RECURSIVE UTILITY,PRODUCTIVE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND OPTIMAL FISCAL POLICY

This paper employs a stochastic endogenous growth model extended to the case of a recursive utility function which can disentangle intertemporal substitution from risk aversion to analyze productive government expenditure and optimal fiscal policy, particularly stresses the importance of factor income. First, the explicit solutions of the central planner＇s stochastic optimization problem are derived, the growth maximizing and welfare-maximizing government expenditure policies are obtained and their standing in conflict or coincidence depends upon intertemporal substitution. Second, the explicit solutions of the representative individual＇s stochastic optimization problem which permits to tax on capital income and labor income separately are derived ,and it is found that the effect of risk on growth crucially depends on the degree of risk aversion,the intertemporal elasticity of substitution and the capital income share. Finally, a flexible optimal tax policy which can be internally adjusted to a certain extent is derived, and it is found that the distribution of factor income plays an important role in designing the optimal tax policy.     

Optimal choice of fiscal policy instruments in a stochastic IS–LM model

This article derives optimal fiscal rules within a stochastic model of Keynesian type in the context of Poole (1970). By using optimal control theory and applying the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, we extend the original Poole results concerning the output stabilization properties of monetary policy to the case of fiscal policy. In particular, we look for the optimal setting of government expenditure and lump-sum taxation in the case that the fiscal authority wishes to keep the product close to a reference value and that the economy is assumed to be affected by stochastic disturbances of real and/or monetary type. According to our findings an expenditure rule is preferable to a taxation rule when the two instruments are independent. The introduction of a fiscal budget rule can make taxation preferable under a certain model parametrization.     

财政腐败的宏观经济分析:一个理论框架

建立了一个考虑税收腐败和公共支出腐败的经济增长模型,从理论上探讨财政腐败行为及其影响.主要结论归纳:第一,财政腐败降低私人资本的回报率,使厂商的生产力下降,就整体而言阻碍了经济增长.第二,最优税率可能大于或小于Barro的最优税率,取决于征税效率和寻租引发的行政成本,第三,两种类型的公共支出隐含着不同程度的腐败机会,以...     

政府-企业-居民多维演化博弈下城市垃圾绿色发电的政府财政策略优化研究

城市垃圾发电技术趋于成熟,但是部分企业并没有选择绿色技术进行清洁焚烧绿色发电,引发公众抗议。针对现行财政策略对企业绿色发电行为引导的不足,建立政府-企业-居民多维演化博弈模型,分析财政决策变量对企业绿色发电行为策略的影响,提出命题并推导证明电价补贴、垃圾处理费支付、税收退税和设备采购抵税这四个财政决策变量能够有效引导企业绿色发电行为的参数值域,并基于现实数据进行Matlab仿真,分析各财政决策变量对企业绿色发电行为策略的收敛性和敏感性作用,最后提出财政策略优化建议。结果表明通过财政间接扶持方式引导企业绿色技术行为,能使电价补贴处于更低阈值,减少财政直接支出成本,不可过度依赖电价补贴,需改善垃圾处理费支付水平,丰富税收扶持手段。     

The effect of depreciation allowances on the timing of investment and government tax revenue

We develop a model of the behavior of a potential investor (under uncertainty and in a fiscal environment) who wishes to invest into a project in the real sector of an economy and faces a timing problem. We find an optimal solution within this model and examine the dependence of the tax revenue from the newly created firm on the depreciation policy. It is shown that there exists a domain in the space of the parameters of the investment project where both the tax revenue and the incentives can be increased by using the depreciation policy.     

Government Debt, Budget Surplus, and Popularity of Politicians

This paper sets up a positive model of government behavior to determine the optimal fiscal policy of a politician who aims to reach a certain target level of national debt and remain popular at the same time. We model explicitly the response of the citizens to the fiscal policy set by the politician. To that end, we assume that citizens form an equilibrium acceptance rate of savings and adjust dynamically this savings rate to the currently prevailing levels of government debt and primary surplus. The difference between the equilibrium acceptance rate of savings as formed by the public and the fiscal policy actually chosen by the politician determines the politician popularity. Using the Pontryagin maximum principle, we derive the optimal level of the fiscal policy and investigate its local stability depending on the parameters of the model. We show that cyclical strategies [that is, phases of saving (primary surplus) and spending (primary deficit)], may be optimal.     

两部门内生增长模型中财政政策的短期分析

在一个两部门内生增长模型中,讨论政府财政政策变化对居民消费,资本积累以及经济增长的长期影响和短期影响.发现在短期内,政府增加资本收入税不仅可以增加居民消费,而且可以刺激人力资本积累,从而刺激短期经济增长.但是政府财政政策改变对长期经济增长不产生影响,而且资本收入税会降低长期的消费水平和资本存量.另外,从经济增长形态和消费者福利两个角度讨论了资本收入税的无效性.     

POLLUTION, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, TAXES AND STOCHASTIC GROWTH

This paper studies a stochastic endogenous growth model with pollution. It introduces government expenditure and exogenous pollution abatement technology to eliminate pollution and proves that under appropriate equilibrium conditions the main economic indexes （including economic growth rate, the optimal government expenditure rate） in the centrally planned economy and decentralized economy can be expressed by the parameters of the model uniquely. The optimal tax policy is analyzed ,and the optimal pollution is derived.     

财政政策视角下非正规经济对就业影响的静态模型分析

非正规经济在我国呈急剧膨胀之势,而其对就业产生了重要的影响.本文从财政政策的角度,对非正规经济是如何通过政府的财政收支对就业产生影响进行了经济学分析,并得出结论:非正规经济会导致对失业率的高估.因此本文提出建议:非正规经济应在政策上予以引导和管理,使其在就业中发挥其应有的积极作用.     

基于收支一体化理念我国政府财政变量在经济长期增长中解释能力分析

利用向量自回归(VAR)技术,从收支一体化的角度对1978年以来我国政府公共支出和税收政策变化对经济增长的冲击以及这些冲击在GDP长期走向中的解释能力作了系统的实证研究.实证分析结果表明,我国改革开放以来的财政政策队经济运行的宏观调控方面冲击效应明显,政府的收支行为对经济的长期走向有一定的解释能力.     

PPP模式下地方财政承受能力研究——以四川省为样本

本文选取财政部PPP项目管理库中四川省项目数据,利用单整自回归移动平均模型预测了2020~2025年四川省21个地市(州)的一般公共预算支出,以此来评估现有PPP模式下各地的财政承受能力。研究表明:有2个地级市突破了10%的“红线”,7个地级市超过了7%的“警戒线”,其他12个地市(州)财政支出能力良好;PPP项目的行业和领域相对集中,且各地城市呈现不同的行业投资结构。最后从三个方面提出政策建议:依据各地不同的财政承受能力来推动PPP规范发展、逐渐重视PPP项目行业和领域平衡性评估及完善PPP项目财政支出责任监测预警系统。本研究有助于增强PPP项目财政承受能力评估的科学性和谨慎性,对今后地方政府选择和确定PPP项目及规模具有启示意义。     

Stability analysis of the Kaldor model with time delays: monetary policy and government budget constraint

We analyze the model with monetary policy based on the Kaldor's business cycle theory. We introduce the government sector, which conducts the fiscal policy and monetary policy to stabilize the economy. The execution of such a policy needs legislation, and generally, the legislative process is time consuming. We investigate in this paper how the fiscal policy with a time delay affects stability of the economy.We assume that the monetary policy is conducted as a countermeasure of the fiscal deficit by the government, and we consider two extreme cases, namely money finance and bond finance case. In each case, when no time delay exists for the fiscal policy, Keynesian fiscal policy is the preferred method for preventing the economic fluctuations. However, it is not so simple when the time delay exists in the fiscal policy. There exists the policy, which stabilizes the economy under any time delay in the money finance case. On the other hand, in the bond finance case, such a policy does not exist and as the time delay increases the economy becomes unstable. However in both cases, contrary to the expectations of the government, the stronger the fiscal policy, the more unstable the economy becomes for the short time delay.     

环境治理政策的减排、增效与结构优化效果动态评价

为测度环境治理政策波动对产出、减排、要素配置、消费与产业结构的影响及其传导机制,将异质性消费偏好、产出差异性、环境效用和环境损失函数引入E-DSGE模型。政策强度分析发现,技术进步、排污税和消费税政策效果较强,环境控制和治污支出冲击效果较弱。政策效应分析发现,技术进步政策效应最优,能实现增产和减排双重目标,促进要素配置和居民消费、产出与消费结构改进;排污税和政府治污支出政策次优,能实现增产和减排的双赢目标,促进要素供给和产出结构清洁化,不利于消费提升和消费结构优化;环境控制与消费税政策效果最差,以牺牲产出实现减排,不利于要素配置,产出与消费结构改进效果较弱,消费税会抑制居民消费,但消费税政策效果随环境友好型家庭比例提升而加强。     

政府支出结构、扭曲性税收及内生贴现因子

在一个无穷期限模型中,假设经济主体具有完全理性,通过将常数贴现因子转换为关于效用水平的内生变量,利用跨期优化方法重新考虑了政府支出结构、扭曲性税收对宏观经济变量的影响.尤其关注这两种变量的长期和短期变化对资本积累路径的影响,理论模型表明,当贴现因子内生化后,政府支出结构和扭曲性税收对宏观经济的影响会更为复杂,尤其体现在生产性支出上.     

基于减排框架的最优技术政策选择研究

基于减排框架,本文分别引入研发补贴政策、研发卡特尔(简称“R&D卡特尔”)、竞争研发联盟(简称“RJV竞争”)及卡特尔研发联盟(简称“RJV卡特尔”)等四种技术政策,构建了一个多阶段博弈模型,研究单一技术政策、技术组合政策情形下双寡头企业减排研发绩效、利润及社会福利水平,并进一步利用数值模拟方法探讨政府和企业最优的技术政策选择,政府和企业最优技术政策选择结果的差异及其影响因素。研究结论表明:首先,从政府角度来看,组合政策的效果总是相对优于单一技术政策,并且政府最优的技术政策选择为RJV卡特尔与补贴组合政策。其次,无论溢出率取何值,政府和企业最优的技术政策选择都是一致的。最后,排污税取值影响政府和企业最优技术选择的一致性,当排污税较小时,企业最优的技术政策选择为RJV竞争与补贴组合政策(或RJV竞争政策);当排污税较大时,企业最优的技术选择为单一的技术政策。为了使政府和企业的最优技术政策选择一致,政府应选择一个合适的排污税。     

产能配置的市场传导机制与政策效应——来自中国钢铁行业的证据

通过构建两区制的MSVAR模型,探讨不同市场状态下钢铁行业产能配置的市场传导机制及财政支出的作用效应,研究发现:产能过剩是行业快速发展过程中市场传导机制引发的客观结果,这是由市场传导机制的非对称性以及政策的差异性作用导致的。在市场扩张时期,行业需求与财政政策均能促进对投资与产能配置水平的提高,但市场需求的诱导作用要明显强于财政政策的刺激作用;在市场下滑时期,行业需求对投资与产能配置的作用明显减弱,财政政策对投资的调整作用显著增强,对产能配置的影响不显著。不同市场状态下市场传导机制的非对称性正是钢铁行业产能过剩形成且难治理,进而导致供需结构失衡的主要原因。上述研究表明,仅通过市场调节机制是无法有效改善经济运行状态的,加强财政政策与市场传导机制的结合才是政府如何改善供给结构和需求变化不匹配问题的关键。     

随机均衡模型中的最优机制

本文基于经典的Mirrlees税收模型，建立了一个一般化的动态随机均衡模型，论证了消费者的最优资本存量和收入，以及政府的最优税收和公共花费的存在性，并得出最优收入税函数在Hilbert空间的一个闭子集上是下半连续的结论。     

基于SD的城市户籍改革中公共服务政策创新效应的动态仿真研究——以南昌市为例

在城乡户籍限制壁垒正逐步削弱的大背景下,实现城市常住人口公共服务均等化对于区域经济发展具有重要意义.应用系统动力学的逐树设撤关联数结构行为检验建模方法,建立仿真模型,通过设置户籍政策调控参数、公共教育支出参数、就业和社会保障支出参数及医疗卫生支出参数,分析不同情景下的政策实施效果,探讨城市户籍改革中公共服务创新政策效应.结果表明,提高公共服务支出水平,扩大居住证含金量,有利于提升户籍改革效果.     

The relationship between budgetary expenditure and economic growth in Poland

This paper investigates the association between different kinds of budgetary expenditure and economic growth of Poland. The empirical analysis makes use of linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests to evaluate the applicability of Wagner’s Law and that of the contrasting Keynesian theory. We employ aggregate and disaggregate data with the sub-categories of most important budgetary expenditure, including health care and social security, education and science, national defence and public security expenditure and government administration expenditure for the period Q1 2000 to Q3 2008. This causality analysis indicates that total relation between budgetary expenditure and economic growth is consistent with Keynesian theory. The results of our computations have important policy implications. In case of Poland the health care expenditure was found to be as important for economic growth as expenditures on education and science. Furthermore, in order to stimulate economic growth, Polish government should consider reallocating some of national defence, public security and government administration expenditure to health care, social security, education and science expenditure.     

不确定环境下具有减排配额的PM2.5治理博弈与税收决策

由于雾霾治理遵循浓度控制原则,且跨界传输因子存在异质性,因此,要使各地区在追求减排成本最小化时又达到减排指标,中央政府仅实施税收政策并不能满足其收支平衡条件。基于此,本文将税收与减排配额相结合,以期实现中央政府收支平衡与优化各地区治理成本的双重目标。同时,本文以京津冀地区雾霾治理为实证分析对象,验证了具有减排配额的税收决策具有可实施性。