考虑退货策略和贸易信贷的库存运营策略选择研究

在贸易信贷背景下,研究了退货策略对供应链和供应链中各成员库存运营策略选择的影响,把不提供退货策略作为基准,通过建立模型求解表明:无论是否提供退货策略,供应链和供应链中各成员都会选择零售商管理库存的库存运营策略,并且提供退货策略要始终优于不提供退货策略;贷款利率对零售价、订购量和供应链利润无影响,对批发价和供应商的利润有负向影响,对零售商的利润有正向影响;供应商在市场中要通过平衡批发价和贷款利率来使供应链和供应链中各成员都获益.     

VMI下供应链应对突发事件的协调策略

研究在VMI下由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链,利用改进的供应链契约来协调应对供应链中的突发事件.供应商管理库存下的供应链正常运作时,供应商和零售商运用剩余补贴契约来使供应链中的利润得到合理分配.然后,讨论了突发事件造成市场需求变大和变小的情况下,供应链不能通过原契约达到协调.进而,对原契约进行了改进,证明了改进后的剩余补贴契约可以使供应链重新达到协调.并用实例分析了供应链就突发事件前后的利润变化情况,说明了剩余补贴契约和改进后的契约的合理性和操作的方便性.     

非对称信息下供应商-零售商供应链的批量折扣决策

在供应链管理的文献中,许多工作研究供应商如何使用激励手段,如数量折扣,去影响零售商的订货行为以增加供应商的利润(与整个供应链的利润).多种形式的激励策略模型已有许多,但通常有一个关键的假设,即,供应商关于零售商的成本结构具有完全信息.本文研究了在非对称信息下供应商的最优数量折扣决策问题,得到了最优策略,并与完全信息的情形进行了比较.     

随机需求下供应商管理库存的供应链模型

以一个供应商和一个零售商的两阶段供应链为背景,利用报童模型给出了供应商管理库存(VMI)的供应链模型,在需求服从均匀分布的条件下得出解析解,并与传统的零售商管理库存(RMI)系统作了比较,分析了这两种情况下批发价和订货量的变化.数值结果表明VMI导致了批发价的缩减,但提高了订货量,VMI减轻了双重边际效应,系统利润多于传统的RMI系统.     

需求依赖于库存量的供应链商业信用期问题研究

针对需求依赖于初始存货量的供应链商业信用期问题展开研究,而在供应链内供应商的决策是商业信用期,零售商的决策是库存水平.通过分析与证明,分别给出了分散决策与集中决策两种情况下,最优商业信用期及库存水平的决策步骤.为了达到渠道协调的目标,提出了利润补偿机制以对渠道内增加的利润进行重新分配.同时模型的性质也通过数值算例进行了详细说明.     

考虑绿色等级和递送时间的双渠道绿色供应链

考虑了双渠道绿色供应链的定价决策问题.在集中式、分散式和协调合同条件下分别建立了双渠道绿色供应链的最优定价模型,给出了零售商和供应商的最优定价策略.研究表明,引入利润共享合同后零售商和供应商都会比在分散式决策下获得更多的利润.最后通过数值算例对不同条件下的模型进行了比较.     

基于随机反应均衡的供应链激励机制设计

随机反应均衡是在有限理性条件下对纳什均衡的拓展。本文将随机反应均衡引入到供应链激励机制设计的模型中，建立依据反应函数的概率选择分析框架，修正依赖于决策者完全理性的激励相容和参与约束。通过理论分析和数值算例研究发现，随着供应商理性程度的不同，最优机制设计的形式发生变化，且对供应链渠道绩效产生显著影响。零售商和供应链渠道的期望利润随着供应商理性程度的提高而增加，而供应商的期望利润在其理性程度极低或极高时均较少。     

双重价格规制下三渠道季节性产品供应链跨期风险共担机制研究

以双重价格规制下三渠道季节性产品供应链为研究对象,首先通过构建序贯博弈模型,研究供应链的淡季和旺季的最优决策和利润,在此基础上构建跨期风险共担协调契约和模型,以实现供应链总利润最大化和供应链企业的双赢。研究表明,由于渠道1的原材料价格受到上限规制,旺季供应商不能完全兑现制造商的订购量;由于最终产品的价格受到严格规制,旺季产成品的供应短缺的概率增加;跨期风险共担机制使得供应商和制造商的决策与集成供应链的决策完全一致,供应链总利润达到集成决策时的利润水平;研究还表明,供应商和制造商的渠道集成决策下,旺季产成品的供应缺货的概率进一步加大。     

非对称信息下供应链的商业信用激励

本文主要研究了非对称信息下商业信用对两级供应链的激励作用。首先设计了成本信息非对称情形下供应商的商业信用激励菜单,基于委托代理框架构建商业信用激励模型,采用拉格朗日方法和最优化算法求解模型;并分析了非对称信息下供应商的信用决策和零售商的订购决策;比较了信息对称和非对称两种情形下商业信用对供应链决策和利润的影响。研究结果表明通过设计合理的商业信用激励契约,可激励零售商披露其真实的成本,防止逆向选择的发生,增加供应链的利润。     

基于企业环境自我规制的电器电子产品供应链决策与协调

电器电子产品制造商与零部件供应商环境自我规制是供应链获得竞争优势的重要战略,也是实现WEEE源头污染控制的关键。考虑供应商环境自我规制的溢出效应,构建四种不同环境自我规制模式下电器电子产品供应链成员的决策与协调模型,分析供应链成员决策和利润变化。发现分散决策时,制造商与供应商同时进行环境自我规制模式最优,单方企业环境自我规制模式次之,且企业环境自我规制不改变制造商在供应链上的利润优势。单方企业环境自我规制模式下,规制方的利润增量总是小于无规制方。与无环境自我规制模式相比,制造商环境自我规制模式下,供应商存在“敲竹杠”行为。最后,针对供应商和制造商同时进行环境自我规制模型,设计了制造商收益共享契约,激励制造商和供应商提高其环境自我规制水平,实现各企业利润的Pareto改进。     

基于两层供应链的VMI系统可行性分析研究

一般来说，供应商管理用户库存（VMI）能够给购买方带来更高的利润，而对供货方的影响却是不确定的。而现实中很多VMI策略都是由购买方主导的，购买方一般不愿和供货方分享收益，因此供货方必须自己判断是否接受VMI策略。本文在基于对安徽奇瑞汽车集团的零部件库存进行的调查的基础上，对VMI系统可行性分析的研究分两步进行：（1）假设供货方已经接受了购买方主导的VMI策略，它如何制定自己的最优送货策略；（2）通过比较供货方分别在RMI和VMI下的最小成本，供货方决定是否接受购买方主导的VMI策略。     

基于ROI,VMI和CS三种库存方式长短期绩效的对比研究

ROI、VMI和Cs是基于供应链的三种库存管理方式.本文以两层供应链的ROI、VMI和CS方式为例,通过数学模型和具体算例,比较分析了三种库存方式下买方和卖方成本和利润构成的不同之处.本文研究发现:在长期内相对于ROI方式而言,VMI方式下供应链的效率更高;如果卖方的单位存储成本大于买方,CS方式下供应链的长短期效率可能高于VMI更高于ROI方式.     

A Stackelberg game and its improvement in a VMI system with a manufacturing vendor

Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is an inventory management strategy to let a vendor manage his retailers’ inventories, which makes the vendor have the opportunity to obtain some inventory and market-related information of his retailers. This paper discusses how the vendor can take advantage of this information for increasing his own profit by using a Stackelberg game in a VMI system. The vendor here is a manufacturer who procures raw materials to produce a finished product and supplies it at the same wholesale price to multiple retailers. The retailers then sell the product in independent markets at retail prices. Solution procedures are developed to find the Stackelberg game equilibrium that each enterprise is not willing to deviate from for maximizing his own profit. The equilibrium makes the manufacturer benefited, and the retailers’ profits maximized. The equilibrium can then be improved for further benefiting the manufacturer and his retailers if the retailers are willing to cooperate with the manufacturer by using a cooperative contract. Finally, a numerical example and the corresponding sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate that: (1) the manufacturer can benefit from his leadership, and monopolize the added profit of the VMI system in some cases; (2) The manufacturer can further improve his own profit, and then the retailers’ profits by the cooperative contract, as compared to the Stackelberg equilibrium; (3) market and raw material related parameters have significant influence on every enterprise’s net profit.     

外部市场存在替代产品的VMI系统研究

供应商管理用户库存(VMI)作为一种有效的补货机制,能对购买渠道的需求信息做出积极正确的反应.现在对VMI的研究往往集中于单个零售商和单个供应商组成的系统,不考虑VMI系统受市场上其他零售商或供应商的影响.假设市场上多个零售商出售相互之间可替代的产品,某个零售商与其供应商之间应用VMI系统.我们的研究主要有两方面:1)VMI系统是否有助于零售商和供应商组成的供应链在差异产品市场上获得更大的收益;2)供应商和零售商如何决策是否应用VMI系统。     

A genetic algorithm for optimal operating parameters of VMI system in a two-echelon supply chain

This paper deals with the operational issues of a two-echelon single vendor–multiple buyers supply chain (TSVMBSC) model under vendor managed inventory (VMI) mode of operation. The operational parameters to the above model are: sales quantity and sales price that determine the channel profit of the supply chain, and contract price between the vendor and the buyer, which depends upon the understanding between the partners on their revenue sharing. In order to find out the optimal sales quantity for each buyer in TSVMBSC problem, a mathematical model is formulated. Optimal sales price and acceptable contract price at different revenue share are subsequently derived with the optimal sales quantity. A genetic algorithm (GA) based heuristic is proposed to solve this TSVMBSC problem, which belongs to nonlinear integer programming problem (NIP). The proposed methodology is evaluated for its solution quality. Furthermore, the robustness of the model with its parameters, which fluctuate frequently and are sensitive to operational features, is analysed.     

考虑横向整合战略的库存路径动态区域定价

库存路径和定价是供货商管理库存(Vendor Management Inventory, VMI)中三个互相制约和影响的决策问题,是降低供货商成本,提高其利润的关键。针对VMI拉式供应链中多供货商、多商品和多区域的库存路径定价问题,提出了对不同区域客户、在不同时段进行商品差异化定价策略,并设计一种共同配送车辆司机成本和燃油成本分摊方案,据此构建基于横向整合战略的库存路径动态区域定价模型。算例结果显示,在横向整合战略下,供货商商品定价会有所降低,配送车辆行驶距离显著缩短,各时段配货量更为均衡,期末库存数量显著降低。研究表明,无论供货商之间供货规模比例差异多大,开展库存路径动态区域定价,供货商联盟成员的利润均能得到显著提高,实现合作共赢的目标。     

A distributed coordination mechanism for supply networks with asymmetric information

The paper analyses the problem of coordination in supply networks of multiple retailers and a single supplier, where partners have asymmetric, private information of demand and costs. After stating generic requirements like distributedness, truthfulness, efficiency and budget balance, we use the apparatus of mechanism design to devise a coordination mechanism that guarantees the above properties in the network. The resulting protocol is a novel realisation of the widely used Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) where the responsibility of planning is at the supplier. We prove that together with the required generic properties a fair sharing of risks and benefits cannot be guaranteed. We illustrate the general mechanism with a detailed discussion of a specialised version, assuming that inventory planning is done according to the newsvendor model, and explore the operation of this protocol through computational experiments.     

Adaptive fuzzy vendor managed inventory control for mitigating the Bullwhip effect in supply chains

This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy control application to support a vendor managed inventory (VMI). The methodology applies fuzzy control to generate an adaptive smoothing constant in the forecast method, production and delivery plan to eliminate, for example, the rationing and gaming or the Houlihan effect and the order batching effect or the Burbidge effects and finally the Bullwhip effect. The results show that the adaptive fuzzy VMI control surpasses fuzzy VMI control and traditional VMI in terms of mitigating the Bullwhip effect and lower delivery overshoots and backorders. This paper also guides management in allocating inventory by coordinating suppliers and buyers to ensure minimum inventory levels across a supply chain. Adaptive fuzzy VMI control is the main contribution of this paper.     

An analytical study of the modification ability of distribution centers

This paper considers a two-level vendor managed inventory (VMI) system comprising a distribution center (DC) and a retailer. Both the DC’s and the retailer’s replenishment decisions follow the order-up-to-level policy and aim at maximizing the profit of the overall system. We critically examine the potential of the DC’s ability to modify delivery decisions, identify and quantify the cost factors that influence the DC’s modification ability, establish a relationship between the DC’s location and its modification ability, and show the trade-off between the DC’s modification ability and related costs. Our analysis provides a new insight into the role of the DC and reveals the full potential of the VMI system. Our findings and their practical implications, demonstrated with the aid of computational examples, are helpful for enhancing the practice of VMI at both strategic and operational levels.     

Managing supply chain backorders under vendor managed inventory: An incentive approach and empirical analysis

This paper shows how a manufacturer may use an incentive contract with a distributor under a VMI arrangement to gain market share. The manufacturer promises a distributor lower inventory levels in exchange for efforts by the distributor to convert potential lost sales due to stockouts to backorders. Data gathered from a third party provider of information services are then used to illustrate that this incentive arrangement may, at least implicitly, be employed in industry. Our data estimations show that when a manufacturer and distributor are operating under a VMI arrangement, lower inventory at the distributor is associated with a higher conversion rate of lost sales stockouts to backorders.