型可调参数设置。然后以三维山丘地形为计算模型,研究入口边界条件和源项对存在分离流动时复杂地形下的绕流模拟的影响。将得到的最优结果同实验结果对比,验证模拟方法的可行性,并给出添加源项的指导方法。     

Granular ratchets

We study the statistics of the horizontal component of atmospheric boundary layer wind speed and introduce a stochastic process which has similar properties. Motivated by the non-stationarity of wind velocity data, we describe statistical methods to verify the picture of natural atmospheric boundary layer turbulence to be composed of successively occurring close to ideal turbulence phases with different parameters. We focus on the fluctuation of wind speed around its mean behaviour and show that there is linear relationship between the standard deviation of the fluctuation and the current mean wind speed. Additionally, we analyse the increment statistics and investigate the time dependence of the parameters describing the increment distribution. Noting that the first order geometric auto regressive process has similar statistical properties, we investigate this similarity and analyse the extent to which this stochastic process is a suitable model for wind speed simulation.     

相干多普勒激光测风雷达系统研究

大气中风速和风场分布的精确测量具有重要的军用和民用价值。近20年来,相干激光雷达对风场的遥测被经常用于大气边界层风场的精确测量。首先介绍了相干激光测风雷达的工作原理;然后对其相关的指标体系进行了详细的分析和论证,主要包括工作波长、探测灵敏度、测速精度以及作用距离与发射功率的关系等技术指标;最后给出了目前较优的相干激光测风雷达系统的技术方案和技术途径。在此基础上,采用1.5μm窄线宽激光光源设计了一套全固态、小型化激光相干测风实验装置,并进行了相关实验。     

An explicit algebraic model of the planetary boundary layer turbulence: test computation of the neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer

An explicit algebraic model of Reynolds stresses and the turbulent heat flux vector for the planetary boundary layer in a neutrally stratified boundary layer of the atmosphere above a homogeneous rough surface is tested. The version of the algebraic model under consideration is constructed on the physical principles of the RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier?Stokes) approximation for describing stratified turbulence, it employs three forecasting equations, and a correct reproduction of the main characteristics of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer — the components of the mean wind velocity, the wind turn angle, and the turbulent statistics is shown. Test computations show that the proposed model may be used for goal-oriented investigations of the atmospheric boundary layer.     

Lidar measurements of atmospheric backscattering amplification

Results of long-term continuous measurements of the atmospheric backscattering amplification coefficient on a 2-km-long near-ground path with the use of a two-channel micropulse lidar based on a waveguide laser are presented. It is shown that the backscattering amplification coefficient has a pronounced daily variation. In the night and in the afternoon, atmospheric backscattering amplification is maximal and the amplification coefficient can exceed 2. The amplification is low or absent in morning and evening hours at neutral temperature stratification in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere. The backscattering amplification coefficient increases with an increase in the structure constant of the air refracting index and variance of the image jitter of the illumination spot created by the probing laser beam on the wall of a 2-km-distant building.     

Interdaily Variations of Three Wind Velocity Components Retrieved from Long-Term Continuous Minisodar Measurements in the ABL

Russian Physics Journal - Statistical analysis of results of long-term continuous 8-day measurements of three components of wind velocity vector with a minisodar in the atmospheric boundary layer...     

On the use of spires for generating inflow conditions with energetic coherent structures in large eddy simulation

While it has long been a practice to place spires near the inlet of a wind tunnel to quickly develop a turbulent boundary layer with similarities to an atmospheric boundary layer, this has not been the case for creating turbulent boundary layer inflow in large eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent flows. We carry out LES with the curvilinear immersed boundary method to simulate the flow in a wind tunnel with a series of spires in order to investigate the feasibility of numerically developing inflow conditions from a precursory spire LES and assessing the similarities of the turbulence statistics to those of an atmospheric boundary layer. The simulated mean velocity field demonstrates that a turbulent boundary layer with height equal to the spire height develops very quickly, within five spire heights downstream. The major attribute of using spires for precursory simulations is the spatially evolving coherent structures that form downstream of the spires offering a range of length scales at both the vertical and streamwise directions allowing multiple turbulent inflow conditions to be extracted from a single simulation. While the distribution of length scales far from the spires resembles an atmospheric boundary layer, some turbulence statistics have some significant differences.     

半干旱草原下垫面动量和感热总体输送系数参数化关系研究

本文利用锡林郭勒草原2008年春季近地层涡旋相关系统和铁塔的风、 温平均梯度观测资料, 分析了总体输送系数随梯度Richardson数的变化特征, 建立了动量总体输送系数随大气稳定度、近地层风速以及感热总体输送系数随大气稳定度和近地层气温的关系. 中性条件下, 半干旱草原植被下垫面动量总体输送系数与近地层大气动力状态之间存在明显的相互作用, 总体输送系数与近地面层风速之间满足二次曲线拟合关系; 风速较小时, 大气动力特征对地表粗糙度长度的改变不是很明显, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而增大; 而当风速较大时, 强风速会使植被高度发生改变, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而减小. 另外, 感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间也存在二次曲线关系. 动量总体输送系数与近地层风速之间的关系、感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间关系的建立为总体输送系数参数化提供了重要途径, 同时该方案避免了对动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度的求解. 关键词： 总体输送系数 参数化 湍流通量 相似性函数     

Mechanical response of young canes of wind-blown kiwifruit vines

Kiwifruit vines with broad leaves are easily torn or shed by high-speed wind. In this study, the threshold wind speed at which a cane is broken was investigated experimentally with varying physical parameters of a kiwifruit vine under two different ABL (atmospheric boundary layer) conditions. In addition, the temporal variation of wind-blown young canes was visualized using a high-speed camera. The average threshold wind speeds for ABL types A and B are about 20.5 m/s and 18.9 m/s, respectively. A wind-blown young cane takes periodic up-and-down motion when it is broken off. The mean fluttering frequency of young canes of the kiwifruit vines was found to be about 4.5 Hz.     

时变来流条件下大气边界层流动大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟方法,利用平坦地面模型和带楔形结构的粗糙地面模型研究近地面空间风场特征.结果表明,在时变来流条件下,平坦地面模型和粗糙地面模型均在阵风峰期产生下沉气流,在阵风谷期产生上升气流;垂直气流大小与下垫面粗糙度和水平来流风速变化幅度有关.大气边界层内风场的风速大小和方向总是随时间变化的,与稳定来流假设相比,随时间变化的来流条件下边界层的流动更有利于边界层内物质和能量的输运.     

Diurnal Dynamics of Standard Deviations of Three Wind Velocity Components in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Russian Physics Journal - Diurnal dynamics of the standard deviation (SD) of three wind velocity components measured with a minisodar in the atmospheric boundary layer is analyzed. Statistical...     

全光纤M-Z干涉仪的高灵敏度与大动态范围多普勒激光雷达风场探测技术

多普勒测风激光雷达是大气风场探测的重要手段之一。通过检测风速导致的大气后向散射谱的多普勒频移从而实现风速的探测。由于受鉴频器本身特性的影响,高灵敏度与大动态范围的探测一直是大气风场探测的难点。提出采用双光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)作为多普勒激光雷达的鉴频器件,设计两路不同动态范围及风速探测灵敏度的FMZI鉴频器同时对大气回波信号进行鉴频。采用小光程差(13.7 cm)、大动态范围(±100 m·s-1)鉴频光路FMZI-2对风速区间进行定位,大光程差(74.8 cm)、高探测灵敏度(2.62%/(m·s-1))的鉴频光路FMZI-1进行风速精细探测,从而实现大动态范围高灵敏度的风场探测。利用标准大气模型对不同参数条件下的系统灵敏度、系统探测的信噪比及风速误差进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统可以实现±100 m·s-1大动态范围内风速误差小于1 m·s-1的大气风场探测,为大动态范围高灵敏度测风激光雷达的发展进行了有益的探索。     

Reynolds number invariance of the structure inclination angle in wall turbulence

Cross correlations of the fluctuating wall-shear stress and the streamwise velocity in the logarithmic region of turbulent boundary layers are reported over 3 orders of magnitude change in Reynolds number. These results are obtained using hot-film and hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel facility, and sonic anemometers and a purpose-built wall-shear stress sensor in the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer on the salt flats of Utah's western desert. The direct measurement of fluctuating wall-shear stress in the atmospheric surface layer has not been available before. Structure inclination angles are inferred from the cross correlation results and are found to be invariant over the large range of Reynolds number. The findings justify the prior use of low Reynolds number experiments for obtaining structure angles for near-wall models in the large-eddy simulation of atmospheric surface layer flows.     

空间目标红外双波段比色测温法精度分析

针对空间目标与地基望远镜红外成像传感器终端之间的不确知参量将降低双波段比色测温法求解精度,且精度影响程度未知,假设目标为灰体,对包含不确知参量的最大似然估计函数关于发射率求偏导,建立基于红外探测器测量电子数的双波段比色测温数学模型,并进行双波段比色测温法的蒙特卡洛仿真实验与精度分析。对于大气透过率的估算,提出应用红外自然星体的大气透过率现场标校方法。空间目标温度反演精度与成像探测器的信噪比、大气透过率、地球热辐射以及波段之间的发射率差异等未知参量的估算精度有关。结果表明:信噪比高于20,波段之间发射率差异小于0.03,地球热辐射预测精度优于50%,大气透过率预测精度优于10%时,比色测温法优于40 K的温度估计精度。     

大气风速对大气传输光束相位特性的影响

采用功率谱反演法构建湍流相位屏,通过横向平移相位屏的方法模拟大气风速引起的湍流时间变化,进而模拟分析了包括时间进程的激光大气传输特性,从波前相位功率谱密度的角度,定量分析了大气风速引起的激光束在大气湍流中传输时的相位特性变化。在此基础上,采用影响函数模拟变形镜对畸变波前的校正作用,对激光束经大气湍流传输后的自适应校正效果进行了预估,分析了大气风速对校正效果的影响。结果表明,大气风速对边界层湍流中光束相位特性的影响很小,然而,对于自由大气湍流中的传输光束,大气风速越大,波前相位畸变程度越大,畸变波前中高频相位比例也越大;环状光束的校正效果受大气风速的影响比平顶光束更小,并且,随着环状光束阶数的增大,校正效果所受影响逐渐减小;在一定相位畸变范围内,畸变程度越大的环状光束的相位校正效果受大气风速的影响越小。     

A new approach to the retrieval of surface properties from earthshine measurements

Instruments such as the MODIS and MISR radiometers on EOS AM-1, and POLDER on ADEOS have been deployed for the remote sensing retrieval of surface properties. Typically, retrieval algorithms use linear combinations of semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) kernels to model surface reflectance. The retrieval proceeds in two steps; first, an atmospheric correction relates surface BRDF to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances, then regression is used to establish the linear coefficients used in the kernel combination. BRDF kernels may also depend on a number of physical or empirical non-linear parameters (e.g. ocean wind speed for a specular BRDF); such parameters are usually assumed known. A major source of error in this retrieval comes from lack of knowledge of planetary boundary layer (PBL) aerosol properties.In this paper, we present a different approach to surface property retrieval. For the radiative transfer simulations, we use the discrete ordinate LIDORT model, which has the capability to generate simultaneous fields of radiances and weighting functions in a multiply scattering multi-layer atmosphere. Surface-atmosphere coupling due to multiple scattering and reflection effects is treated in full; the use of an atmospheric correction is not required. Further, it is shown that sensitivities of TOA reflectances to both linear and non-linear surface BRDF parameters may be established directly by explicit analytic differentiation of the discrete ordinate radiative transfer equations. Surface properties may thus be retrieved directly and conveniently from satellite measurements using standard non-linear fitting methods. In the fitting for BRDF parameters, lower-boundary aerosol properties can either be retrieved as auxiliary parameters, or they can be regarded as forward model parameter errors. We present examples of simulated radiances and surface/aerosol weighting functions for combinations of multi-angle measurements at several different wavelengths, and we perform some examples of self-consistent non-linear fitting to demonstrate feasibility for this kind of surface property retrieval.     

Visualization of the tip vortices in a wind turbine wake

Abstract  

In the present study, an experimental study was conducted to characterize the formation and the evolution of the helical tip vortices and turbulent flow structures in the wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind. A high-resolution particle image velocimetry system was used to make detailed flow field measurements to quantify the time evolution of the helical tip vortices in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades in order to elucidate the underlying physics associated with turbine power generation and fatigue loads acting on the wind turbines.     

基于线指数的核偏最小二乘回归在恒星大气物理参数测量中的应用

恒星大气物理参数(有效温度、表面重力、化学丰度)的自动测量是天体光谱数据自动处理中的一项重要内容。由于光谱数据的高维性的特点,处理运算量非常大,对于光谱的实时分析及处理会造成延误。文章提出了一种基于Lick线指数,利用核偏最小二乘回归(KPLSR) 对恒星大气物理参数进行测量的方法。可以有效地减少运算量并可达到理想的准确率。首先计算Kurucz合成光谱的Lick线指数,利用核偏最小二乘回归方法建立Lick线指数与大气物理参数之间的核回归模型,并利用DR8实测光谱数据对得到的模型进行测试,将测试的结果与SEGUE SSPP提供的大气物理参数进行了对比,取得了比较好的效果。此外,为了检验噪声对参数测量的影响,本文还对Kurucz光谱分别加了信噪比为10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 120的高斯白噪声,对得到的不同信噪比的Kurucz数据进行了测试,实验结果表明,核回归模型对噪声比较敏感,光谱数据的信噪比越高,其大气物理参数的预测精度越高。提出的基于线指数建立核偏最小二乘回归模型的方法运算量小,训练速度快,适合用于恒星大气物理参数的测量。