RECURSIVE UTILITY,PRODUCTIVE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND OPTIMAL FISCAL POLICY

This paper employs a stochastic endogenous growth model extended to the case of a recursive utility function which can disentangle intertemporal substitution from risk aversion to analyze productive government expenditure and optimal fiscal policy, particularly stresses the importance of factor income. First, the explicit solutions of the central planner＇s stochastic optimization problem are derived, the growth maximizing and welfare-maximizing government expenditure policies are obtained and their standing in conflict or coincidence depends upon intertemporal substitution. Second, the explicit solutions of the representative individual＇s stochastic optimization problem which permits to tax on capital income and labor income separately are derived ,and it is found that the effect of risk on growth crucially depends on the degree of risk aversion,the intertemporal elasticity of substitution and the capital income share. Finally, a flexible optimal tax policy which can be internally adjusted to a certain extent is derived, and it is found that the distribution of factor income plays an important role in designing the optimal tax policy.     

The optimal progressive income tax: The existence and the limit tax rates

The purpose of this paper is to consider the problem of optimal income taxation in the domain of a progressive (convex) income tax function. This paper proves the existence of an optimal tax function and proves that the optimal marginal and average tax rates tend asymptotically to 100 percent as the income level becomes arbitrarily high.     

基于微分博弈的区域经济合作行为分析

针对区域经济合作行为问题,构建微分博弈模型,将区域合作情况分为弱弱型拮抗博弈、强弱型主从博弈、强强型协同博弈三类,并考察其最优努力策略、最优收益与联盟总体收益变化.研究结果显示:①地区间经济合作努力程度随着合作成本系数、产出漏损系数的上升而下降,随着边际努力产出系数、边际努力收益系数、产出影响系数的上升而上升;②"激励因子"作为一种激励机制,可提高地区间合作努力度、最优收益及联盟整体收益;③三种类型中,强强性协同博弈最优策略及整体最优收益均严格优于其他两种情形.但这种协同合作需要确定联盟整体收益分配系数的取值范围.     

CEV模型下家庭最优投资决策问题

考虑固定收入下具有随机支出风险的家庭最优投资组合决策问题.在假设投资者拥有工资收入的同时将财富投资到一种风险资产和一种无风险资产,其中风险资产的价格服从CEV模型,无风险利率采用Vasicek随机利率模型.当支出过程是随机的且服从跳-扩散风险模型时,运用动态规划的思想建立了使家庭终端财富效用最大化的HJB方程,采用Legendre-对偶变换进行求解,得到最优策略的显示解,并通过敏感性分析进行验证表明,家庭投资需求是弹性方差系数的减函数,解释了家庭流动性财富的增加对最优投资比例呈现边际效用递减趋势.     

浅析老龄经济中的税收政策

本文放宽人口结构平稳假设,将总人口增长率与劳动人口增长率之差定义为老龄化率,在此基础上构建老龄经济模型,分析税收政策对老龄经济的影响。基于一定假设,老龄经济存在鞍型收敛路径,平衡增长路径上的人均收入增长率取决于技术进步率与老龄化率之差,技术进步率在积极应对人口老龄化方面至关重要。从税收角度看,资产收入税与企业利润税对老龄经济的扭曲程度较高,而劳动收入税与消费税的扭曲程度相对较低。通过削减政府支出与调整税收结构,减税不仅可以提高均衡的资本水平,若能够激励经济主体积极创新,还将会提高平衡路径上人均收入的增长速度。一定条件下,老龄经济中将会存在正的最优税率。     

Skew‐selfadjoint Dirac systems with rational rectangular Weyl functions: explicit solutions of direct and inverse problems and integrable wave equations

In this paper we study direct and inverse problems for discrete and continuous skew‐selfadjoint Dirac systems with rectangular (possibly non‐square) pseudo‐exponential potentials. For such a system the Weyl function is a strictly proper rational matrix function and any strictly proper rational matrix function appears in this way. In fact, extending earlier results, given a strictly proper rational matrix function we present an explicit procedure to recover the corresponding potential using techniques from mathematical system and control theory. We also introduce and study a nonlinear generalized discrete Heisenberg magnet model, extending earlier results for the isotropic case. A large part of the paper is devoted to the related discrete systems of which the pseudo‐exponential potential depends on an additional continuous time parameter. Our technique allows us to obtain explicit solutions for the generalized discrete Heisenberg magnet model and evolution of the Weyl functions.     

Economic growth and fertility rate cycles

This paper presents the global characterization of paths of optimal capital accumulation and fertility rate in a model of economic growth with endogenous fertility. The conditions for per capita capital to oscillate, to move monotonically, or to jump to steady state in the second period depend on the income elasticity of demand for children and the income elasticity of marginal utility of income. Movements in the optimal fertility rates are found to follow the movements in optimal capital to a certain extent.     

Evaluation and Incremental Determination of Almost Optimal Allocations of Resources

The problem of allocating resources to activities with strictly concave return functions is considered; the objective function to be maximized is the sum of the returns from each activity. It is demonstrated that any set of feasible allocations can be used to obtain an explicit upper bound of the optimal value of this function. The upper bound is used to check that a numerically fast incremental procedure produces almost optimal allocations. A conservative solution of the allocation problem is generated by successively incrementing allocations with the greatest marginal returns; practical allocations are obtained from the conservative allocations by a method resulting in a reduction of the number of nonzero allocations and a simultaneous increase of the value of the objective function.     

政府投资环保的随机增长模型

本文分析了一个带有污染的随机内生增长模型.利用随机最优化的方法,求出了最优的政府环保投资比率和最优的税收政策.并进一步得出了最优的收入税因污染的外部性指标、生产的扰动的增大而减少;而最优消费税则因这两个参数的增大而增加的结论.     

Characterization of the inverse of a particular circulant matrix by means of a continued fraction

The matrix A of the constraining system of a particular discrete optimization problem, which has been posed in [3] for modeling a particular scheduling program and for which an optimal solution has been found in [1], is considered and an explicit form of its inverse is given by means of a continued fraction. The knowledge of the inverse enables one to obtain an explicit form of the set of optimal solutions of the problem.Lastly, the connection between A^-1 and the definition of equi-assignment of binary vectors [5] is analysed.     

Lundberg’s risk process with tax

In this paper we extend the classical Cramér–Lundberg risk model by including tax payments. The considered tax rule is to pay a certain proportion of the premium income, whenever the portfolio is in a profitable situation. It is shown that the resulting survival probability is a power of the survival probability without tax. Furthermore, an explicit expression for the expected discounted total sum of tax payments until ruin according to this taxation rule is derived and the optimal starting level for taxation is determined. Finally, numerical illustrations of the results are given for the case of exponential claim amounts.     

On the on-line rent-or-buy problem in probabilistic environments

Fujiwara and Iwama [In: The 13th Annual International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation, pp. 476–488 (2002)] first integrated probability distribution into the classical competitive analysis to study the rental problem. They assumed that the future inputs are drawn from an exponential distribution, and obtained the optimal competitive strategy and the competitive ratio by the derivative method. In this paper, we introduce the interest rate and tax rate into the continuous model of Fujiwra and Iwama [In: The 13th Annual International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation, pp. 476–488 (2002)]. Moreover, we use the forward difference method in different probabilistic environments to consider discrete leasing models both with and without the interest rate. We not only give the optimal competitive strategies and their competitive ratios in theory, but also give numerical results. We find that with the introduction of the interest rate and tax rate, the uncertainty involved in the process of decision making will diminish and the optimal purchasing date will be put off.     

Revenue recycling of a CO2 tax: Results from a general equilibrium model for Switzerland

This paper combines a recent proposal by the Swiss government for a CO₂ tax with a policy that uses the tax revenues to lower the pre-existing marginal labor income tax rates, and examines the efficiency and distribution effects of such a revenue recycling policy. The investigation, based on a large-scale general equilibrium model, contrary to other studies, indicates that an environmental tax reform involves negative gross cost, that is, increases welfare even when environmental benefits are not accounted for. The simulation results further show that the adverse distributional effects of a pure CO₂ tax are neutralized or even reversed when tax revenues finance cuts of existing taxes.We thank Tom Rutherford, Reto Schleiniger and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Financial support by the Federal Agency for Energy under the SOEFF program is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of the granting agency.     

A primal projective interior point method for linear programming

We present a new projective interior point method for linear programming with unknown optimal value. This algorithm requires only that an interior feasible point be provided. It generates a strictly decreasing sequence of objective values and within polynomial time, either determines an optimal solution, or proves that the problem is unbounded. We also analyze the asymptotic convergence rate of our method and discuss its relationship to other polynomial time projective interior point methods and the affine scaling method.This research was supported in part by NSF Grants DMS-85-12277 and CDR-84-21402 and ONR Contract N00014-87-K0214.     

随机均衡模型中的最优机制

本文基于经典的Mirrlees税收模型，建立了一个一般化的动态随机均衡模型，论证了消费者的最优资本存量和收入，以及政府的最优税收和公共花费的存在性，并得出最优收入税函数在Hilbert空间的一个闭子集上是下半连续的结论。     

“公司+农户”型订单农业供应链的政府税收补贴机制

基于“公司+农户”型订单农业背景,引入“随行就市,保底收购”的合约价格方式并考虑农产品流通中的数量损耗,探究了政府向公司征税并将税收收入补贴给农户对于订单农业供应链决策及运作的影响。首先,在政府对农户的补贴系数外生时,以政府征税不补贴为基准模型,对比分析了政府征税不补贴和征税补贴两种情形下的均衡结果,发现:若公司对农产品深加工,则进项税率小于销项税率,政府对农户进行税收补贴,可激励农户提高生产量并促使公司降低保底价格,进而增加双方期望收益,即征税补贴是征税不补贴的帕累托改善;若公司对农产品初加工,进项税率等于销项税率,则税收补贴带来的收益全部被公司利用其强势地位所攫取,单纯的税收补贴难以实现农户增产增收的目的。随后,在政府补贴系数内生时,证明了深加工情形下存在唯一最优的税收补贴系数使得政府社会福利最大化,且最优的税收补贴系数随各参数的变化存在上下界。最后,引入数值算例验证了上述结论,同时发现,深加工情形下政府决策的最优税收补贴系数随流通损耗率的增加而减小,随销项税率和供应链边际利润率的增大而增大;社会福利和公司的期望收益对流通损耗率的变化较之农户的期望收益对其变化更为敏感。     

On a risk model with Markovian arrivals and tax

A risk model with Markovian arrivals and tax payments is considered.When the insurer is in a profitable situation,the insurer may pay a certain proportion of the premium income as tax payments. First,t...     

Optimal scheduling of income tax prepayments under stochastic incomes

This paper presents a stochastic model for the optimal scheduling of income tax prepayments (or advances) when the tax-payer has to choose his prepayments under stochastic incomes and incurs penalties for insufficient prepayments. We present an exact optimal solution and an approximate conditional decision rule. We also provide an error bound on the approximate solution. We then study various taxation laws and show that the error bound on the approximate solution is low when the taxation system tends to promote more regular prepayments.     

An Optimal Control Problem in Coefficients for a Strongly Degenerate Parabolic Equation with Interior Degeneracy

We deal with an optimal control problem in coefficients for a strongly degenerate diffusion equation with interior degeneracy, which is due to the nonnegative diffusion coefficient vanishing with some rate at an interior point of a multi-dimensional space domain. The optimal controller is searched in the class of functions having essentially bounded partial derivatives. The existence of the state system and of the optimal control are proved in a functional framework constructed on weighted spaces. By an approximating control process, explicit approximating optimality conditions are deduced, and a representation theorem allows one to express the approximating optimal control as the solution to the eikonal equation. Under certain hypotheses, further properties of the approximating optimal control are proved, including uniqueness in some situations. The uniform convergence of a sequence of approximating controllers to the solution of the exact control problem is provided. The optimal controller is numerically constructed in a square domain.     

Arbitrage and the tax code

We provide a detailed characterization of arbitrage-free asset prices in the presence of capital gains and income taxes. The distinguishing feature of our analysis is that we impose on the model two important features of the tax code: the limited use of capital losses and the inability to wash sell. We show that under remarkably mild conditions, the lack of pre-tax arbitrage implies the lack of post-tax arbitrage with the limited use of capital losses. The conditions are that the risk free interest rate be positive and that tax rates on interest income exceed capital gains tax rates. The result also holds when only a wash sale constraint is imposed and no investor holds a portfolio with a large capital loss. We allow investors to face different tax rates and have different bases for the calculation of capital gains taxes. The characterizations we provide have important implications for both asset pricing and portfolio choice. Our results imply that models that use arbitrage-free pre-tax models continue for derivative pricing and hedging are also arbitrage free in a world with taxes. Similarly, portfolio choice models with taxes typically specify pre-tax arbitrage free price processes and then analyze portfolio choice in the presence of taxes. In these models, it is unclear if portfolio recommendations are based on risk-return tradeoffs or on the arbitrage opportunities present in the model. Our results imply that if the above features of the tax code are modeled explicitly, then we can isolate the post-tax risk-return tradeoffs.