Quantum Privacy Amplification for a Sequence of Single Qubits

We present a scheme for quantum privacy amplification （QPA） for a sequence of single qubits. The QPA procedure uses a unitary operation with two controlled-not gates and a Hadamard gate. Every two qubits are performed with the unitary gate operation, and a measurement is made on one photon and the other one is retained. The retained qubit carries the state information of the discarded one. In this way, the information leakage is reduced. The procedure can be performed repeatedly so that the information leakage is reduced to any arbitrarily low level. With this QPA scheme, the quantum secure direct communication with single qubits can be implemented with arbitrarily high security. We also exploit this scheme to do privacy amplification on the single qubits in quantum information sharing for long-distance communication with quantum repeaters.     

Implementation of nonlocal quantum swap operation on two entangled pairs

We propose a scheme for the implementation of nonlocal quantum swap operation on two spatially separated entangled pairs and we show that the operation can swap two qubits of these entangled pairs.We discuss the resources of the entangled qubits and classical communication bits required for the optimal implementation of the nonlocal quantum swap operation.We also put forward a scheme for probabilistic implementation of nonlocal swap operation via a nonmaximally entangled quantum channel.The probability of a successful nonlocal swap operation is obtained by introducing a collective unitary transformation.     

Unconventional Geometric Phase-Shift Gates Based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices Coupled to a Single-Mode Cavity

We present a scheme to realize geometric phase-shift gate for two superconducting quantum interference device （SQUID） qubits coupled to a single-mode microwave field. The geometric phase-shift gate operation is performed in two lower flux states, and the excited state [2〉 would not participate in the procedure. The SQUIDs undergo no transitions during the gate operation. Thus, the docoherence due to energy spontaneous emission based on the levels of SQUIDs are suppressed. The gate is insensitive to the cavity decay throughout the operation since the cavity mode is displaced along a circle in the phase space, acquiring a phase conditional upon the two lower flux states of the SQUID qubits, and the cavity mode is still in the original vacuum state. Based on the SQUID qubits interacting with the cavity mode, our proposed approach may open promising prospects for quantum iogic in SQUID-system.     

Unconventional Geometric Phase-Shift Gates Based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices Coupled to a Single-Mode Cavity

We present a scheme to realize geometric phase-shift gate for two superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) qubits coupled to a single-mode microwave field. The geometric phase-shift gate operation is performed transitions during the gate operation. Thus, the docoherence due to energy spontaneous emission based on the levels of SQUIDs are suppressed. The gate is insensitive to the cavity decay throughout the operation since the cavity mode is displaced along a circle in the phase space, acquiring a phase conditional upon the two lower flux states of the SQUID qubits, and the cavity mode is still in the original vacuum state. Based on the SQUID qubits interacting with the cavity mode, our proposed approach may open promising prospects for quantum logic in SQUID-system.     

噪声情况下的量子网络直接通信

提出和研究了噪声情况下的量子网络直接通信. 通信过程中所有量子节点共享多粒子Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)量子纠缠态; 发送节点将手中共享的GHZ态的粒子作为控制比特、传输秘密信息的粒子作为目标比特, 应用控制非门(CNOT)操作; 每个接收节点将手中共享GHZ 态的粒子作为控制比特、接收到的秘密信息粒子作为目标比特, 再次应用CNOT门操作从而获得含误码的秘密信息. 每个接收节点从秘密信息中提取部分作为检测比特串, 并将剩余的秘密信息应用奇偶校验矩阵纠正其中存在的比特翻转错误, 所有接收节点获得纠正后的秘密信息. 对协议安全、吞吐效率、通信效率等进行了分析和讨论.     

Quantum Computation with Nonlinear Optics

We propose a scheme of quantum computation with nonlinear quantum optics. Polarization states of photons are used for qubits. Photons with different frequencies represent different qubits. Single qubit rotation operation is implemented through optical elements like the Faraday polarization rotator. Photons are separated into different optical paths, or merged into a single optical path using dichromatic mirrors. The controlled-NOT gate between two qubits is implemented by the proper combination of parametric up and down conversions. This scheme has the following features： （1） No auxiliary qubits are required in the controlled-NOT gate operation; （2） No measurement is required in the course of the computation; （3） It is resource efficient and conceptually simple.     

Low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme based on quantum stabilizer codes

Fault-tolerant error-correction (FTEC) circuit is the foundation for achieving reliable quantum computation and remote communication. However, designing a fault-tolerant error correction scheme with a solid error-correction ability and low overhead remains a significant challenge. In this paper, a low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme is proposed for quantum communication systems. Firstly, syndrome ancillas are prepared into Bell states to detect errors caused by channel noise. We propose a detection approach that reduces the propagation path of quantum gate fault and reduces the circuit depth by splitting the stabilizer generator into X-type and Z-type. Additionally, a syndrome extraction circuit is equipped with two flag qubits to detect quantum gate faults, which may also introduce errors into the code block during the error detection process. Finally, analytical results are provided to demonstrate the fault-tolerant performance of the proposed FTEC scheme with the lower overhead of the ancillary qubits and circuit depth.     

Scheme for Remote Implementation of Partially Unknown Quantum Operation of Two Qubits in Cavity QED

By constructing the recovery operations of the protocol of remote implementation of partially unknown quantum operation of two qubits [An-Min Wang: Phys. Rev. A 74 (2006) 032317] with two-qubit Cnot gate and single qubit logic gates, we present a scheme to implement it in cavity QED. Long-lived Rydberg atoms are used as qubits, and the interaction between the atoms and the field of cavity is a nonresonant one. Finally, we analyze the experimental feasibility of this scheme.     

Three-Party Quantum State Sharing of an Arbitrary Unknown Two-Qubit State Based on Entanglement Swapping and Bell-State Measurements

We propose a scheme for sharing an arbitrary unknown two-qubit state among three parties by using a four-qubit cluster-class state and a Bell state as a quantum channel. With a quantum controlled phase gate (QCPG) operation and a local unitaryoperation, any one of the two agents has the access to reconstruct the original state if he/she collaborates with the other one, whilst individual agent obtains no information. As all quantum resource can be used to carry the useful information, the intrinsic efficiency of qubits approaches the maximal value. Moreover, the present scheme is more feasible with present-day technique.     

An Efficient Scheme for Multiparty Multi-particle State Sharing

We present an efficient scheme for sharing an arbitrary m-qubitstate with n agents. In our scheme, the sender Alice first shares mBell states with the agent Bob, who is designated to recover the originalm-qubit state. Furthermore, Alice introduces n-1 auxiliary particlesin the initial state |0>, applies Hadamard (H) gate and Controlled-Not (CNOT) gate operations on the particles, which make them entangled with one of m particle pairs in Bell states, and then sends them to the controllers (i.e., other n-1 agents), where each controller only holds one particle in hand. After Alice performing m Bell-basis measurements and each controller a single-particle measurement, the recover Bob can obtain the original unknown quantum state by applying the corresponding local unitary operations on his particles.Its intrinsic efficiency for qubits approaches 100%, and the total efficiency really approaches the maximal value.     

Universal Distributed Quantum Computing on Superconducting Qutrits with Dark Photons

A one‐step scheme is presented to construct the controlled‐phase gate deterministically on remote transmon qutrits coupled to different resonators connected by a superconducting transmission line for an universal distributed quantum computing. Different from previous work on remote superconducting qubits, the present gate is implemented with coherent evolutions of the entire system in the all‐resonance regime assisted by the dark photons to robust against the transmission line loss, which allows the possibility of the complex designation of a long‐length transmission line to link lots of circuit QEDs. The length of the transmission line can reach the scale of several meters, which makes this scheme suitable for large‐scale distributed quantum computing. This gate is a fast quantum entangling operation with a high fidelity of about 99%. Compared with previous work in other quantum systems for a distributed quantum computing, under the all‐resonance regime, the present proposal does not require classical pulses and ancillary qubits, which relaxes the difficulty of its implementation largely.     

Heralded linear optical quantum Fredkin gate based on one auxiliary qubit and one single photon detector

Linear optical quantum Fredkin gate can be applied to quantum computing and quantum multi-user communication networks. In the existing linear optical scheme, two single photon detectors （SPDs） are used to herald the success of the quantum Fredkin gate while they have no photon count. But analysis results show that for non-perfect SPD, the lower the detector efficiency, the higher the heralded success rate by this scheme is. We propose an improved linear optical quantum Fredkin gate by designing a new heralding scheme with an auxiliary qubit and only one SPD, in which the higher the detection efficiency of the heralding detector, the higher the success rate of the gate is. The new heralding scheme can also work efficiently under a non-ideal single photon source. Based on this quantum Fredkin gate, large-scale quantum switching networks can be built. As an example, a quantum Bene~ network is shown in which only one SPD is used.     

Distributed quantum computation with superconducting qubit via LC circuit using dressed states

A scheme is proposed where two superconducting qubits driven by a classical field interacting separately with two distant LC circuits connected by another LC circuit through mutual inductance,are used for implementing quantum gates.By using dressed states,quantum state transfer and quantum entangling gate can be implemented.With the help of the time-dependent electromagnetic field,any two dressed qubits can be selectively coupled to the data bus (the last LC circuit),then quantum state can be transferred from one dressed qubit to another and multi-mode entangled state can also be formed.As a result,the promising perspectives for quantum information processing of mesoscopic superconducting qubits are obtained and the distributed and scalable quantum computation can be implemented in this scheme.     

量子比特的普适远程翻转和克隆

提出一种把量子隐形传态、最佳普适量子比特翻转和最佳普适量子克隆三者结合起来的量子比特普适远程翻转和克隆方案.当发送者和处于不同地点的三个接收者共享一个特定的四粒子纠缠态作为量子信道时,通过发送者的Bell基测量、经典通信和各个接收者的局域幺正变换,一个接收者能够以2/3的最佳保真度得到一份原未知量子比特的正交补态,另外两个接收者能够分别以5/6的最佳保真度得到原未知量子比特的一份拷贝.此方案用较少的量子纠缠资源同时完成了未知量子比特的普适远程翻转和克隆,且其保真度分别达到了最佳.实现此方案的关键在于构造出发送者和接收者共享的特定四粒子纠缠态作为量子信道,分析了此特殊四粒子态内在的纠缠结构.     

Sequential implementation of global quantum operations

We study the possibility for a global unitary applied on an arbitrary number of qubits to be decomposed in a sequential unitary procedure, where an ancillary system is allowed to interact only once with each qubit. We prove that sequential unitary decompositions are in general impossible for genuine entangling operations, even with an infinite-dimensional ancilla, being the controlled-NOT gate a paradigmatic example. Nevertheless, we find particular nontrivial operations in quantum information that can be performed in a sequential unitary manner, as is the case of quantum error correction and quantum cloning.     

A Spatial Domain Quantum Watermarking Scheme

This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme, a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.     

Construction and application of multi-partner communication network

In this paper, we present a multi-partner communication network protocol. The supervisor prepares numerous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen （EPR） pairs and auxiliary qubits. He then performs a controlled-NOT（CNOT） gate operation on one qubit of each EPR pair and an auxiliary, which induces the entanglement between the EPR pair and the auxiliary. The supervisor keeps one qubit sequence in his laboratory and sends the others to the outside world. After security approval, the network can be constructed successfully, which can be applied to quantum secret sharing and quantum secure direct communication.     

Rydberg quantum controlled-phase gate with one control and multiple target qubits

We propose a scheme to construct the multiple-qubit Rydberg quantum controlled-phase gate with one control and multiple target qubits. The proposed quantum logic gate works under the asymmetric-Rydberg-interaction-induced dipole blockade and can be implemented with three operation steps. The most prominent characteristic of the scheme is that the required operation time and steps keep invariant as the number of qubits increases. The Rydberg state leakage and some practical situations are considered. The Lindblad master equation is used to evaluate and verify the feasibility of the scheme.     

Universal and deterministic manipulation of the quantum state of harmonic oscillators: a route to unitary gates for Fock state qubits

We present a simple quantum circuit that allows for the universal and deterministic manipulation of the quantum state of confined harmonic oscillators. The scheme is based on the selective interactions of the referred oscillator with an auxiliary three-level system and a classical external driving source, and enables any unitary operations on Fock states, two by two. One circuit is equivalent to a single qubit unitary logical gate on Fock states qubits. Sequences of similar protocols allow for complete, deterministic, and state-independent manipulation of the harmonic oscillator quantum state.     

Quantum Lattice-Gas Model for the Burgers Equation

A quantum algorithm is presented for modeling the time evolution of a continuous field governed by the nonlinear Burgers equation in one spatial dimension. It is a microscopic-scale algorithm for a type-II quantum computer, a large lattice of small quantum computers interconnected in nearest neighbor fashion by classical communication channels. A formula for quantum state preparation is presented. The unitary evolution is governed by a conservative quantum gate applied to each node of the lattice independently. Following each quantum gate operation, ensemble measurements over independent microscopic realizations are made resulting in a finite-difference Boltzmann equation at the mesoscopic scale. The measured values are then used to re-prepare the quantum state and one time step is completed. The procedure of state preparation, quantum gate application, and ensemble measurement is continued ad infinitum. The Burgers equation is derived as an effective field theory governing the behavior of the quantum computer at its macroscopic scale where both the lattice cell size and the time step interval become infinitesimal. A numerical simulation of shock formation is carried out and agrees with the exact analytical solution.