二氢吲哚类染料用于染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的比较

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)对四种二氢吲哚染料进行研究, 从中筛选出相对优秀的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂. 对前线分子轨道的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的前线分子轨道结构非常有利于染料激发态向TiO2电极的电子注入. 对真空中的紫外和可见光吸收光谱的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配较好. 对染料分子的能级计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的能级结构比较适合于I-/I-3作电解液的TiO2纳米晶太阳能电池的光敏剂. 二氢吲哚染料最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO) 能级均比TiO2晶体导带边能级高, 能够保证激发态染料分子高效地向TiO2电极转移电子. 二氢吲哚染料最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)的能级比I-/I-3能级低, 保证了失去电子的染料分子能够顺利地从电解液中得到电子. 与实验数据比较, 得出在提高染料敏化太阳能电池转换效率方面, 对染料的关键要求是LUMO能级的位置. 染料分子的稳定性是染料敏化太阳能电池使用寿命的关键因素. 通过对化学键键长的比较表明, 二氢吲哚染料的分子稳定性基本相同. 对计算结果的分析表明, 二氢吲哚染料1(ID1)的LUMO能级最高, 分子稳定性最好, 在酒精溶液中的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配很好, 在同类染料中是较好的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂.     

给电子基团对吲哚染料电子结构和吸收光谱的影响

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT), 分别基于B3LYP和PBE1PBE方法研究了一系列含有不同给电子基团的吲哚染料分子(ID1-ID3)的电子结构和吸收光谱性质. 重点比较了不同电子给体对染料的分子结构、吸收光谱以及其在电池中的光伏性能的影响. 结果表明从ID1、ID2到ID3, 随着电子给体中苯环数目的增加, 吲哚分子上的共轭效应逐渐增大, 导致吲哚分子最高占据分子轨道-最低未占据分子轨道(HOMO-LUMO)之间的能隙变窄, 分子的吸收光谱发生红移. 染料分子的吸收光谱和LUMO能级分别影响染料的吸光效率和光电转化过程中电子的注入过程, 从而使其二者成为决定电池光伏性能的重要参数. 综合考虑上述两个参数对电池性能的贡献, 通过理论研究证实, 在ID1-ID3系列染料中, ID3具有较长的吸收谱带、较大的分子消光系数和合适的LUMO能级, 从而表现出最为优越的光伏性能, 这与实验得出的结论很好地吻合.     

靛族染料发色体电子光谱性质的含时密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函方法(DFT)在B3LYP／6—31 ^*水平上对一系列靛族染料发色体的几何构型进行优化计算；在获得基态稳定结构的基础上，应用含时密度泛函理论(TD—DFT)在相同水平下计算其电子吸收光谱．探讨了不同给电子基团和发色体的延伸对电子吸收光谱的影响，得到了与对应母体化合物一致的变化规律．结果表明，给电子基团给电子能力的增强和发色体的纵向延伸分别使光谱产生一定红移和轻微的蓝移．通过对前线轨道组成进行自然布居分析，揭示了靛族染料的发光均源自分子中HOMO—LUMO(π→π^*)电子跃迁．     

四硫富瓦烯作为染料敏化太阳能电池有机染料电子给体的理论研究(英文)

为了研究四硫富瓦烯(TTF)基团对有机染料敏化剂光电性能的影响,以咔唑染料Dye 1为原型,引入TTF基团作为电子给体,设计了咔唑染料Dye 2.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)分别计算模拟了纯染料分子和吸附团簇(TiO2)9后的形貌、分子轨道能级以及紫外-可见吸收光谱,采用周期性密度泛函理论计算模拟染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附的表面形貌.结果发现:在有机染料中引入TTF基团有助于有机染料敏化剂在二氧化钛表面的抗团聚作用和分子内的电荷转移;最为重要的是,TTF基团的强给电子能力极大地增强了有机染料敏化剂的光捕获能力.所有的计算结果表明,TTF基团是一种非常有潜力改善染料敏化剂光电性能的给电子基团.     

新型含有多氰基受体单元的近红外敏化染料的合成及其光伏性能研究

本文分别以三苯胺、二甲基苯胺和吲哚啉单元为电子给体,设计并合成了3个新型D-π-A体系近红外敏化染料分子5C-1、5C-2和5C-3,并对其结构进行了表征,详细研究了在溶液中以及吸附到电极上的吸收光谱.该系列敏化染料在550—850 nm之间具有较强的吸收,尤其5C-3的吸收边带已达到954 nm.当该系列敏化染料吸附到TiO₂上时,吸收边带大幅红移,显示有利于染料捕获长波段区域的太阳光.通过循环伏安法,测定了染料的电化学性质,发现该系列敏化染料的最低未占有轨道(LUMO)能级与TiO₂导带并不匹配,因此选用导带能级更正的SnO₂作为阳极半导体材料进一步测试了该系列染料的光电性能,以发展具有优良性能的长波段响应的近红外敏化剂.     

四硫富瓦烯作为染料敏化太阳能电池有机染料电子给体的理论研究

为了研究四硫富瓦烯(TTF)基团对有机染料敏化剂光电性能的影响,以咔唑染料Dye 1 为原型,引入TTF基团作为电子给体,设计了咔唑染料Dye 2. 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)分别计算模拟了纯染料分子和吸附团簇(TiO₂)₉后的形貌、分子轨道能级以及紫外-可见吸收光谱,采用周期性密度泛函理论计算模拟染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附的表面形貌. 结果发现：在有机染料中引入TTF基团有助于有机染料敏化剂在二氧化钛表面的抗团聚作用和分子内的电荷转移;最为重要的是,TTF 基团的强给电子能力极大地增强了有机染料敏化剂的光捕获能力. 所有的计算结果表明,TTF基团是一种非常有潜力改善染料敏化剂光电性能的给电子基团.     

染料敏化太阳能电池中染料分子共轭π桥的扩展

以染料分子D5为原型, 采用不同类型和数量的共轭桥单元来设计D-π-A 型有机分子. 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)来模拟计算分子的形貌、分子轨道能级以及紫外-可见光谱, 为染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的敏化分子寻找适合的共轭桥. 采用“次甲基链”、“呋喃环”或“噻吩环”、“次甲基链和呋喃环”或“次甲基链和噻吩环”作为共轭桥单元, 使得分子的吸收光谱依次红移. 随着共轭桥单元的增加, 分子的吸收光谱有剧烈的红移, 但随着共轭桥单元数量的进一步增加, 分子吸收光谱的红移现象减弱. 分子的最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)能级逐渐降低, 而最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级逐渐升高. 采用3个“次甲基链和呋喃环”或者“次甲基链和噻吩环”作为共轭桥时, HOMO能级已经高于氧化还原电解质的能级, 而在极性溶液中, 由2个“次甲基链和噻吩环”单元作为有机分子的共轭桥时, 分子的HOMO能级已经高于氧化还原电解质的能级了. 采用“次甲基链和呋喃环”或“次甲基链和噻吩环”单元作为有机分子的共轭桥时, 吸收光谱有明显的红移,但对于DSSCs的敏化分子, 这样的共轭桥单元只能有1-2个, 不宜过多.     

共轭性对7-吡啶吲哚类衍生物的结构与电子光谱性质的影响

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对7-吡啶吲哚衍生物的结构及电子光谱性质进行了理论研究.在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上得到了7-吡啶吲哚(M)以及5种共轭衍生物(a-e)的几何构型、电子布局以及前线分子轨道;应用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)在B3LYP/6-31+G(d)水平上计算了5种衍生物的电子光谱性质.结果表明,共轭体系的π键成分增大,能级差减小,激发能降低,分子的最大激发波长向长波方向移动,即发生红移.但是,如果分子中的空间位阻增大,则共轭程度降低,发生蓝移.前线分子轨道分析表明该类化合物吸收光谱主要对应分子中的HOMO→LUMO电子跃迁,且为π-π*跃迁.为新型含吲哚基团的光电功能材料的设计合成提供了理论参考.     

额外电子受体功能化的C216基敏化剂光伏性能理论研究

通过向C216染料中插入额外电子受体的分子设计策略,设计了5个具有D-A-π-A结构的新染料,利用密度泛函理论计算和Marcus电荷传输模型研究了其结构、电子、光学及光伏性质．结果表明,插入额外电子受体可以稳定LUMO能级、缩小HOMO-LUMO能隙及显著红移染料的光吸收峰．基于对电子注入/复合速率和效率的估算,预测C216染料在标准光辐射下(100mW·cm^-2)的光电转换效率(PCE)约为7.85%,与实验测量值7.70%非常接近,证明本文所用计算方案是可靠的．采用同一方案,预测所设计染料A4/A5的PCE值高达14.29%/15.47%,约为C216的1.82/1.97倍,说明染料A4和A5是潜在的高性能染料候选物,值得进一步实验研究．     

以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A有机光敏染料———— 染料敏化太阳电池中的应用*

不含金属的有机染料在染料敏化太阳电池（DSC）中的应用愈加广泛,以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A分子是其中重要的一类。本文依据芳香胺的结构,将近5年来应用于DSC中一百多个D-π-A分子分成四类,包括：基于N-烷基-苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,基于三苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,由包含芴基团的三芳胺构建的D-π-A光敏染料,包含芳胺基团的其它结构类型的D-π-A光敏染料。评述了它们的光电转换性能。     

Push–pull effect on the geometries,electronic and optical properties of thiophene based dye-sensitized solar cell materials

Geometries, electronic structure and electronic absorption spectra of thiophene based dye-sensitized solar cells were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Different electron donating and electron withdrawing groups have been substituted. Geometries and electronic properties have been computed at B3LYP/6-31G⁷ and absorption spectra at TD-B3LYP/6-31G⁷ level of theory. Major change in bond lengths and bond angles occurs in the system where there is electron withdrawing or electron donating groups have been substituted. In SYSTEM-2 and SYSTEM-3 intra charge transfer has been observed. HOMO of SYSTEM-2 and SYSTEM-3 is delocalized on left side while LUMO on right side of the molecule. In SYSTEM-1, HOMO is on left side while LUMO is in the center. The designed systems show two absorption peaks for each of the system. In short, choice of appropriate electron withdrawing and donating groups is very important for improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.     

Photo‐physical Properties of N‐methyl‐3,4‐fulleropyrrolidine and Its Derivatives: A DFT and TD‐DFT Investigation

A series of N‐methyl‐3,4‐fulleropyrrolidine (NMFP) derivatives were designed by selecting different π‐conjugated linkers and electron‐donating groups as D‐π‐A and D‐A systems. The optimised structures and photo‐physical properties of NMFP and its derivatives have been determined using density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) methods with the B3LYP functional and the 6‐31G basis set. According to the computation analysis, both the π‐conjugated linkers and the electron‐donating groups can influence the electronic and photo‐physical properties of the NMFP derivatives. Our calculated results demonstrated that the electron‐donating groups, with significant electron‐donating ability, had the tendency to increase the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy. The π‐conjugated linkers with lower resonance energy decreased the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy and caused a significant decrease in the energy gap (E_g) between the E_HOMO and E_LUMO. A Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis examines the effect of the electron‐donating group, π conjugated linker, and electron‐withdrawing group for these NMFP derivatives. For the NMFP derivatives, a projected density of state (PDOS) analysis demonstrated that the electron density of HOMO and LUMO are concentrated on the electron‐donating group and the π‐conjugated linker, respectively. A TD‐DFT/B3LYP calculation was performed to calculate the electronic absorption spectra of these NMFP derivatives. Both the electron‐donating group and the π‐conjugated linker contribute to the major absorption peaks, which are assigned as HOMO to LUMO transitions and are red‐shifted relative to those of non‐substituted NMFP.     

Exploration on Charge Transfer and Absorption Spectra of Spiro[fluorene-9,90-xanthene]-based Polyoxometalate Hybrids Toward High Performance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

Based on spiro[fluorene-9,90-xanthene](SFX, dye 1), the Lindqvist-type polyoxometalate(POM) functionalized with SFX and its derivatives(dyes 2-4) used in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) were designed and investigated with the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent DFT(TD-DFT) calculations. The results indicate that Lindqvist-type POM is the main contribution to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) and affects the LUMO energies of dyes 2-4. The maximum absorptions of the designed dyes containing POM(dyes 2-4) are red shifted comparing with that of dye 1. The introduction of electron-donating group onto SFX segment is helpful to red shift the absorption spectra. The major factors affecting the performance of DSSCs, including light harvesting and electron injection were evaluated. Considering the absorption spectra and photovoltaic parameters, dyes 3 and 4 are promising high performance dye sensitizers in n-type DSSCs.     

Optical properties of (Z)‐2‐(2‐phenylhydrazinylidene)acenaphthen‐1(2H)‐one: a potential electron donor in organic solar cells

Electron‐donating molecules play an important role in the development of organic solar cells. (Z )‐2‐(2‐Phenylhydrazinylidene)acenaphthen‐1(2H )‐one (PDAK), C₁₈H₁₂N₂O, was synthesized by a Schiff base reaction. The crystal structure shows that the molecules are planar and are linked together forming `face‐to‐face' assemblies held together by intermolecular C—H…O, π–π and C—H…π interactions. PDAK exhibits a broadband UV–Vis absorption (200–648 nm) and a low HOMO–LUMO energy gap (1.91 eV; HOMO is the highest occupied molecular orbital and LUMO is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), while fluorescence quenching experiments provide evidence for electron transfer from the excited state of PDAK to C₆₀. This suggests that the title molecule may be a suitable donor for use in organic solar cells.     

Theoretical Studies on Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Photoelectrochemical Cell Ruthenium Sensitizers-the Derivatives of N3

A series of dye molecules was designed theoretically. Particularly, azoles and their derivatives were chosen as the modifying groups linking to ancillary ligands of [Ru(dcbpyH₂)₂(NCS)₂](N3, dcbpy=4,4′-dicarboxy- 2,2′-bipyridine; NCS=thiocyanato). Density functional theory(DFT) based approaches were applied to exploring the electronic structures and properties of all these systems. The dye molecule with 1,2,4-triazole groups which exhibits a very high intensity of absorption in visible region, was obtained. Time-dependent DFT(TD-DFT) results indicate that the ancillary ligand dominates the molecular orbital(MO) energy levels and masters the absorption transition nature to a certain extent. The deprotonation of anchoring ligand not only affects the frontier MO energy levels but also controls the energy gaps of the highest occupied MO(HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied MO(LUMO) and LUMO to LUMO+1 orbital. If the gap between LUMO-LUMO+1 is small enough, the higher efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) should be expected.     

带有噻吩侧基的有机硼小分子电子受体光伏材料

有机小分子电子受体材料的侧基能够影响异质结有机太阳能电池的给体/受体匹配和器件性能。我们设计并合成了一个硼原子带有噻吩侧基的有机硼小分子(MBN-Th)。该分子的LUMO离域在整个骨架上,HOMO定域在中心核上,其独特的电子结构使该分子具有两个强的吸收峰(波长分别为490和726nm),因此分子具有宽的吸收光谱和强的太阳光吸收能力。与苯基侧基相比,噻吩侧基使分子的HOMO能级下移0.1 eV,LUMO能级保持不变,进而引起分子带隙减小和吸收光谱蓝移20nm。基于该有机硼小分子受体材料的异质结有机太阳能电池,实现了4.21%的能量转化效率和300–850nm的宽响应光谱。实验结果表明,硼原子上的噻吩侧基是调控有机硼小分子光电性质的有效方法,可以用于有机硼小分子受体材料的设计。     

A Non‐Fullerene Acceptor with Chlorinated Thienyl Conjugated Side Chains for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells via Toluene Processing

Small molecular acceptors (SMAs) BTC‐2F and BTH‐2F, based on heptacyclic benzodi(cyclopentadithiophene) electron‐donating core (CBT) with chlorinated‐thienyl conjugated and thienyl conjugated side chains, respectively, are designed and synthesized. Compared with non‐chlorine acceptor BTH‐2F, BTC‐2F exhibits slightly blue‐shifted absorption spectra, similar the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (–3.91 eV), deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and higher electron mobility than that of BTH‐2F. PM6, a wide bandgap polymer, is selected as the donor material to construct bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells processed with nonhalogenated solvent toluene. The optimized PM6:BTC‐2F‐based device presents a 12.9% power conversion efficiency (PCE), while the PCE of PM6:BTH‐2F‐based device is only 11.3%. The results suggest that it is an effective strategy to optimize the photoelectric properties of SMAs by incorporating chlorine atom into the conjugated side chains.     

Derivatizing Tribenzothiophene‐Fused Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes with Tunable Optoelectronic Properties

A series of trisbenzothieno[1,2:7,8:13,14]hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes were synthesized and characterized by a combination of NMR, 2D NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and 2D‐WAXS measurement. By structural modulation like decoration of electro‐donating alkoxyl chain, and conversion from an electron‐rich thiophene ring into an electron‐poor thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide moiety, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the hexabenzocoronenes derivatives can be effectively tuned which is further verified by the DFT calculations and cyclic voltammetry.