高温高应变率下混凝土材料的损伤演化方程

采用?74 mm大口径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对不同温度(20、200、400℃)下的C45混凝土材料进行动态力学性能实验,得到了不同温度、不同应变率下混凝土材料的应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明:在20~400℃温度范围内,混凝土材料具有温度硬化和应变率硬化现象。基于上述实验数据给出了损伤变量关于塑性应变的关系式,并通过相关实验数据确定了不同温度、不同应变率下损伤演化方程的材料参数。将该损伤演化方程应用于混凝土材料的本构关系中,预测结果与实验数据具有较好的一致性,证明了所提出的高温、高应变率下混凝土材料损伤演化方程的合理性。     

应变率相关的橡胶本构模型研究

为研究橡胶在不同应变率下的响应特性,建立应变率相关的橡胶黏超弹性本构模型,分别采用超弹性本构模型和黏弹性本构模型表征其非线性弹性行为和应变率相关的弹性行为。首先,对于超弹性模型,基于最小二乘法,对比了Mooney-Rivlin模型、修正的Mooney-Rivlin模型、Yeoh模型、修正的Yeoh模型、Ogden模型和Arruda-Boyce模型等超弹性本构模型的拟合能力。结果表明,经修正的Mooney-Rivlin模型和Yeoh模型的拟合优度与Ogden模型和Arruda-Boyce模型接近。在此基础上,基于一种参数较少且拟合效果良好的修正Mooney-Rivlin模型和应变率相关的Maxwell模型,建立了橡胶黏超弹性本构模型,考察了该黏超弹性本构模型在单轴拉伸和单轴压缩情况下中高应变率时的拟合能力。结果表明,对于这两种受力情况下的应变率相关的实验数据,该黏超弹性本构模型的拟合优度均在0.95以上。研究结果为大应变率范围内单轴拉伸和单轴压缩下橡胶的本构模型选择提供了参考。     

考虑温度效应的泡沫铝准静态压缩本构模型

采用MTS材料试验机研究了不同密度(0.322~0.726g/cm~3)的闭孔泡沫铝在温度范围25~500℃下的准静态压缩力学性能,得到了泡沫铝在不同温度下的单轴压缩应力-应变曲线,分析了密度以及温度对其力学行为的影响。利用Liu和Subhash提出的本构模型对不同密度泡沫铝的应力-应变曲线进行拟合,分析并确定了模型中各参数随密度变化的函数,再代入Liu-Subhash模型,得到了泡沫铝的准静态压缩本构模型。通过引入温度软化项对准静态压缩本构模型进行修正,建立了考虑温度效应的泡沫铝准静态压缩本构模型,对闭孔泡沫铝的工程应用具有指导意义。     

高温高应变率下ZL101A铝合金的流变应力特征与本构模型

采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统和高温设备对ZL101A铝合金进行了常温和高温下的动态压缩实验,得到了应变率范围为2 900～6 100 s^-1、温度范围为20～600℃的动态压缩应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明：ZL101A铝合金具有应变率硬化效应,并且随着温度的升高,应变率硬化效应减弱;ZL101A铝合金在不同应变率下均存在明显的温度软化效应,且随着温度的升高,塑性变形引起的绝热温升使热软化作用增强。为了得到应变率和温度对材料流变应力的影响,将应变率效应和温度效应进行解耦,得到一种适用于ZL101A铝合金材料的动态本构模型。对比模型预测结果与实验数据发现,建立的本构模型可以很好地描述ZL101A铝合金的流变应力特征。     

橡胶材料的动态压缩性能及其应变率相关的本构模型

 利用Instron万能试验机与LC4超硬铝合金分离式Hopkinson压杆设备,对3种不同波阻抗的橡胶材料——炭黑母胶（Carbon Black Rubber）、硅橡胶（Silicone Rubber）和泡沫橡胶（Foam Rubber）在较大应变率范围（0.002~15 000s^-1）内进行了单轴压缩实验,研究应变率对橡胶材料力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：3种橡胶的准静态与动态应力-应变曲线具有不同的应变硬化形式,且动态加载下随着应变率的增大,硬化效应逐渐增强;在准静态及高应变率（12 000~15 000 s^-1）压缩下,泡沫橡胶表现出多孔类材料压缩曲线的弹性、塑性崩塌及致密化3段特征。基于Rivilin应变能模型,构建了一个应变率相关的动态本构模型,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,可以用于描述较大应变率范围内3种橡胶的非线性应力-应变关系。     

某PBX炸药的动态力学性能研究

 PBX炸药作为现代武器的主装药,它的力学行为决定着武器的生存能力。为了研究PBX炸药的动态力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）作为加载手段,结合半导体应变片测试技术和压电晶体监测技术,保证了实验数据的有效性。利用SHPB加载波整形技术,实现了材料两端应力平衡和常应变率加载,得到了不同应变率（90~410 s^-1）下材料的应力-应变曲线。根据材料的模量、破坏强度和破坏应变随应变率的变化规律,采用粘性修正的Sargin模型,得到了该PBX炸药在单轴压缩下的唯象本构模型,模拟结果与实验曲线符合较好。     

高温高应变率下纯锆的本构模型研究

 研究了常温至1 073 K、不同应变率下（4.1×10^－4 s^－1～2.8×10³ s^-1）锆的压缩力学性能。结果表明,锆的流动应力对温度和应变率的变化比较敏感,随应变率的提高而增大,随温度的升高而降低。基于位错动力学理论,建立了锆的本构模型,并考虑塑性变形过程中孪晶演化的影响,对模型进行了修正。修正后的本构模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,可描述很宽应变率和温度范围内锆的塑性变形行为。     

高温高应变率下G550冷弯钢的动态力学行为

为研究G550冷弯钢在高温和高应变率下的动态力学性能,采用高温同步控制霍普金森拉杆装置,开展了不同温度下的高应变率拉伸试验,并在高速液压拉伸试验机上进行了室温下的中应变率拉伸试验。通过获得的应力-应变曲线,得到了材料的本构模型,结合微观形貌分析,探究了温度和应变率对流变应力的影响。结果表明：G550冷弯钢具有明显的应变率强化和温度软化效应。在特定的高应变率范围内(1 000～1 500 s^-1),温度对流变应力的影响大于应变率。基于温度软化系数随温度变化的特征,提出了G550冷弯钢的修正Johnson-Cook本构模型。该模型可以较好地描述G550冷弯钢在高温和高应变率下的动态力学行为,从而为G550冷弯钢在高温、爆炸冲击相关的有限元仿真提供参考。     

冲击载荷下土的动态力学性能研究

 利用分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）技术,研究了土体在不同应变率条件下的冲击动态力学性能,发现土体有明显的应变率效应,与静载相比,冲击载荷下土的动强度和动模量均有很大的提高。根据实验曲线的特征,以一根线性弹簧和两个不同松弛时间的Maxwell体并联的粘弹性模型来表达土体的损伤型粘弹性本构模型,两个Maxwell体分别表示土体的低应变率响应和高应变率响应,模型的数值拟合曲线与实测动态本构曲线具有较好的一致性。拟合参数表明,土体对低应变率的响应与混凝土相同,对高应变率的敏感性远远高于混凝土。     

一种高聚物粘结炸药和B炸药的本构关系研究

 利用万能材料试验机对一种高聚物粘结炸药（简称PBX炸药）和压装B炸药进行了准静态压缩实验,得到了两种炸药在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。通过两种炸药在不同应变率下力学性能的研究,建立了两种炸药含应变率效应的本构方程。结果表明,建立的本构方程能较好地描述两种炸药在弹性阶段和强化阶段的力学性能。     

高温SHPB冲击实验技术及其应用

 为研究高温下材料的动态力学性能,研制了一套适用于分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）高温冲击实验的温控系统。利用该温控系统和Φ100 mm常规SHPB装置,对混凝土在高温下的动态力学性能进行了实验研究,实验温度分别为20、200、400、600、800和1 000 ℃。结果表明：由管式实时加热装置和箱式预加热炉组成的温控系统操作方便,实验效率高,试件组装方法简便可行;热传导导致的试件温度分布不均匀和压杆局部温升对实验结果产生的影响可以忽略,实验技术可靠;高温下混凝土动态力学性能的温度效应十分明显,相同冲击速率下,随温度升高,平均应变率逐渐增大,动态应力-应变曲线逐渐表现出塑性特性,动态抗压强度随温度升高先增大后减小,动态峰值应变随温度升高不断增大。     

钢纤维混凝土板在冲击与爆炸荷载下的K&C模型

钢纤维混凝土(Steel fiber reinforced concrete,SFRC)具有优异的延性、韧性及能量吸收能力,被广泛应用于各类防护结构。K&C模型已成为研究普通混凝土构件动力响应的常用材料模型,但仍无法准确表征SFRC的动力特性。为了提高K&C模型在冲击及爆炸荷载作用下预测SFRC板动力响应的能力,对K&C模型进行了改进:基于大量三轴压缩实验数据,建立了新的失效强度面参数模型;采用反复试验法,建立了新的损伤演化模型,并校准了拉、压损伤参数;基于大量高应变率下SFRC的单轴压缩实验数据,建立了新的受压动力增强因子模型。通过LS-DYNA显式有限元动力分析软件模拟了SFRC板的动力响应,模拟结果验证了上述改进的有效性与可靠性。     

冲击载荷下混凝土本构模型构建研究

 在对混凝土动态力学性能和现有本构模型综合分析的基础上，构建了一个新的适用于冲击响应问题数值分析的混凝土本构模型。该本构模型全面考虑了压力、应力第三不变量、变形的硬化和软化、应变率强化以及拉伸损伤等各个影响因素。将其加入LTZ-2D程序，确定了本构模型参数，对混凝土靶板的穿透问题进行了数值验证分析。计算得到的弹体剩余速度同实验结果基本一致，同时得到了混凝土靶板破裂的计算图像。计算结果及其分析表明，所构建的本构模型能够较好地反映冲击载荷作用下混凝土动态响应的主要特性。     

Modeling the strain rate-dependent constitutive behavior in nanotwinned polycrystalline metals

Experimental studies have demonstrated that both strain rate and temperature influence the mechanical behavior of nanostructured metals significantly. In this work, a theoretical model is developed to describe the strain-rate-dependent constitutive behavior of nanotwinned polycrystalline metals. The athermal flow stress and thermal-activated flow stress are both considered in modeling the plastic deformation of a nanotwinned metal. Numerical results are consistent with the experimental results, showing that the present model can well describe the strain rate-dependent deformation behavior of nanotwinned polycrystalline copper. Henceforth, the constitutive behaviors of nanotwinned copper at different strain rates and temperatures can be predicted, which will be useful for optimizing the dynamic mechanical properties at various temperatures for nanotwinned metals.     

Effect of temperature on the anisotropy of AZ31 magnesium alloy rolling sheet under high strain rate deformation

In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the anisotropic behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy rolling sheet under high strain rate deformation, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar was used to analyse the dynamic mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy rolling sheet in three directions, rolling direction(RD), transverse direction (TD) and normal direction (ND). The texture of the rolling sheet was characterised by X-ray analysis and the microstructure prior and after high strain rate deformation was observed by optical microscope (OM). The results demonstrated that AZ31magnesium alloy rolling sheet has strong initial {0?0?0?2} texture, which resulted at the obvious anisotropy in high strain rate deformation at 20 °C. The anisotropy reflected in stress–strain curve, yield stress, peak stress and microstructure. The anisotropy became much weaker when the deformation temperature increased up to 250 °C. Continuing to increase the deformation temperature to 350 °C the anisotropy of AZ31 rolling sheet essentially disappeared. The decreasing tendency of anisotropy with increasing temperature was due to the fact that when the deformation temperature increased, the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for pyramidal 〈c + a〉 slip, which was the predominant slip mechanism for ND, decreased close to that of twinning, which was the predominant deformation mechanism for RD and TD. The deformation mechanism at different directions and temperatures and the Schmid factor (SF) at different directions were discussed in the present paper.     

Application of the time-temperature superposition principle to the mechanical characterization of elastomeric adhesives for crash simulation purposes

In the automotive industry, finite element simulation is widely used to ensure crashworthiness. Mechanical material data over wide strain rate and temperature ranges are required as a basis. This work proposes a method reducing the cost of mechanical material characterization by using the time-temperature superposition principle on elastomeric adhesives. The method is based on the time and temperature interdependence which is characteristic for mechanical properties of polymers. Based on the assumption that polymers behave similarly at high strain rates and at low temperatures, a temperature-dominated test program is suggested, which can be used to deduce strain rate dependent material behavior at different reference temperatures. The temperature shift factor is found by means of dynamic mechanical analysis according to the WLF-equation, named after Williams, Landel and Ferry. The principle is applied to the viscoelastic properties as well as to the failure properties of the polymer. The applicability is validated with high strain rate tests.     

A probabilistic mechanical model for prediction of aggregates’ size distribution effect on concrete compressive strength

To predict aggregates’ size distribution effect on the concrete compressive strength, a probabilistic mechanical model is proposed. Within this model, a Voronoi tessellation of a set of non-overlapping and rigid spherical aggregates is used to describe the concrete microstructure. Moreover, aggregates’ diameters are defined as statistical variables and their size distribution function is identified to the experimental sieve curve. Then, an inter-aggregate failure criterion is proposed to describe the compressive-shear crushing of the hardened cement paste when concrete is subjected to uniaxial compression. Using a homogenization approach based on statistical homogenization and on geometrical simplifications, an analytical formula predicting the concrete compressive strength is obtained. This formula highlights the effects of cement paste strength and aggregates’ size distribution and volume fraction on the concrete compressive strength. According to the proposed model, increasing the concrete strength for the same cement paste and the same aggregates’ volume fraction is obtained by decreasing both aggregates’ maximum size and the percentage of coarse aggregates. Finally, the validity of the model has been discussed through a comparison with experimental results (15 concrete compressive strengths ranging between 46 and 106 MPa) taken from literature and showing a good agreement with the model predictions.     

Microstructure characterization of Al matrix composite reinforced with Ti-6Al-4V meshes after compression by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope

Compressive properties of Al matrix composite reinforced with Ti-6Al-4V meshes (TC4(m)/5A06 Al composite) under the strain rates of 10(-3)S(-1) and 1S(-1) at different temperature were measured and microstructure of composites after compression was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Compressive strength decreased with the test temperature increased and the strain-rate sensitivity (R) of composite increased with the increasing temperature. SEM observations showed that grains of Al matrix were elongated severely along 45° direction (angle between axis direction and fracture surface) and TC4 fibres were sheared into several parts in composite compressed under the strain rate of 10(-3)S(-1) at 25°C and 250°C. Besides, amounts of cracks were produced at the interfacial layer between TC4 fibre and Al matrix and in (Fe, Mn)Al(6) phases. With the compressive temperature increasing to 400°C, there was no damage at the interfacial layer between TC4 fibre and Al matrix and in (Fe, Mn)Al(6) phases, while equiaxed recrystal grains with sizes about 10 μm at the original grain boundaries of Al matrix were observed. However, interface separation of TC4 fibres and Al matrix occurred in composite compressed under the strain rate of 1S(-1) at 250°C and 400°C. With the compressive temperature increasing from 25°C to 100°C under the strain rate of 10(-3) S(-1), TEM microstructure in Al matrix exhibited high density dislocations and slipping bands (25°C), polygonized dislocations and dynamic recovery (100°C), equiaxed recrystals with sizes below 500 μm (250°C) and growth of equiaxed recrystals (400°C), respectively.     

The Simulation and Experiment of In 718 in Warm Laser Shock Processing Without Coating

Journal of Russian Laser Research - A modified constitutive model, combining laser shock processing and dynamic strain aging (DSA), is used to obtain the compressive residual stress field of In 718...