基于串联两阶段网络DEA模型的供应链规模收益分析

数据包络分析(DEA)是评价供应链系统(Supply chain system)间相对有效性的一种重要的工具,但是传统的DEA不考虑供应链的内部结构,对系统效率评价偏高;而本文所研究两阶段串联供应链系统,考虑把部分中间产品作为最终产品输出,增加额外中间投入的情形.基于所提出的供应链系统结构,本文建立相应的串联结构下的网络DEA模型,并针对所建立模型进行相关理论的研究,给出了串联结构下的生产可能集和规模收益情况判定方法.最后,进行数值实验,以验证我们提出的结论.     

基于ANP-灰色聚类方法的供应链风险影响因素研究

供应链网络结构日趋复杂,需要识别供应链网络风险影响因素并对其进行分析．通过分析和识别出供应链运作过程中各种风险影响因素,构建了供应链网络运作风险影响因素评价体系,利用网络分析法对供应链网络风险影响因素和运作阶段进行分析,使用灰色聚类分析对风险因素进行评分,排序并筛选出重要的风险影响因素.通过对汽车零部件供应链网络进行案例分析,得知供应链网络结构特征因素相对于其他因素对供应链网络风险影响程度最大,在供应链管理和研究过程中应对其引起重视.     

Complexity analysis of dynamic noncooperative game models for closed-loop supply chain with product recovery

In this paper, we consider a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with product recovery, which is composed of one manufacturer and one retailer. The retailer is in charge of recollecting and the manufacturer is responsible for product recovery. The system can be regarded as a coupling dynamics of the forward and reverse supply chain. Under different decision criteria, two noncooperative game models: Stackelberg game model and peer-to-peer game model are developed. The dynamic phenomena, such as the bifurcation, chaos and sensitivity to initial values are analyzed through bifurcation diagrams and the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE). The influences of decision parameters on the complex nonlinear dynamics behaviors of the two models are further analyzed by comparing parameter basin plots, and the results show that with the improvement of retailer’s competitive position, the CLSC system will be more easier to enter into chaos.     

零售商风险规避条件下基于期权契约的生鲜农产品供应链协调研究

民以食为天,随着生活水平的不断提高,生鲜农产品在消费结构中的重要性越来越突出,本文将期权思想引入生鲜农产品供应链运作当中,针对由一个零售商和一个供应商组成的二级生鲜农产品供应链,结合生鲜农产品的自然属性,考虑在途损耗对产品数量的影响以及保鲜投入对产品新鲜度的影响,运用CVaR模型研究了零售商的风险规避程度对供应链决策的影响以及期权契约协调机制。研究表明,期权机制可实现风险在供需双方之间共担,可解决随机需求下生鲜农产品供应链的协调问题并合理分配整体利润;仅当零售商的风险规避程度较低时系统协调和帕累托改进才能同时达成。     

Research on coordination mechanism in three-level green supply chain under non-cooperative game

In view of the three-level green supply chain system in which market demand correlates with product green degree, game theory is applied to study four models, namely cooperative decision-making, three-level leader–follower game, Stackelberg game I and Stackelberg game II. Theoretical analysis shows that the profits of both the supply chain system and participating members reach the optimal level under cooperative decision-making, while the decision results of participating members as well as the channel profit are far from satisfactory under the non-cooperative game. By building a revenue sharing mechanism, Shapley value method coordination mechanism and asymmetric Nash negotiation mechanism, supply chain members are motivated to respond positively to the cooperation in producing and marketing green products, the optimal income distribution coefficient of participating members is given, and the income of each member is increased substantially as is compared with that under the non-cooperative game. Also, by determining the cooperative parameter, green supply chain managers may effectively get involved in the aforementioned coordination mechanisms to intervene and regulate the green channel so as to promote the smooth operation of green supply chain.     

基于ANP-Fuzzy模型的农产品供应链风险评价研究

供应链风险大小直接影响供应链运作的效率和效益.现有的农产品供应链风险评价研究文献中对农产品供应链风险的系统度量研究不多.提出了农产品供应链风险评价体系,从种植、组织、流通、加工、供应、需求、环境七个方面构建了农产品供应链风险评价指标体系,运用ANP法确定指标权重,构建了基于ANP-Fuzzy模型的农产品供应.链风险评价方法,在此基础上,对农产品供应链风险进行实证分析,说明模型的实用性.     

An analysis of the structural complexity of supply chain networks

Each enterprise in a supply chain network needs quantitative indicators to analyze and manage its interactions with different business partners in the network. Supply chains exhibit the characteristics of complex systems. In a supply chain network, a large number of firms cooperate simultaneously with many suppliers and customers, and interact through a variety of information and material flows to achieve a balance between supply and demand. However, the complexity of a supply chain is not a simple linear structure where a small change often results in a chain reaction. When supply chain complexity increases, monitoring and managing the interaction between different elements of the chain becomes more difficult. An entropy model based on information theory provides an appropriate means of quantifying the complexity of a supply chain system by delivering information required to describe the state of the system. The entropy measure links uncertainty and complexity so that, as a system grows in uncertainty, it becomes more complex and more information is required to describe and monitor it. In this paper, we propose an entropy-based measure for analyzing the structural complexity in relation to the structure and system uncertainty. The method provides guidelines for estimating the complexity throughout the supply chain structure.     

Supply chain dynamic configuration as a result of new product development

This study considers supply chain network configuration in an innovative environment while the new product development (NPD) will affect the supply chain configuration (SCC). The time of new product introduction has a significant effect on the market performance while it has an effect on the supply chain configuration. Supplier integration into the new product introduction is the key parameter for successfully new product introduction, which may contribute to supply chain reconfiguration. Consequently By considering the new product development concept, we may face with dynamic supply chain configuration during a planning horizontal time. In this study, a new model is presented to consider the dynamic configuration of a supply chain by developing new products. In the proposed model, the dynamic configuration of a supply chain and the new product launching time is optimized simultaneously. The proposed model considers production, sales and transportation planning for the entire supply chain in order to achieve an integrative and efficient supply as well. Then some numerical analyses have been done to show the applicability of the proposed model. The results show that the new product development has a significant effect on the configuration of supply chain.     

Supply chain scheduling in a collaborative manufacturing mode: model construction and algorithm design

In collaborative manufacturing, the supply chain scheduling problem becomes more complex according to both multiple product demands and multiple production modes. Aiming to obtain a reasonable solution to this complexity, we analyze the characteristics of collaborative manufacturing and design some elements, including production parameters, order parameters, and network parameters. We propose four general types of collaborative manufacturing networks and then construct a supply chain scheduling model composed of the processing costs, inventory costs, and two penalty costs of the early completion costs and tardiness costs. In our model, by considering the urgency of different orders, we design a delivery time window based on the least production time and slack time. Additionally, due to the merit of continuously processing orders belonging to the same product type, we design a production cost function by using a piecewise function. To solve our model efficiently, we present a hybrid ant colony optimization (HACO) algorithm. More specifically, the Monte Carlo algorithm is incorporated into our HACO algorithm to improve the solution quality. We also design a moving window award mechanism and dynamic pheromone update strategy to improve the search efficiency and solution performance. Computational tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.

     

基于契约和关系治理的供应链质量控制机制设计

本文考虑制造商和供应商共同努力改进产品质量的情况,研究在一个制造商处于领导地位的二级供应链中,如何通过有效的治理机制设计,提高产品质量水平,协调供应链。文章以理想的协同情况为基准,分析了两种治理机制下的质量努力程度,比较了正式契约治理与契约和关系混合治理对供应链效率的影响。结果表明,关系和契约混合治理在有效范围内能够将制造商和供应商紧密地联系起来,通过共同的质量努力获得比正式契约治理下更大的利润,实现供应链协调。     

产品显性防伪技术(OACT)投资的供应链决策机制研究

以OACT防伪体系为研究对象,研究了供应链中品牌厂商及零售商的防伪投资决策机制。建立了产品品牌商与零售商的防伪技术投资决策非合作、决策合作及供应链整合三种决策机制下的博弈模型,得到了三种机制下的均衡防伪可信度、均衡防伪投资阈值以及均衡利润,并进行了比较分析。最后,建立了产品显性防伪技术的供应链防伪投资HSN契约协调机制。研究发现均衡防伪可信度始终随市场假货渗透率的增加而增加,随防伪投资成本系数增加而减少。同时均衡防伪可信度在投资非合作决策机制下最低,在投资合作决策机制下次之,供应链整合情形下最高;均衡防伪投资阈值在非合作决策机制下最低,投资合作情形下次之,供应链整合情形下最高。     

Supply chain network operations management of a blood banking system with cost and risk minimization

Blood service operations are a key component of the healthcare system all over the world and yet the modeling and the analysis of such systems from a complete supply chain network optimization perspective have been lacking due to their associated unique challenges. In this paper, we develop a generalized network optimization model for the complex supply chain of human blood, which is a life-saving, perishable product. In particular, we consider a regionalized blood banking system consisting of collection sites, testing and processing facilities, storage facilities, distribution centers, as well as points of demand, which, typically, include hospitals. Our multicriteria system-optimization approach on generalized networks with arc multipliers captures many of the critical issues associated with blood supply chains such as the determination of the optimal allocations, and the induced supply-side risk, as well as the induced cost of discarding the waste, while satisfying the uncertain demands as closely as possible. The framework that we present is also applicable, with appropriate modifications, to the optimization of other supply chains of perishable products.     

低回收价值高环境影响EOL产品闭环供应链模型构建

以EOL产品循环利用为研究对象,定量分析低回收价值高环境影响EOL产品回收决策问题。通过构建EOL产品双闭环供应链和多闭环供应链模型,求解了各模型的EOL产品回收策略,并与传统单闭环供应链进行对比分析,证明了该闭环供应链优于传统单闭环供应链。研究发现,在政府监督和补贴强度不变、市场外部变量相同的条件下,多闭环供应链的EOL产品回收量更大,循环利用更充分,且随着多闭环供应链外循环次数的增加,EOL产品回收量、回收商利润均增加,内循环制造商利润也相应增加,销售商利润不受影响。最后,对构建的多闭环供应链进行了算例分析,验证了上述研究结论。为政府运用监督和补贴手段更好地配置市场资源提供决策参考。     

碳交易机制下考虑竞争和信息非对称的供应链协调研究

本文在碳交易机制下,考虑制造商之间存在竞争且减排成本系数为低碳制造商私有信息的情况,分别构建信息完全对称和信息非对称情形下的供应链模型,对低碳制造商减排率和产品销售价格进行决策。通过引入由批发价和成本共担组成的联合契约,促使低碳制造商传递真实的减排成本信息,并通过算例对碳交易价格和减排成本系数等进行灵敏度分析。研究发现:引入联合契约能够使得信息非对称下的供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;碳交易价格的增加会激励制造商积极减排、降低碳排放总量、提高供应链利润;低碳制造商减排成本系数的降低有助于减少碳排放量、增加产品市场需求、实现供应链利润增长。     

Optimal models for a multi-stage supply chain system controlled by kanban under just-in-time philosophy

This research studies a multi-stage supply chain system that operates under a JIT (just-in-time) delivery policy. Kanbans play an important role in the information and material flows in a supply chain system. Thus, a kanban mechanism is employed to assist in linking different production processes in a supply chain system to implement the scope of JIT philosophy. For a multi-stage supply chain system, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem is formulated from the perspective of JIT delivery policy where a kanban may reflect to a transporter such as a truck or a fork-lifter. The number of kanbans, the batch size, the number of batches and the total quantity over one period are determined optimally. It is solved optimally by branch and bound method. A greedy heuristic to avoid the large computational time in branch-and-bound algorithm is developed for solving a large MINLP. Coupled with plant-wide efforts for cost control and management commitment, a logistic system for controlling the production as well as the supply chain is built, which results in minimizing the total cost of the supply chain system. The results show that the improvements in reduction of inventory, wasted labor and customer service in a supply chain are significantly accomplished through the kanban mechanism.     

销售商出售看跌期权的供应链优化研究

在由一个供应商和一个销售商组成的单期两级供应链中,处于主导地位的销售商以其卖场所具有的销售能力参与供应链合作,并从销售的每一个产品中获取既定收益。同时,销售商还向供应商出售建立在产品销售量保障基础上的看跌期权,以激励供应商参与供应链合作。论文对上述情形的销售商出售看跌期权的供应链合作问题进行了研究,通过建模与优化分析,证明了在销售商提供看跌期权的供应链合作中,供应商存在唯一的最优生产批量和看跌期权采购量,以及销售商存在最优的从每一单位产品销售中获取的既定收益。论文还揭示了销售商提供看跌期权,虽然无法实现供应链协调,但可以实现供应链参与企业所获得的收益与其所承担的风险相匹配。最后,论文论证了在销售商出售看跌期权机制下,供应链存在收益损失较小的理想合作区域。     

基于Kriging模型的供应链优化设计

供应链优化的目的之一是确定使得总成本最小的最佳运作水平.供应链系统是复杂的动态系统,由于库存系统的复杂性和供应链本身的不确定性,利用传统优化方法往往需要耗费一定的计算成本和经济成本.而元模型则能以简单的数学表达式较精确地刻画仿真系统的输入输出关系,为研究者分析复杂系统提供了一种分析方法.针对供应链优化问题,给出了一种基于计算机试验设计中的元模型一Kriging模型的供应链优化方法,并通过一个三级供应链问题对所提方法进行了实证研究.研究结果表明了所提方法的有效性和可用性,为供应链优化提供了一种新的研究思路.     

A rewarding-punishing coordination mechanism based on Trust in a divergent supply chain

Coordination of decentralized supply chains using contract design is a problem that has been widely addressed in the literature. We consider a divergent supply chain including a supplier and several retailers producing fashion products with short sale seasons. The retailers cooperate with the supplier as sales agents; i.e., they work in the framework of revenue sharing contracts. Because of their proximity to the market, retailers can provide more accurate demand forecasts to the supplier that is used to decide on issues such as capacity building and market prices with regard to retailers stiff due dates, different lead times and different price-dependent demand functions. To ensure abundant supply and cope with the demand variability, the retailers have an incentive to exaggerate their private forecast information. In this study, we propose a new rewarding-punishing coordination mechanism based on trust between supply chain tiers, considered as a differentiation factor between honest and deceptive partners. An optimization model is developed as a building block of this mechanism. An approximation method is used to simplify and solve the problem. The model is then implemented using Monte-Carlo simulation in four different situations, according to 10 different strategies for forecast information sharing. The findings from the tests show that the mechanism including trust as a decisional factor performs better than ‘No Trust’ mechanism in all situations. These results suggest that taking into account Trust in designing coordination mechanism may have significant influence on the financial performance of the supply chain.     

需求信息不对称下供应链中流程与产品创新模式选择研究

在制造商进行流程创新和产品创新的供应链中,当需求预测信息不对称时,研究了零售商的需求信息分享策略以及制造商最优创新模式。利用精炼贝叶斯理论和Stackelberg博弈模型,首先求得了每一种创新模式下信息分享价值、促进需求信息分享的激励机制以及供应链均衡的信息分享策略,其次对两种创新模式下利润进行对比分析。研究发现,在两种创新供应链模型中,当创新效率较高和较低时,零售商自愿分享和不分享需求信息分别是均衡策略;当创新效率处于中间水平时,通过设计一个讨价还价机制可以使零售商分享需求信息成为一个均衡。此外,当消费者对质量(价格)更敏感时,制造商选择产品创新(流程创新)模式可以使供应链成员都获益。     

绿色产品定价与市场入侵研究:基于市场权力结构的视角

为研究绿色产品定价与市场入侵问题,针对由两个制造商和一个零售商组成的系统,构建了制造商主导、零售商主导以及供需双方均势等三种权力结构模型,分析了权力结构、消费者绿色偏好等因素对绿色产品定价和市场入侵的影响。研究发现:绿色产品入侵市场存在可行条件,并且绿色产品市场入侵会导致普通产品制造商的利润损失;市场入侵对零售商有利,说明零售商会有动机引入绿色产品;绿色产品入侵市场和市场权力结构均会影响各个企业最优定价策略,其中拥有主导权的企业会选择高价策略;权力结构会影响供需双方的利润分配,以及导致系统利润的损失。