低杂波电流驱动下硬X射线轫致辐射的测量与研究

用新研制的碘化汞（ＨｇＩ２）半导体探测器，测量来自等离子体芯部，其能量范围在１５—１５０ｋｅＶ之间的Ｘ射线轫致辐射。当用２００—３００ｋＷ、２．４５ＧＨｚ、９０ｏ相位角和Ｎ‖＝２．７的低杂波进行电流驱动时，硬Ｘ射线辐射强度在垂直于磁轴的方向上是减少的；但在磁轴切线方向上，孔栏的轫致辐射［用碘化钠（ＮａＩ）探测器测量］是增加的。Ｘ射线能谱测量表明，在低杂波电流驱动（ＬＨＣＤ）情形下，出现非麦克斯韦分布的高能尾部电子，其垂直能量最高可达１５０ｋｅＶ，尾部电子温度（垂直）在１５—３０ｋｅＶ之间。     

X-ray Emission Induced by Interaction of Highly Charged Ions with Solid Surface

The X-rays with energy from 1 keV to 60 keV in the interaction of highly charged ions (HCI) with a variety of solid surfaces were investigated at the research platform for atomic physics with the electron cyclone resonance (ECR) ion resource at IMP. We altered the projectile kinetic energy from 150 keV to about 400 keV. The X-ray excited by the projectile with the surface is shown in Fig.l, and a threshold of the projectile kinetic energy for this excitation is observed. Combining the colliding theory of classic electrodynamics with the concept of quantized orbits, we crudely give this threshold energy Tm as follows,     

Reconstruction of a 6-MeV bremsstrahlung spectrum by multi-layer absorption based on LiF:Mg,Cu, P

In this paper, TLD （LiF： Mg, Cu, P） is used as detector. A multi-layer absorption （MLA） model is designed. Combined with Monte-Carlo processes, a bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum is reconstructed by an iterative method; the reconstructed results agree with the results of simulations by the MCNP process essentially, especially in middle energy region.     

Proton irradiation effect on SCDs

The Low Energy X-ray Telescope is one of the main payloads on the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope satellite.Swept charge devices(SCDs)are selected as detectors for the Low Energy X-ray Telescope.As SCDs are sensitive to proton irradiation,irradiation tests were carried out on the HI-13 accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy.The beam energy was measured to be 10 MeV at the SCD.The proton fluence delivered to the SCD was 3×108protons/cm2over two hours.By comparing the performance before and after irradiation,it is concluded that proton irradiation affects both the dark current and the charge transfer inefficiency of the SCD.The energy resolution of the proton-irradiated SCD is 212 eV@5.9 keV at-60?C,while it before irradiated is 134 eV.Moreover,better performance can be reached by lowering the operating temperature of the SCD in orbit.     

Energy spectrum of multi-radiation of X-rays in a low energy Mather-type plasma focus device

The multi-radiation of X-rays was investigated with special attention to their energy spectrum in a Mather-type plasma focus device （operated with argon gas）. The analysis is based on the effect of anomalous resistances. To study the energy spectrum, a four-channel diode X-ray spectrometer was used along with a special set of filters. The filters were suitable for detection of medium range X-rays as well as hard X-rays with energy exceeding 30 keV. The results indicate that the anomalous resistivity effect during the post pinch phase may cause multi-radiation of X-rays with a total duration of 300 ± 50 ns. The significant contribution of Cu-Kα was due to the medium range X-rays, nonetheless, hard X-rays with energies greater than 15 keV also participate in the process. The total emitted X-ray energy in the forms of Cu-K and Cu-K/3 was around 0.14 ± 0.02 （J/Sr） and 0.04 ±0.01 （J/Sr）, respectively. The total energy of the emitted hard X-ray （〉 15 keV） was around 0.12± 0.02 （J/Sr）.     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却系统

建议中的兰州重离子加速器冷却贮存环（ＨＩＲＦＬ－ＣＳＲ）拟采用电子冷却方法将重离子束冷却到３００ＭｅＶ／ｕ．最高电子能量为１６５ｋｅＶ,最大电子电流密度为０．２４４Ａ／ｃｍ２．叙述了ＣＳＲ电子冷却装置的初步方案． Electron cooling technique will be applied to the proposed Lanzhou heavy ion cooler-storage ring(HIRFL-CSR).A electron cooling device with a max-imum electron energy of 165keV and maximum current density of 0.244A/cm2 is planned to cool heavy ions up to energies of 300MeV/u.The prelimnary design for the cooling system is presented.     

Simulation of photoelectric X-ray polarimetry and reconstruction of the photoelectron azimuthal angle

Sensitive X-ray polarimetry in the keV energy range can be achieved by measuring the azimuthal angle distribution of emitted electrons after the photoelectric absorption of X-rays in a micropattern gas detector. However, the initial direction of the electron is not readily measurable due to the randomization of its motion during energy loss. By using the Geant4, Maxwell and Garfield packages, we simulated the detected electron tracks following photoelectric absorption, electron drift and diffusion in the gas, and proposed a technique capable of reconstructing the initial direction of the emitted photoelectron. The technique allows us to measure the angular modulation of flux predicted for a polarized X-ray beam. We calculated the modulation factors in 2-10 keV with a gas mixture of neon and CO₂ , and discussed how electron diffusion along the drift will dilute the track and suppress the modulation. These results are useful for the design of the X-ray polarimeter.     

Local structure and optical absorption characteristic investigation on Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles

The local structures and optical absorption characteristics of Fe doped Ti O2 nanoparticles synthesized by the sol-gel method were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy(UV-Vis). XRD patterns show that all Fe-doped Ti O2 samples have the characteristic anatase structure. Accurate Fe and Ti K-edge EXAFS analysis further reveal that all Fe atoms replace Ti atoms in the anatase lattice. The analysis of UV-Vis data shows a red shift to the visible range. According to the above results, we claim that substitutional Fe atoms lead to the formation of structural defects and new intermediate energy levels appear, narrowing the band gap and extending the optical absorption edge towards the visible region.     

Measurment of the energy spectrum of an electron beam extracted from an accelerator

The electron energy spectrum is one of the most important characteristics of an electron beam that is extracted from a linear accelerator. The most direct way to determine an electron spectrum would be to use a magnetic spectrometer and this method could also give results with high precision and effectiveness. In this article we describe our design of a new multilayer absorption method, which is based on the depth-dose curves method that can be used in most irradiation accelerators,and adds the Monte Carlo simulation and iterative algorithm in order to reconstruct the electron energy spectrum. In this article the energy spectrum was measured using these two methods, and good results were acquired. These results could be crosschecked, which made the results more reliable.     

The β Decay of 21N

The β-delayed neutron and γ energy spectra taken from the decay of neutron-rich nucleus ²¹N were measured by using the β-γ and β-n coincidence detection method. Thirteen new neutron groups ranging from 0.28MeV to 4.98MeV and with a total branching ratio of 88.7±4.2% were observed andpresented. One γ transition with an energy of 1222keV emitted from the excited state of ²¹O, and four γ transitions with energies of 1674, 2397, 2780, and 3175keV emitted from the excited states of ²⁰O were identified in the β decay chain of ²¹N. The β decay half-life for ²¹N is determined to be 82.9±1.9ms. The uncertainty of half-life is much smaller than the previous result.     

Photoacoustic X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy of the NiK-edge

The X-ray absorption in a 5 m thick Ni foil for energies from 8.2 keV to 8.8 keV was measured by the photoacoustic method using a gas-microphone-cell. Results are presented for both photoacoustic amplitude and phase as a function of incident photon energy. The absorption fine structure above the NiK-edge is clearly resolved. The data are compared with a simple theory for the signal generation, and discrepancies are explained by discussing the various energy dissipation channels following the X-ray absorption.     

Measurements of X-ray absorption spectra by the prism spectroscopy method

X-ray absorption spectra of a number of samples were measured in the range 5–30 keV by the prism spectrophotometry method. The spectral decomposition was performed using an optically polished diamond prism with an opening angle of 90°. The absorption spectra of liquid bromonaphthalene are presented as an example. An energy resolution of 100–130 eV was achieved in the energy range of ～10 keV, providing the unambiguous identification of elements by jumps in the K photoabsorption.     

On the properties of photovoltaic X-ray detectors based on GaAs epitaxial structures

Operation of a new photovoltaic detector of X-ray bremsstrahlung based on GaAs epitaxial structures at room temperature without bias is studied. The efficiency of the absorbed energy conversion into short-circuit current is calculated from the measured photoresponses for the photon energies in the range from 12 to 120 keV. In this energy range, the absorption in GaAs is governed by photoelectric effect. The efficiency of the X-ray bremsstrahlung energy conversion in GaAs peaks at 80 keV. It is suggested that the X-ray absorption of a thin 50-μm detector can be enhanced by applying an inclined irradiation scheme. The effect is most pronounced in the region of hard X-rays.     

银吸收边附近X射线衰减系数测量

在北京同步辐射装置的4B7A中能X光束线上,光源能区为2.1~6.0keV,能量分辨大于5000,高次谐波小于0.1%,光源强度大于109光子/s。通过全能区多能点的透过率精确测量Ag样品质量厚度,然后采用Ag薄膜对单能X光子的透过率进行测量,给出了Ag薄膜在吸收边(3.4~3.9keV)的衰减系数。建立了Ag样品吸收边附近衰减系数同步辐射测量方法。通过不确定度分析给出衰减系数测量不确定度小于1%,填补了在该区间衰减系数的空白。     

Lixiscope及几种材料的X射线吸收特性研究

介绍Lixiscope及模拟系统,测量了钛片(Ti)、玻璃板、镍片(Ni)和铝片(Al)对峰值能量为40keV的X射线的吸收持性,指出平板式X射线像增强器输入窗口材料选择的原则。     

Tb3+掺杂硅酸盐闪烁玻璃对硬X射线的能量响应

采用高温熔融法制备了Tb3+掺杂硅酸盐闪烁玻璃,并测量了该闪烁玻璃对5～80 keV硬X射线的能量响应.结果表明:硅酸盐闪烁玻璃的光电流对不同光子能量X射线的响应是非线性的,尤其在8和50keV附近,其非线性变化较明显,这种现象与闪烁玻璃吸收X射线后产生大量光电子及其对电子的能量响应有关系.在73.38 keV处,硅酸...     

基于EDXRF技术茶叶中金属元素检测方法研究

能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)法作为化学元素分析的一种检测手段,被广泛应用于地质勘测、工矿石油、生化医疗及刑侦考古等各行各业,它是户外现场检测与分析的首选方法之一。利用EDXRF法检测茶叶中金属元素含量,对环境条件要求低,且无需对茶叶样品进行化学处理。实验检测发现,用该方法分析茶叶中金属元素时,有效X射线荧光光子能量段在3～16 keV之间,故校正光谱元素选择位于能量中心位置(8 keV)附近的铜元素,并用铜元素定标做标准曲线,在茶叶有效X射线荧光光子能量段中,通过样品加标方法分析铜、铁、锌、铅四种元素,求得平均检出限为1.25 mg·kg-1。在检测茶叶中金属元素的化学方法中,选用火焰原子吸收法测得茶叶中金属元素含量作为标准值,比较得出,EDXRF法测得数值实际相对误差小于6%,相对标准偏差小于5%,经过t检验,p＞0.05,说明EDXRF法与火焰原子吸收法在统计学上没有显著差异,两种方法所测结果吻合。结果表明,EDXRF法检测茶叶中金属含量的方法是可行的,结果满足现场检测分析需求。     

Performance analysis of quantitative phase retrieval method in Zernike phase contrast X-ray microscopy

Since the invention of Zernike phase contrast method in 1930,it has been widely used in optical microscopy and more recently in X-ray microscopy.Considering the image contrast is a mixture of absorption and phase information,we recently have proposed and demonstrated a method for quantitative phase retrieval in Zernike phase contrast X-ray microscopy.In this contribution,we analyze the performance of this method at different photon energies.Intensity images of PMMA samples are simulated at 2.5 keV and 6.2 keV,respectively,and phase retrieval is performed using the proposed method.The results demonstrate that the proposed phase retrieval method is applicable over a wide energy range.For weakly absorbing features,the optimal photon energy is 2.5 keV,from the point of view of image contrast and accuracy of phase retrieval.On the other hand,in the case of strong absorption objects,a higher photon energy is preferred to reduce the error of phase retrieval.These results can be used as guidelines to perform quantitative phase retrieval in Zernike phase contrast X-ray microscopy with the proposed method.     

ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线的时间及能量响应

 介绍了ZnO:Ga晶体对重复频率快脉冲硬X 射线的时间响应,利用X射线荧光分析仪测量了ZnO:Ga晶体对10～100 keV硬X射线的能量响应。结果表明:ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线响应的上升时间为316 ps,半高宽为440 ps;对40 keV以上的X射线的能量响应很平坦。该晶体可以作为一种新颖的硬X射线探测元件。     

18～88 keV Ross滤片谱仪的设计和应用

以带通平响应为优化目标,通过残余响应、带外残余响应相对误差以及残余响应平整度3个参数来优化滤片的厚度,设计了一套共有7个能量通道、连续覆盖18~88keV能谱范围的Ross滤片谱仪。该谱仪能量通道宽度在2~20keV之间。多数能量通道的带外残余响应相对误差低于10%,残余响应平整度优于20%。将该谱仪应用于微聚焦X光机上的高Z金属球壳高能X射线背光照相实验,结果表明:在不同的实验条件下,Ross滤片谱仪测得的能谱形状与理论模型给出的结果符合较好,测得的能谱不仅能够很好地解释背光照相图像,而且可用于根据图像反推客体的面密度。