Suppressed speckle contrast of blue light emission out of white lamp with phosphors excited by blue laser diodes for high-brightness lighting applications

The speckle contrast of blue light emission out of high-brightness white lamps using phosphors excited by InGaN/GaN blue laser diodes is evaluated as a measure of coherence. As a result, speckle contrast of as low as 1.7%, the same level as a blue light emitting diode, is obtained. This implies that the original blue laser light can be converted into incoherent light through lamp structures without any dynamic mechanisms. This unique speckle-free performance is considered to be realized by multiple scattering inside the lamp structure, the multi-longitudinal mode operation of the blue laser diodes, and the use of multiple laser diodes. Such almost-incoherent white lamps can be applied for general lighting without any nuisance of speckle noise and should be categorized as lamps rather than lasers in terms of laser safety regulation.     

利用TeO2减少多模光纤出射场散斑干扰的研究

 为了减少多模光纤出射光场的散斑干扰,提出了把声光布拉格衍射效应所形成的不同衍射级耦合到多模光纤中,由于衍射级具有不同的偏振态,消弱了光场相干条件,进而在出射光场中消弱了散斑场的对比度,并通过对改变声场频率后得到的散斑场对比度的分析,证实了利用各向异性晶体TeO2能够控制散斑场对比度,改善出射场的高斯分布,得出了可以利用布拉格衍射效应减少散斑场干扰的可能性。     

Increment of lateral resolution in digital holography by speckle noise removal

Experimental features such as wavelength, camera specifications and reconstruction distance determine the theoretical limit for lateral resolution in digital holography. However, the actual experimental resolution limit is about 50% below such theoretical limit due to the high-contrast speckle noise presented in the reconstructed holograms. Recently, a technique has been introduced to reduce the contrast of speckle noise that is based on the superposition of uncorrelated hologram reconstructions of the same static object [5] (Garcia-Sucerquia et al., 2006). By this approach of reducing the contrast of the speckle noise, it is experimentally shown that an improvement of the order of 50% can be reached when 100 reconstructed images are superimposed.     

Emission Spectrum of a Qubit under Its Deep Strong Driving in the High-Frequency Dispersive Regime

We study the emission spectrum of a qubit under deep strong driving in the high-frequency dispersive regime when the driving frequency and strength exceed significantly the qubit transition frequency. Closed-form expressions for the steady-state first-order field correlation function and the multiphoton emission spectrum are obtained. The spectrum comprises a series of narrow delta-like lines that stem from coherent processes and Lorentzian peaks that result from the incoherent scattering of photons. The oscillating dependence of the widths of the emission lines on the driving strength is predicted. We show how the features of this dependence are governed by the qubit dephasing and relaxation rates.     

Spatial coherence of random laser emission

We experimentally studied the spatial coherence of random laser emission from dye solutions containing nanoparticles. The spatial coherence, measured in a double slit experiment, varied significantly with the density of scatterers and the size and shape of the excitation volume. A qualitative explanation is provided, illustrating the dramatic difference from the spatial coherence of a conventional laser. This work demonstrates that random lasers can be controlled to provide intense, spatially incoherent emission for applications in which spatial cross talk or speckle limit performance.     

四光束剪切相干成像目标重构算法研究

针对传统剪切光束成像技术的准实时性问题,提出用口字形排布的四束光代替传统L形三束剪切光照射目标,研究了四光束剪切相干成像目标重构算法.只需单次测量就能同时重构出四幅目标图像,减少了用于降低散斑噪声、获取高质量图像所需的测量次数,同时大大减少了多组发射时的光束切换次数,提高了成像效率.在算法实现中,通过最小二乘法恢复出四组波前相位,利用散斑幅值的简单代数运算恢复波前幅值,从而重构出目标图像.仿真结果表明,与传统方法相比,在图像质量相同的前提下,本文方法所需的数据采集时间减少了至少1/2,不但提高了目标重构效率,还可为远程运动目标的成像识别提供更好的手段.     

Spontaneous coherent phase transition of polaritons in CdTe microcavities

We report on evidence for polariton condensation out of a reservoir of incoherent polaritons. Polariton population and first-order coherence are investigated by spectroscopic imaging of the far-field emission of a CdTe-based microcavity under nonresonant pumping. With increasing pumping power, stimulated emission with thresholdlike behavior and spectral narrowing is observed in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime. We show that it comes from a narrow ring in k space, exhibiting enhanced spatial and angular coherence at the stimulation onset.     

Study on the reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital hologram

As one of the most important 3-D display technique, reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography should be grounded on the digital hologram itself. Based on the whole process of the recording and reconstruction of digital holography, the optical distributions of recorded object and reconstructed image of digital holography have been studied. It has been proposed that the root formation cause of speckle noise in its reconstructed image is the speckle noise formed on the recorded object surface when illuminated by coherent light because of its optical roughness. A novel approach has been presented to reduce speckle noise in digital holography by changing the interference structure of hologram itself. First, by reducing the speckle noise in the reconstructed image, the distribution of ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise is acquired. Then in turn, taking the ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise as ideal object light, a new hologram can be rebuilt, which can reconstruct the ideal object light. The experimental results are given to confirm the proposed method. Therefore, it offers a brand-new thought and practical way to reduce the speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography.     

Fast polariton relaxation in strongly coupled organic microcavities

We consider the regime of strong light-matter coupling in an organic microcavity, where large Rabi splitting can be achieved. As has been shown, the excitation spectrum of such a structure, besides coherent polaritonic states, contains a number of strongly spatially localized incoherent excited states. These states form the majority of the excited states of the microcavity and are supposed to play the decisive role in the relaxation dynamics of the excitations in the microcavity. We consider the non-radiative transition from an incoherent excited state into one of the coherent states of the lower polaritonic branch accompanied by emission of a high-energy intramolecular phonon. It is shown that this process may determine the lifetime of incoherent excited states in the microcavity. This observation may be important in the discussion of pump–probe experiments with short pulses. This process may also play an important role for the population of the lowest energy states in organic microcavities, and hence in the problem of condensation of cavity polaritons.     

Comparative analysis of the resolving power of optoelectronic imaging systems upon incoherent and coherent illumination of objects

Results of calculations of the resolving power (according to Foucault) of optoelectronic imaging systems with incoherent and coherent illumination under the conditions of atmospheric phase distortions are presented. It is suggested that incoherent optical images are formed in the case of incoherent illumination and speckle images are formed in the case of coherent illumination. The shape of objects observed is estimated from these images. The resolving powers are shown to be practically the same in the formation of incoherent optical images and speckle images in the case of strong phase distortions and smoothing of images by a matrix photodetector. At the same time, the limiting resolving power in the formation of incoherent optical images is twice as large as in the formation of speckle images.     

电磁驱动大尺寸MEMS扫描镜的研究

基于微机电系统工艺,设计并制作了一种电磁驱动大尺寸的二维扫描振镜.分析了两种不同的电磁驱动方式产生的力的大小,选择驱动力较大的双极子方式作为驱动.运用有限元法模拟了器件的谐振频率静态及动态响应,仿真结果与实际测得的结果一致.描述了振镜的工艺流程及封装方式,并制备了振镜.实验测得振镜在120mA静态电流驱动下,慢轴和快轴分别能达到的最大转角为±4.5°及±5°,慢轴及快轴的谐振频率分别为348Hz及660Hz,并得到在此谐振频率下的李萨如图形.将器件用于激光成像系统之中,使得散斑对比度下降到4.2%,激光成像质量得到很大提升.     

Novel quantitative non-destructive testing method for composite structures

A novel QNDT (quantitative non-destructive testing) method is developed that is combined with a phase-shifting shearing speckle and thermograph, and, it aims at the detection of faults such as cracks, voids, delamination and weak areas. The technique is immune to ambient noise and is suitable for measuring the in situ environment. Some different depth defects that would produce deformation differing from other positions could be found with shearing speckle when the sample is loaded, however, a thermograph based on the thermal resistance effect of a defect can detect only those varisized defects embedded deeply in the composite structure by measuring the surface temperature distribution. The resolution is examined for artificial delaminated defects in carbon-fiber composite structures using a phase-shifting shearing speckle and thermograph. The experimental results have demonstrated that the technique is effective for revealing defects in composite structures.     

Speckle reduction of synthetic aperture imaging ladar based on wavelength characteristics

We propose a speckle-reduction method based on wavelength characteristics of speckle effect in synthetic aperture imaging ladar （SAIL）. The return signal, which is the back scattering field with speckle effect from the rough surface of target, can be integrated over N chirp periods and heterodyne detected with a local-oscillator signal. After performing image processing respectively, the final image can be regarded as the incoherent superposition of the N sub-images. Numerical simulations indicate the effectiveness of this method. Our research may facilitate practical applications of SAIL.     

Denoising in digital speckle pattern interferometry using wave atoms

We present an effective method for speckle noise removal in digital speckle pattern interferometry, which is based on a wave-atom thresholding technique. Wave atoms are a variant of 2D wavelet packets with a parabolic scaling relation and improve the sparse representation of fringe patterns when compared with traditional expansions. The performance of the denoising method is analyzed by using computer-simulated fringes, and the results are compared with those produced by wavelet and curvelet thresholding techniques. An application of the proposed method to reduce speckle noise in experimental data is also presented.     

彩色漫射物体的压缩全息层析成像

漫射物体的压缩全息利用其非相干散射密度函数在统计意义上满足稀疏先验这一假设,可以从多幅散斑图案实现漫射物体的层析重建,避免了散斑和不同平面的散焦图像之间的串扰。将单波长照明条件拓展到红、绿、蓝三色波长,提出一种新的适用于彩色漫射物体的压缩全息层析成像方法,搭建多波长照明条件下漫射物体的层析成像模型,并通过解压缩推理方法有效地分离不同平面的三维非相干密度函数。数值模拟实验表明,所提方法可以在多幅二维彩色散斑图案中成功进行彩色层析漫射物体的压缩重建,有效地抑制了散斑效应以及不同平面的散焦图像之间的相互串扰。     

Roughness measurement of metallic surfaces based on the laser speckle contrast method

A method of measuring surface roughness of flat lapped, ground and polished metallic surfaces, by the far-field speckle contrast method is presented in this paper. The laser speckle contrast technique depends on the existence of an approximately linear relationship between the speckle contrast and the roughness of the illuminated surface. Initially it was shown that the linear relationship existed up to 0.1 μm Ra (centre-line average) roughness using Helium–Neon light, after which a saturation effect was observed. The effect of varying the incident angle of illumination was investigated with a view to extending the measurement range. The use of high incident angles of illumination has been found to increase the surface roughness range up to 0.4 μm measurement Ra.     

Instabilities and quantum initiation in the free-electron laser

We describe the quantum initiation of the free-electron laser, starting from the N-electron position and momentum quantum fluctuations, both in the small-gain and in the high-gain regime. The Glauber distribution P(α) for the field is derived, obtaining the displaced gaussian which represents the superposition of a coherent field (stimulated emission) and an incoherent one (spontaneous emission). In the experimental gain regime the build-up time of radiation is estimated, showing its proportionality to ln √N.     

Speckle analysis in laser scanning display system

The theory of speckle formation in laser scanning display system is established based on the averaging effect of eye response as laser beam scanning through an eye resolution spot. It is analyzed that speckle reduction can be obtained by averaging states of speckle during scanning. The theoretical results show that a smaller correlation length of screen surface and the narrowing of laser beam in scanning direction can reduce speckle contrast for this system.     

Long-term fluctuations in globally coupled phase oscillators with general coupling: finite size effects

We investigate the diffusion coefficient of the time integral of the Kuramoto order parameter in globally coupled nonidentical phase oscillators. This coefficient represents the deviation of the time integral of the order parameter from its mean value on the sample average. In other words, this coefficient characterizes long-term fluctuations of the order parameter. For a system of N coupled oscillators, we introduce a statistical quantity D, which denotes the product of N and the diffusion coefficient. We study the scaling law of D with respect to the system size N. In other well-known models such as the Ising model, the scaling property of D is D～O(1) for both coherent and incoherent regimes except for the transition point. In contrast, in the globally coupled phase oscillators, the scaling law of D is different for the coherent and incoherent regimes: D～O(1/N(a)) with a certain constant a>0 in the coherent regime and D～O(1) in the incoherent regime. We demonstrate that these scaling laws hold for several representative coupling schemes.     

激光光斑形状和尺寸对扫描显示中散斑对比度的影响

计算了圆形、矩形激光光斑对于激光扫描显示系统中散斑对比度的影响.对于圆形光斑,当光斑尺寸大于散射表面相关长度时,得到的散斑对比度随着光斑尺寸变小而下降;当光斑尺寸接近表面相关长度大小时,由于光斑中包含的散射颗粒变少,得到的是非高斯散斑,散斑的对比度反而会变大;随着激光斑进一步变小,由于镜面反射效果散斑的对比度会很快下降.对圆形光斑部分结果给出了实验验证.为了保证光斑中有足够的散射颗粒,只在一个方向压窄光斑,分别计算了平行于扫描方向和垂直于扫描方向压窄光斑得到的散斑对比度.平行于扫描方向压窄光斑,散斑的时间相关性会下降,平均效果变明显,散斑的对比度变小;垂直于扫描方向压窄,散斑对比度变化不大.