基于压电阻抗技术的金属材料弹性变形检测研究

基于压电阻抗技术的结构健康监测原理,对低碳钢圆棒试样单轴拉伸弹性变形过程中安装在其上的压电材料的阻抗信息进行了分析,探究采用压电阻抗谱中峰值频率变化表征金属材料弹性变形(也即材料应力)状态的方法的可行性.将压电材料片作为主动传感器,粘贴在圆棒的端部圆截面(受压变形区)和杆中部(拉伸变形区)两种位置,分别测取园棒试样不同拉伸伸长情况下的阻抗信号.分析试验结果发现:随着弹性伸长变形量的增加,端部压电导纳(阻抗的倒数)谱中对应峰值频率减小,而杆中部压电导纳谱中对应峰值频率增加,两个部位的压电导纳频率变化接近线性规律.由此可得出结论:可以利用压电阻抗(导纳)技术,通过测量部位的压电导纳谱信息,以频率为特征参数对结构件的应力状态进行监测;通过端面压电材料输出导纳谱信息中频率改变量,可实现对轴杆类构件轴向应力状态进行监测,这个方法特别适合于埋入式螺栓,混凝土中预应力钢筋等轴向力的监测.     

功率控制单元板卡布局优化设计研究

功率控制单元是智能配电系统中的关键单元,如何优化功率控制单元板卡的布局,从而保证其稳健的工作是工程应用中关心的重要问题.以功率控制单元为研究对象,依据该单元的设计要求,提出了功率控制单元板卡的优化设计方法.并运用Matlab软件及Lingo软件,以各板卡的功率均匀为优化目标,对具体的功率控制单元中各个板卡上配电通道的布局进行了优化设计,给出了具体的设计方案,从而使板卡的布局更加合理.     

陀螺系统随机振动分析的辛本征展开方法

探讨了受随机载荷作用下陀螺阻尼系统随机动力响应问题.虚拟激励法作为随机振动分析的一种高效、精确方法已经广泛应用于结构抗震、抗风等工程领域.在以单类物理变量描述的Lagrange(拉格朗日)体系框架下,振型分解方法已被有效应用于上述随机振动问题的模型自由度缩减.然而,对于陀螺系统的随机振动问题,由于陀螺效应的存在,基于Rayleigh商本征值的振型分解方法受到很大限制.对此,首先给出了陀螺系统辛本征值问题的一般形式.然后对于受平稳随机载荷激励的陀螺系统(无阻尼或有阻尼)引入虚拟激励法,基于辛本征空间展开推导了系统随机振动响应功率谱的求解列式;对于仅考虑陀螺效应的保守系统(无阻尼),该求解列式可以表述为一个显式表达式.在数值算例中,应用该文提出的方法分析了平稳随机载荷作用下一类阻尼陀螺系统的随机振动响应问题,通过与其它方法进行对比,验证了该方法的精确性和有效性.     

基于Clough-Penzien谱激励的指数型非黏滞阻尼结构随机地震动响应简明封闭解

非黏滞阻尼模型相比传统黏滞阻尼模型能更准确描述结构材料的耗能行为,其本构关系常用核函数为指数函数的卷积形式表示．针对目前非黏滞阻尼结构的随机地震动响应分析方法所得结果较为复杂,该文提出了一种基于Clough-Penzien(C-P)谱的结构响应0~2阶谱矩分析的简明封闭解法．该方法首先提出非黏滞阻尼结构的精确等效微分本构关系式,并利用其与C-P谱滤波微分方程重构了结构的地震动方程;再基于随机振动理论获得了结构随机响应0~2阶谱矩的简明封闭解,并基于得到的0~2阶谱矩采用首次超越破坏准则和Markov分布规则进行了结构动力可靠度分析;最后通过算例论证了该简明封闭解的准确性及高效性.     

基于变体积约束的阻尼材料微结构拓扑优化研究北大核心CSCD

阻尼复合结构的抑振性能取决于材料布局和阻尼材料特性.该文提出了一种变体积约束的阻尼材料微结构拓扑优化方法,旨在以最小的材料用量获得具有期望性能的阻尼材料微结构.基于均匀化方法,建立阻尼材料三维微结构有限元模型,得到阻尼材料的等效弹性矩阵.逆用Hashin-Shtrikman界限理论,估计对应于期望等效模量的阻尼材料体积分数限,并构建阻尼材料体积约束限的移动准则.将获得阻尼材料微结构期望性能的优化问题转化为体积约束下最大化等效模量的优化问题,建立阻尼材料微结构的拓扑优化模型.利用优化准则法更新设计变量,实现最小材料用量下的阻尼材料微结构最优拓扑设计.通过典型数值算例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性,并讨论了初始微构型、网格依赖性和弹性模量等对阻尼材料微结构的影响.     

高速列车铝型板振动声辐射特性研究

采用有限元方法建立高速列车铝型板结构分析模型,在设定边界条件基础上,利用声学软件完成了结构的固有特性、结构辐射声功率等声场特性参数计算。重点研究了自由阻尼层敷设前后底板厚度及阻尼层厚度对其固有特性及截止频率值的影响,以及对板结构振动声辐射特性的影响。研究结果表明:低阶频率范围底板厚度及自由阻尼层厚度对辐射声功率影响不明显;高阶频率范围结构会发生不可忽略的局部模态变形,底板厚度越小结构总辐射声功率越大,声辐射能力越强。敷设自由阻尼层时能够降低结构辐射声功率,但是阻尼层厚度变化对辐射声功率影响不明显。     

预测纤维增强复合材料层压板固有频率振型及模态阻尼的有限元算法

本文提供了预测纤维增强复合材料层压板固有频率、振型及模态阻尼的理论计算方法,此方法是综合了有限元法和阻尼单元模型,并考虑了横向剪应变和转动惯量的影响,本文给出了对称铺层石墨纤维及玻璃纤维复合材料层压板的理论计算结果,并给出实验数据进行对比.本文还提出一种预测复合材料层压板固有频率和阻尼的简易方法.     

非线性梁结构的参数振动稳定性及其主动控制

采用压电材料研究了参数激励非线性梁结构的运动稳定性及其主动控制,通过速度反馈控制算法获得主动阻尼,利用Hamilton原理建立含阻尼的立方非线性运动方程,采用多尺度方法求解运动方程获得稳定性区域．通过数值算例,分析了控制增益、外激振力幅值等因素对稳定性区域和幅频曲线特性的影响．分析表明:控制增益增大,结构所能承受的轴向力也增大,在一定范围内结构的主动阻尼比也增加;随着控制增益的增大,响应幅值逐渐降低,但所需的控制电压存在峰值点．     

非线性系统动力分析的模态综合技术

各种模态综合方法已广泛应用于线性结构的动力分析,但是,一般都不适用于非线性系统. 本文基于[20][21]提出的方法,将一种模态综合技术推广到非线性系统的动力分析.该法应用于具有连接件耦合的复杂结构系统,以往把连接件简化为线性弹簧和阻尼器.事实上,这些连接件通常具有非线性弹性和非线性阻尼特性.例如,分段线性弹簧、软特性或硬特性弹簧、库伦阻尼、弹塑性滞后阻尼等.但就各部件而言,仍属线性系统.可以通过计算或试验或兼由两者得到一组各部件的独立的自由界面主模态信息,且只保留低阶主模态.通过连接件的非线性耦合力,集合各部件运动方程而建立成总体的非线性振动方程.这样问题就成为缩减了自由度的非线性求解方程,可以达到节省计算机的存贮和运行时间的目的.对于阶次很高的非线性系统,若能缩减足够的自由度,那么问题就可在普通的计算机上得以解决. 由于一般多自由度非线性振动系统的复杂性,一般而言,这种非线性方程很难找到精确解.因此,对于任意激励下系统的瞬态响应,可以采用数值计算方法求解缩减的非线性方程.     

随机地震激励下水中悬浮隧道的动力响应

将张力腿定位的水中悬浮隧道结构简化为弹性简支梁和弹性支撑刚性梁的叠加,基于Euler(欧拉)梁理论给出悬浮隧道管段受迫振动时的运动方程,等效线性化处理动力方程非线性项;采用虚拟激励模拟随机地震输入,数值模拟平稳随机地震下水中悬浮隧道管体的动力响应,给出管段的位移功率谱.通过位移功率谱分析表明:随着消能连接装置阻尼系数和张力腿弹簧系数的增大,管段的动力响应减弱,其中张力腿的刚度对悬浮隧道管体的震动影响较为显著.     

Dynamic performance analysis of non-linear tuned vibration absorbers

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of a damping controlled semi-active tuned vibration absorber (TVA). A base-excited, single-degree-of-freedom structure coupled with a TVA model is adopted as the baseline model for our analysis. A non-model based groundhook control (displacement-based on–off control or “on–off DBG”) was used to control the damping of the TVA. After developing numerical models of a non-linear TVA along with the on–off DBG control and a passive TVA, the optimal tuning parameters of both TVA models were obtained using an optimization routine. Using the two optimally tuned models, parametric studies were preformed by varying the values of both on and off-state damping to evaluate the dynamic performances of the TVAs using the peak transmissibility criteria. The results showed that the peak transmissibility of the semi-active TVA is nearly 21% lower than that of the passive, indicating that the semi-active TVA is more effective in reducing vibration levels. The results further showed that increases in off-state damping decreases the effectiveness of semi-active TVA in reducing maximum vibration levels.     

Unwanted noise and vibration control using finite element analysis and artificial intelligence

A mechatronic approach integrating both passive and active controllers is presented in this study to deal with unwanted noise and vibration produced in an automobile wiper system operation. Wiper system is a flexible structure with high order, nonlinear model that is considered as a multi objective control problem since there is a conflict between its functionality quality in wiping and generated unwanted noise and vibration. A passive control technique using multi body system (MBS) model and finite element analysis (FEA) is introduced to identify the potential of the effectiveness of the physical parameters of wiper blade to give appropriate range to reduce the unwanted noise and vibration in the system. While, the significant contribution of active controller is to deal with uncertainties exerted to system within wiper operation. In passive control stage, natural frequencies of a uni-blade automobile wiper are determined using modal testing. Later, a 3-dimensional model of a wiper blade assembly is developed in multi body system design to investigate the good validation test and agreement of the physical behavior of the system in experiment with finite element analysis. Parametric modification via complex eigenvalue is adopted to predict instability of the wiper blade. In active control level, experimental data collected from the wiper system during its operation. A system identification model named nonlinear auto regressive exogenous Elman neural network (NARXENN) is developed for implying the active controller. A bi-level adaptive-fuzzy controller is brought in whose parameters are tuned simultaneously by a multi objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to deal with the conflict interests in wiper control problem.     

Localization phenomena in structural dynamics

A survey of vibration localization phenomena in the context of structural dynamics and vibrations is presented. The review covers the more common and relevant cases where mode localization and vibration confinement are likely to occur in engineering structures. Examples considered include periodic or nearly periodic multi-span beams and multi-bay trusses, large space structures, space antennas, and almost periodic (a.p.) structures with circular symmetry, e.g., bladed disks in turbomachines. Both analytical and numerical methods for analyzing and predicting localization in finite and infinite systems are discussed. In this paper, we show how the problem of mode localization and vibration confinement can be formulated as a problem in the theory of stability of differential equations with a.p. coefficients. Using stability theory, new definitions of mode localization can be established for both linear and nonlinear structures. The possibility of stabilizing certain nonconservative fluid-structure systems using structural disorder is demonstrated, and stability theorems are given for aeroelastic systems governed by normal operators. We also illustrate how the results from localization theory and the associated stability theory can be applied to the vibration control problem, by triggering vibration confinement by active or passive means.     

The development of hybrid ES-FE-SEA method for mid-frequency vibration analysis of complex built-up structure

The beam-plate structures and its complex composite structures are widely used in practical engineering. Recently, a hybrid FE-SEA method was applied for the vibration analysis of beam-plate structures in mid-frequency regime. However, the accuracy of prediction is still low, due to “overly-stiff” feature of embedded conventional FEM. In this work, a hybrid ES-FE-SEA model of a beam-plate built-up structure is developed for response prediction in vibration testing, in which, the edge-based smoothed technique is applied in the 3D beam structure FEM model to soften the whole system stiffness. Then, combined with SEA, this ES-FEM is embedded to achieve a hybrid ES-FE-SEA framework, to improve the accuracy of mid-frequency response predictions of the complex built-up structure. In hybrid ES-FE-SEA model, the plate structure which has a higher model density is considered as a statistical subsystem and modeled statistically using statistical energy analysis (SEA). The beam structure with a relative lower model density is modeled deterministically using edge-based smooth finite element method (ES-FEM). The coupling between these two different types of subsystems is achieved through the diffuse field reciprocity relation. The acceleration loads are applied to the model. The results obtained by the ES-FE-SEA and FE-SEA are compared. It is found that the hybrid ES-FE-SEA method is reliable for the mid-frequency vibration problems of the beam-plate built-up structure. The proposed ES-FE-SEA is verified by various numerical examples.     

An energy flow model for high-frequency vibration analysis of two-dimensional panels in supersonic airflow

Many energy flow models have been proposed for high-frequency forced vibration analysis of structures. In this paper, a novel energy flow model is developed to predict the high-frequency vibration response of panels in supersonic airflow and quantify the effects of supersonic airflow on high-frequency forced vibration characteristics. The additional damping due to supersonic airflow is derived from the motion equation of a two-dimensional panel. The relationship between the wavenumber and the group velocity is introduced to describe the energy transmission property considering the effects of supersonic airflow. Then the energy density governing equation (i.e. energy flow model) is established and solved by the energy flow analysis (EFA) and the energy finite element method (EFEM). Finally, comparing the vibration responses obtained by the present energy flow model with the corresponding exact analytical solutions, the developed energy flow model is verified to be effective for high-frequency vibration analysis of panels in supersonic airflow. Furthermore, the numerical simulations indicate that supersonic airflow can affect the equivalent damping of the propagating elastic waves, and thus change the energy density distribution of the panel.     

Approximate Galerkin method applied to an analysis of vibration of continuous mechanical systems

Paper presents fundamental assumptions of the approximate Galerkin method application in order to vibration analysis of continuous mechanical systems with different form of vibration and different boundary conditions. Flexural vibration of beams, longitudinal vibration of rods and torsional vibration of shafts with all possible ways of fixing were considered. Analyzed mechanical systems were treated as subsystems of mechatronic systems with piezoelectric transducers. This work was done as an introduction to the analysis of mechatronic systems with piezoelectric transducers used as actuators or passive vibration dampers [1–3]. It is impossible to use an exact Fourier method in this case. This is the reason why the approximate Galerkin method was chosen and analysis of its exactness was done as a first step of this work. Dynamic flexibilities of considered mechanical systems were calculated twice, using exact and approximate methods. Obtained results were juxtaposed and it was proved that in some cases the approximate method should be corrected while in the other it is precise enough. A correction method was proposed and it was assumed that the approximate method can be used in mechatronic systems analysis. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Active control of working machines seat suspension aimed at health protection against vibration

The paper presents the model and simulation of passive and active earth-moving machines seat suspension. The object of the simulation is the visco-elastic passive seat suspension with an air-spring, hydraulic shock-absorber and scissors guidance mechanism. Passive seat suspension amplifies the vibration amplitude at low frequency range of excitation signal (the resonance effect). In order to help the working machines operators against vibration, the active system with different control strategies is elaborated. Active system improves significantly the behavior of the seat suspension at low frequency excitation, with the most effectiveness obtained for the resonance frequency. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of 2-DOF nonlinear vibration isolation floating raft systems with feedback control

In this paper, the average method is adopted to analysis dynamic characteristics of nonlinear vibration isolation floating raft system with feedback control. The analytic results show that the purposes of reducing amplitude of oscillation and complicating the motion can be achieved by adjusting properly the system parameters, exciting frequency and control gain. The conclusions can provide some available evidences for the design and improvement of both the passive and active control of the vibration isolation systems. By altering the exciting frequency and control gain, complex motion of the system can be obtained. Numerical simulations show the system exhibits period vibration, double period vibration and quasi-period motion.     

Elimination of tall building vibration resulting from ground motions

In this paper, the vibration problems of tall buildings are considered. The focus is on vibration caused by earthquakes, semi–seismic phenomena and ground vibrations of other origins. The construction consists of the main system and a vibration eliminator (passive tuned mass damper – pendulum type) which is attuned to the first eigenfrequency of the main structure. The analysis focuses on elimination of structure vibration caused by horizontal components of ground motions, while the functioning of the eliminator is simultaneously influenced by the vertical component (parametric effect – the possibility of improper functioning of the device). The vertical periodic movement of the support point can cause changes of the vibration eliminator's stiffness. In such a case parametric excitation occurs in the system, which signifies that parametric resonance may appear. The numerical analysis of the problem was performed with the Newmark method in conjunction with FEM. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

集成结构振动主动控制和抑制

采用一种新的压电板单元,建立了含有分布压电传感元件和执行元件的集成结构的有限元动力模型。研究了这种集成结构在常增益负速度反馈控制规律作用下,振动的主动控制与抑制的问题,并提出了集成结构振动主动控制和抑制的一般方法。最后,提供了数值示例,说明本文提出方法的有效性。