基于商业信用和回购契约的供应链最优化策略研究

本文考虑由单一供应商和零售商组成的供应链系统,当供应商为零售商提供回购契约,同时零售商又为下游顾客提供商业信用契约时,供应商如何设计回购契约来有效协调整个供应链,以及零售商又如何借助回购和商业信用契约来做出自身最优订货策略问题,并建立了相应的决策模型。通过模型分析,给出了供应商和零售商在四种情形下的最优契约设计参数,以及零售商的最优订货决策。研究发现,当满足一定的参数范围时,供应链中两主体同时采用协调契约能够更加有效地增加整个供应链中的订货量和利润,为各主体创造更多新的价值。最后,本文结合数值例子,分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略和各主体利润的影响。     

基于风险厌恶零售商的双渠道闭环供应链运作策略

在对称信息框架下,针对零售商存在风险厌恶特性的双渠道闭环供应链,基于Stackelberg博弈理论探讨了不同的回收再制造模式下(制造商不回收再制造、制造商独立回收再制造、制造商依托零售商回收再制造)供应链各主体的运作决策。研究发现,在不同回收再制造模式下,制造商与风险厌恶的零售商合作能够获得更多收益。市场波动的增大对供应链各主体并非始终是有害的,随着市场波动的增大,带有风险厌恶的零售商收益不断减小,而风险中性的双渠道制造商收益逐步增大,零售商风险厌恶特性为制造商带来了更多的收益。制造商独立回收再制造以及通过零售商进行回收再制造时,双渠道产品定价均低于不进行任何回收再制造模式下的定价,双渠道需求和利润均高于不进行任何回收再制造模式下的渠道需求和利润,即回收再制造模式不仅为下游顾客带来了更多的消费实惠,同时也为供应链各主体带来了更多的收益。     

低碳双渠道供应链的需求信息共享策略研究

在需求不确定环境下,研究考虑消费者低碳意识的双渠道供应链的需求信息共享策略。论文考虑由单个零售商和单个进行碳减排的制造商构成的两级双渠道供应链,构建三种情形的模型:信息不共享、信息共享和只有零售商作预测。通过三种情形下供应链中成员最优决策和利润的比较,得到需求信息共享策略对供应链的影响;并进一步研究消费者低碳意识等参数对供应链运营的影响。研究发现,需求信息共享未必使得供应链成员利润均提高,当制造商预测准确度优于零售商时,零售商会选择信息共享,制造商选择信息不共享情形;当零售商比制造商预测准确时,零售商会选择信息不共享的情形,而制造商会选择仅有零售商预测,此时制造商应采取一定的激励措施以获得零售商的预测信息;消费者低碳意识对批发价、零售价、单位产品减排量、供应链成员利润均产生正向影响。     

低碳双渠道供应链的需求信息共享策略研究

在需求不确定环境下,研究考虑消费者低碳意识的双渠道供应链的需求信息共享策略。论文考虑由单个零售商和单个进行碳减排的制造商构成的两级双渠道供应链,构建三种情形的模型:信息不共享、信息共享和只有零售商作预测。通过三种情形下供应链中成员最优决策和利润的比较,得到需求信息共享策略对供应链的影响;并进一步研究消费者低碳意识等参数对供应链运营的影响。研究发现,需求信息共享未必使得供应链成员利润均提高,当制造商预测准确度优于零售商时,零售商会选择信息共享,制造商选择信息不共享情形;当零售商比制造商预测准确时,零售商会选择信息不共享的情形,而制造商会选择仅有零售商预测,此时制造商应采取一定的激励措施以获得零售商的预测信息;消费者低碳意识对批发价、零售价、单位产品减排量、供应链成员利润均产生正向影响。     

展厅效应下双渠道制造商服务成本分摊与收益共享契约选择策略

基于对称信息框架,针对一个传统零售商和一个双渠道制造商组成的供应链系统,构建零售商实体店售前服务存在展厅效应下,制造商服务成本分摊与网络渠道收益共享契约选择策略模型.研究发现,制造商通过对上述两种不同契约的有效设计都能刺激零售商的服务动机,提高其服务水平,并进一步增加供应链各主体渠道需求和收益.对比两种不同的契约模式,发现供应链存在展厅效应时,服务成本分摊契约模式下零售商和双渠道制造商能够获得更高的收益,此时各主体更偏爱选择服务成本分摊契约模式.     

考虑服务负溢出效应的双渠道供应链定价策略研究

在由单一制造商和单一零售商构成的双渠道供应链系统中,考虑网络渠道提供服务所产生的负溢出效应,分别从集中决策和分散决策研究其对供应链定价及服务策略的影响,并提出协调契约改善供应链绩效.研究得出:负溢出效应将激励制造商对于服务水平的提高,但也会降低整体供应链的利润水平;而采用两部定价契约能够改善供应链绩效使整体利润达到最优,实现制造商和零售商的帕累托改进.     

基于资金约束零售商的双层混合渠道供应链运作策略

针对一个双渠道制造商和一个存在资金约束的双渠道零售商组成的双层混合渠道供应链,研究了延期支付与金融机构借贷两种不同融资模式下,供应链博弈均衡策略和收益.指出在两种不同的融资模式下,供应链中三个渠道产品定价均高于零售商无资金约束时三个渠道产品定价,即零售商由于资金约束而导致的融资成本最终转嫁给了下游消费者,由消费者买单.进一步,研究指出供应链渠道间价格替代性的增强对零售商和供应链总收益始终产生消极的影响,但对制造商收益并非始终是有害的,一定条件下会促进制造商收益的增加.对比不同融资模式下各主体利润,指出当制造商延期支付时间长度敏感系数相对较小时,零售商会倾向选择延期支付合同模式;否则零售商倾向选择外部金融机构借贷融资模式.     

收益共享契约下闭环双渠道供应链应急协调

双渠道供应链中存在一个制造商和一个零售商,零售商拥有传统渠道,制造商拥有电子渠道,回收可以再制造的产品,当供应链系统稳定时给出了最优价格、渠道销售数量和回收率.当供应链面临着需求扰动,制造商在一定范围内不用调整生产计划,回收率和需求突变程度负相关,平稳状态时的契约将无法协调供应链,改进收益共享契约能够协调需求扰动下的闭环双渠道供应链.     

零售商公平关切下双渠道闭环供应链的协调

在双渠道闭环供应链中考虑零售商具有公平关切行为倾向,针对集中、分散两种决策情形分别建立双渠道闭环供应链定价模型,研究和对比了两种不同决策情形对直销价格、零售价格、回收价格及供应链系统利润的影响.研究表明,分散决策情形的系统利润要低于集中决策情形的系统利润;制造商提供一个由批发价格、直销价格和回收转移价格组成的协调契约可以协调双渠道闭环供应链,但该契约只对零售商有利,对制造商不利,为此,通过增加一个利润共享补充协议或两部定价补充协议可以有效协调双渠道闭环供应链,实现制造商和零售商的双赢;而零售商公平关切行为的存在将增强零售商参与协调时的议价能力,进一步影响零售商利润分享比例或零售商支付给制造商固定费用的变化范围.     

公平偏好下双渠道供应链最优定价策略与协调

在市场需求是一种依赖于销售价格的线性结构下,建立由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级双渠道供应链模型.在改进收入共享契约下,分别针对零售商不利不公平厌恶和有利不公平厌恶两种情形,探讨公平偏好对双渠道供应链最优定价策略及契约协调性的影响.研究表明,最优零售价格随零售商不利不公平厌恶偏好增大而减小,随其有利不公平厌恶偏好增大而增大;最优直销价格不受零售商公平偏好影响,制造商始终完全占有直销渠道的销售收入;最优批发价格大小与零售商收入共享比例和公平偏好程度有关;改进收入共享契约仅在零售商不利不公平厌恶偏好下能够实现双渠道供应链协调.     

Optimizing product service system by franchise fee contracts under information asymmetry

This paper studies the problem of how to effectively provide product service system (PSS) in a service-oriented manufacturing supply chain under asymmetric private demand information. The PSS in the supply chain is operated heterogeneously and complementarily, in which the manufacturer provides the product while the retailer who possesses private demand information is responsible for adding the necessary value-added service on the basic product. We address the issue of how different contracts affect the decisions and profitability of the supply chain members. Three types of contracts are developed to help supply chain partners to make decisions and enhance the supply chain’s efficiency. The first is the franchise fee (FF) contract, under which the manufacturer provides a two-part tariff contract (wholesale price and franchise fee) to influence the retailer’s decision and to detect her private demand information. The second is the franchise fee with service requirement (FFS) contract, under which the manufacturer specifies the service level required in addition to the two-part tariff contract terms. The third is the franchise fee with centralized service requirement (FFCS) contract, which is similar to the FFS contract but that the service level specified by the manufacturer is the system optimal solution. Our analytical results show that all three contracts enable the manufacturer to detect the retailer’s private demand information, with the FFCS contract achieving the greatest channel profit. Finally, numerical examples are presented, and sensitivity analysis of service level and profit are conducted to compare the performance of the three contracts under different settings. The paper provides managerial guidelines for the manufacturer in contract offering under different conditions.     

Coordinating a supply chain with green innovation in a dynamic setting

This paper addresses the channel coordination problem in a green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, in which the manufacturer controls green innovation and wholes price, while the retailer controls sales price. Pricing and green innovation strategies in integrated and decentralized channels are computed and compared, and a two-part tariff contract is designed to coordinate the decentralized supply chain. A Nash bargaining model is further developed to distribute the extra-profit between channel members. A numerical example is conducted to explore the impacts of green effectiveness and operational inefficiency effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions and coordination. The main results show that the green innovation investment, energy efficiency level and channel profit of integrated channel are larger than those of decentralized one, but the relationship of sales prices under two channel structures depends on system parameters. Green effectiveness exerts a positive effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions. The coordinator’s coordination capability is improved by green effectiveness, but weakened by operational inefficiency effect.     

强制减排规制下基于碳减排利润增量分享契约的供应链协调研究

碳减排会增加制造商的成本,导致批发价和零售价提高,从而抑制市场需求。以此为背景,本文针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,研究了强制减排规制下考虑消费者低碳偏好时的供应链决策与协调。通过设计碳减排利润增量分享契约协调制造商和零售商的决策,实现帕累托改进,利用Rubinstein讨价还价模型最终确定减排利润分享比例。研究发现,实施碳减排利润分享契约能有效提高零售商的订货量,并降低批发价格;制造商的利润随着消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较低时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较高时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而降低;最后,论文通过数值模拟验证了碳减排利润分享契约的有效性。     

基于促销和延保的渠道入侵与订货时序策略

针对单个制造商和单个零售商组成的二级供应链,制造商一方面考虑是否开拓电子商务市场而建立直销渠道与零售商展开渠道竞争,另一方面为刺激市场需求开展促销活动并对所有消费者提供有偿延保服务。分别针对先后订货和同时订货两种情形,刻画了不同入侵成本下制造商的最优入侵、促销、定价以及销售策略,并分析了制造商渠道入侵策略对零售商订货决策和盈利能力的影响。研究表明:满足入侵成本阈值条件时,渠道入侵有利于改善制造商利润;同时订货会降低制造商的入侵动机和零售商利润;在延保服务价格敏感系数和促销成本系数满足相关约束时,零售商能够从制造商渠道入侵中攫取更多利润,实现供应链节点企业的互利共赢;无论订货时序如何,渠道入侵总会提高促销努力水平和延保服务价格。     

Inventory competition and allocation in a multi-channel distribution system

Consider a supply chain involving one manufacturer and one independent retailer. The manufacturer distributes her product to the end consumer through the independent retailer as well as through her direct channel. Each of the two channels faces a stochastic demand. If one channel is out of stock, a fraction of the unsatisfied customers visit the other channel, which induces inventory competition between the channels. Under the scenario described above, will the manufacturer ever undercut the retailer’s order when the capacity is infinite? What are the equilibria of the game? How does a capacity constraint affect the equilibrium outcome? What is the optimal inventory allocation strategy for the manufacturer? Using a game theoretic model we seek answers to the above questions. Both the capacitated and the infinite capacity games are considered. We establish the necessary condition for a manufacturer to undercut a retailer’s order and show that a manufacturer may deny the retailer of inventory even when the capacity is ample. We show that there can be an equilibrium in the capacitated game where a manufacturer might not use the entire capacity and still deny a retailer inventory. We also show that a mild capacity constraint may make both parties better off and thereby increase the total supply chain profit. We develop a simple yet practical contract called the reverse revenue sharing contract and show that along with a fixed franchise fee this contract can coordinates our decentralized supply chain.     

规模不经济下基于一致定价和促销努力的双渠道供应链协调策略

在制造商存在规模不经济环境下,分别针对集中决策模式和分散决策模式,建立了基于一致定价和促销努力的双渠道供应链协调策略模型,分析了规模不经济和服务负溢出效应对供应链运营决策的影响,得到了集中和分散决策下各企业最优运作策略和收益。研究指出,规模不经济的双渠道供应链在分散决策批发价契约下无法实现供应链协调;而分散决策网络渠道收益共享契约能够实现双渠道总收益等于集中决策模式下供应链收益,但无法保证各主体始终获得高于批发价合同下的收益;进一步,设计了带有固定补偿的网络渠道收益共享契约,通过对固定补偿值的有效设计,不仅可以保证双渠道总收益等于集中决策模式下供应链收益,且可以始终保证各主体收益不低于分散决策批发价契约下其所得收益,从而实现各主体利益双赢以及供应链的有效协调。     

A supply chain model with direct and retail channels

We study a dual channel supply chain in which a manufacturer sells to a retailer as well as to consumers directly. Consumers choose the purchase channel based on price and service qualities. The manufacturer decides the price of the direct channel and the retailer decides both price and order quantity. We develop conditions under which the manufacturer and the retailer share the market in equilibrium. We show that the difference in marginal costs of the two channels plays an important role in determining the existence of dual channels in equilibrium. We also show that demand variability has a major influence on the equilibrium prices and on the manufacturer’s motivation for opening a direct channel. In the case that the manufacturer and the retailer coordinate and follow a centralized decision maker, we show that adding a direct channel will increase the overall profit. Our numerical results show that an increase in retailer’s service quality may increase the manufacturer’s profit in dual channel and a larger range of consumer service sensitivity may benefit both parties in the dual channel. Our results suggest that the manufacturer is likely to be better off in the dual channel than in the single channel when the retailer’s marginal cost is high and the wholesale price, consumer valuation and the demand variability are low.     

考虑消费者具有质量和价格偏好的双渠道供应链最优决策

产品价格和质量是消费者永恒的关注点。虽然多渠道给消费者带来了便捷的购物途径, 但是不同渠道的产品存在质量和价格分差异, 消费者在购买时须面对一个渠道、价格和质量的协调选择问题。本文提出了消费者对产品质量和价格偏好的双渠道定价决策模型, 并讨论了以制造商为领导者的分散决策和集中决策情形下的最优策略。比较了消费者偏好及产品质量水平对不同决策情形下的供应链决策的影响, 并通过设计收益共享契约机制实现了渠道的协调并证明了其有效性。研究表明:当产品质量在一定范围内时, 制造商和零售商可以获得最大利润;当消费者对质量的偏好逐渐增加时, 制造商的利润和零售商的利润随着消费者对质量的偏好提高而下降;制造商和零售商可以通过协调销售价格消除供应链的双重边际效应,从而实现供应链的协调。最后利用算例分析了消费者的质量、价格偏好对总利润的影响并给出了相应的管理启示。     

竞争环境下供应链的BOPS合作策略及其对交通拥堵改善的影响

针对由一个拥有线上直销渠道的制造商以及一个线下零售商组成的供应链,考虑消费者对不同渠道的偏好构建了供应链博弈模型,研究了竞争环境下制造商与零售商的最优BOPS合作策略,并分析了BOPS合作在改善交通拥堵方面的作用。研究表明,BOPS合作在缓解供应链双重边际效应的同时会加剧渠道之间的价格竞争,所以并不总是对供应链有利;仅当消费者线上渠道偏好程度比较低且线下麻烦成本比较大时,制造商和零售商才会都从BOPS合作中受益从而自愿达成合作,其他情形下制造商可根据供应链利润变化设计转移支付契约促成与线下零售商的BOPS合作并实现双赢;此外,一定条件下BOPS合作能够通过调整渠道需求结构,在保证供应链成员利润的同时对交通拥堵改善也带来正向作用。