基于Pareto优化理论的多目标超椭梯度线圈设计

磁共振系统梯度线圈设计是一个多目标优化问题,在设计时需要综合考虑能耗、磁场能、线性度等设计要求.这些设计要求通常难以同时获得极小解,因此在设计梯度线圈时需要权衡线圈的各方面的设计需求.本文基于柱面可展性和流函数设计方法,结合Pareto优化方法实现了在超椭圆柱设计表面上梯度线圈的多目标设计.分别分析了磁场能、能耗目标对梯度线圈线性度、线圈构型的影响;并在Pareto解空间中分析各目标的相互变化关系,通过数值算例验证了该方法在超椭梯度线圈设计时的有效性与灵活性.优化结果显示,在满足线性度误差小于5%,能耗与磁场能分别小于用户设定值的设计约束下,梯度线圈的多目标设计存在多个局部优化解.该方法可以直观地比较相同目标函数值的情况下各单目标的具体表现,有利于实现不同的设计要求下梯度线圈的最终定型设计.     

用改进的两步模拟退火法进行二元光学元件的设计

为了减少二元光学元件设计的计算量并提高设计精度,在对现有算法机理进行深入分析的基础上,提出了适用于二元光学元件设计的两步模拟退火法.该算法在整个退火过程中采用先量化后优化的策略,并将优化过程分为两个阶段：搜索并锁定最优解区间;快速收敛到最优解.模拟实验显示,与传统设计方法相比,该算法不仅保持了全局寻优的特点,而且提高了稳健性和效率.算法剔除了对设计结果影响较大的量化误差,提高了设计精度.用此法实例设计了单焦面辐射聚焦元件,得到了与目标图像一致的光学实验结果.     

Ka波段耦合腔行波管放大器设计

由于Ka波段耦合腔行波管放大器设计技术取得了较大的发展,已经可以满足军用雷达的严格要求,这种设计技术也受到更多的关注.这里简要介绍Ka波段耦合腔行波管放大器的设计技术.通过介绍Ka波段耦合腔行波管放大器的基本组成、工作原理及设计中仿真工具的运用来说明这种设计技术.用这种设计技术成功设计出了多种耦合腔行波管放大器,在功率和体积方面突破了原有的Ka波段固态和螺旋线行波管放大器的局限,取得了明显的进步.Ka波段耦合腔行波管放大器的设计技术经过实践验证,在输出功率、带宽及重量方面已经取得了重大突破,满足了现代军用雷达的需求.     

基于振动性能优化的风力机叶片设计

风轮是风力机最重要的部件之一,设计良好的风轮是风力机获得较高风能利用系数和较大经济效益的基础.本文应用Wilson气动理论设计了 100 W 水平轴风力机叶片,并兼顾振动性能对设计参数进行修正.对设计的风轮进行了模态实验和气动外特性实验,实验结果表明,所设计的风力机在低风速时基本能够达到设计的风能利用系数,并使得风力机在运行时避开转速共振区,延长风轮寿命,从而降低设计成本.     

超宽带增透膜新的设计法

在设计超宽带增透膜时提出一种新的设计方法,使用这种设计方法来设计在400 nm~1800nm波段内实现增透,同时将其设计结果与使用传统设计方法设计的结果相比较,发现在400nm~1 800 nm波段内使用这种新的设计方法可以将其反射率值控制在2%以下.这种方法解决了在设计超宽带增透膜时传统的设计方法不能解决的难题.     

具有特定频段的左手材料构造与设计优化

为研究具有特定频段的左手材料设计方法. 首先基于传输线理论构造了一种左手材料微观构型, 采用S参数反演法进行数值仿真和等效传输线模型分析, 说明了该构型在特定的尺寸条件下具有左手特性, 并分析了尺寸参数对左手性能的影响. 进而给出了在给定频率附近具有最大带宽、较小损耗的左手材料设计优化问题的数学模型, 并给出了设计实例. 数值设计结果验证了优化模型的适用性和正确性.     

回旋加速器虚拟样机技术进展

基于缩短开发周期、降低物理样机成本及实现创新设计的目的,虚拟样机(VP)技术被用于低能回旋加速器的设计中.本文介绍了华中科技大学在回旋加速器VP技术研究上的进展.提出了面向多学科协同设计的回旋加速器虚拟样机开发思路,描述了基于Python脚本语言混合编程技术的VP集成平台.在该平台下,通过多个设计组件的支持与协作,可实现对主磁铁、高频腔和中心区等关键部件及回旋加速器整机的优化设计.     

演示记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的实验设计

设计了测试记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的物理实验.描述了实验装置的设计和结构,给出了实验内容的设计和实验方法,包括观察测试记忆合金弹簧的温度-形变记忆效应实验和电流-形变记忆效应实验.根据测量数据,描绘了用该仪器得到的温度-形变曲线和电流-形变曲线.该实验可作为设计性实验在大学物理实验课中开出.     

偏振光学系统中相位延迟机理及其应用

为了实现偏振编码的自由空间量子密钥分发实验,研制了偏振保持的光机系统,并对该系统所采用的相位延迟传输机理及应用进行了研究,建立了偏振误码率在允许范围内的量子链路.首先,采用矩阵光学理论对偏振光的方位角、相位延迟与消光比的关系进行了介绍.接着,通过矩阵光学理论及实验验证了偏振光学系统的相位延迟线性叠加原理.然后,在相位延迟线性叠加原理的基础上,设计了一套偏振保持光学系统,并通过理论分析及实验验证了此系统具备良好的偏振保持效果.最后,将偏振保持光学系统的设计机理应用于量子通信光机系统的设计之中,并取得了良好的设计效果.实验结果表明:相位之间的相互抵消可以有效地进行偏振保持设计,最终设计的量子通信光机系统的偏振消光比优于500∶1.满足了自由空间量子通信实验中对偏振误码率的要求.     

环形透镜暗场落射照明系统设计及其焦移特性的研究

环形透镜暗场落射照明系统越来越多被应用在特型显微镜上.该系统设计的难点是当采用现有的光学设计CAD软件设计计算时,由于环形透镜所具有的焦移特性的影响,难以保证预期的设计效果,也在一定程度上制约了该系统的推广应用.通过理论分析、实验论证和用自编制的照明设计CAD软件进行光线追迹,较好地确定了该系统的焦移量.并在此基础上提出了照明设计CAD与光学设计CAD软件互动迭代的设计方法.     

3D laser scanner system using high dynamic range imaging

Because of its high measuring speed, moderate accuracy, low cost and robustness in the industrial field, 3D laser scanning has been widely used in a variety of applications. However, the measurement of a 3D profile of a high dynamic range (HDR) brightness surface such as a partially highlighted object or a partial specular reflection remains one of the most challenging problems. This difficulty has limited the adoption of such scanner systems. In this paper, an optical imaging system based on a high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device and an image sensor (CCD or CMOS) was built to adjust the image's brightness pixel by pixel as required. The radiance value of the image captured by the image sensor is constrained to lie within the dynamic range of the sensor after an adaptive algorithm of pixel mapping between the LCoS mask plane and image plane through the HDR imaging system is added. Thus, an HDR image was reconstructed by the LCoS mask and the CCD image on this system. The significant difference between the proposed system and a traditional 3D laser scanner system is that the HDR image was used to calibrate and calculate the 3D profile coordinate. Experimental results show that HDR imaging can enhance 3D laser scanner system environmental adaptability and improve the accuracy of 3D profile measurement.     

三维形貌柔性测量系统标定方法及验证

为了避免机器人模型误差对三维形貌柔性测量系统手眼标定的影响,对手眼关系的标定方法进行了研究。提出了一种融合特征点拟合的手眼标定方法。将三维形貌扫描仪安装在工业机器人末端搭建三维形貌柔性测量系统。标定时,首先利用激光跟踪仪对工业机器人末端法兰盘坐标系进行测量,得到两者转换关系;然后,利用三维形貌扫描仪和激光跟踪仪对空间固定的特征点组进行测量,利用特征点约束和基于罗德里格矩阵的算法求解两者转换关系即可间接地求解出手眼关系。基于ATOS三维扫描仪、安川HP20D机器人和API公司生产的激光跟踪仪进行了手眼标定实验,并进行了精度验证。结果表明:标定后的三维形貌柔性测量系统,其重复性测量精度(3σ)不超过0.1 mm,长度测量精度的均方根误差在0.2 mm以内,点云拼接精度优于±0.7 mm。该方法有效避免了传统手眼标定过程中会引入机器人模型误差的问题,在求解手眼关系解时采用了线性的解法,并且适用于三维形貌柔性测量系统。     

Calibration procedure for a laser triangulation scanner with uncertainty evaluation

Most of low cost 3D scanning devices that are nowadays available on the market are sold without a user calibration procedure to correct measurement errors related to changes in environmental conditions. In addition, there is no specific international standard defining a procedure to check the performance of a 3D scanner along time. This paper aims at detailing a thorough methodology to calibrate a 3D scanner and assess its measurement uncertainty. The proposed procedure is based on the use of a reference ball plate and applied to a triangulation laser scanner. Experimental results show that the metrological performance of the instrument can be greatly improved by the application of the calibration procedure that corrects systematic errors and reduces the device's measurement uncertainty.     

Large depth-of-view portable three-dimensional laser scanner and its segmental calibration for robot vision

A portable 3D laser scanning system has been designed and built for robot vision. By tilting the charge coupled device (CCD) plane of portable 3D scanning system according to the Scheimpflug condition, the depth-of-view is successfully extended from less than 40 to 100 mm. Based on the tilted camera model, the traditional two-step camera calibration method is modified by introducing the angle factor. Meanwhile, a novel segmental calibration approach, i.e., dividing the whole work range into two parts and calibrating, respectively, with corresponding system parameters, is proposed to effectively improve the measurement accuracy of the large depth-of-view 3D laser scanner. In the process of 3D reconstruction, different calibration parameters are used to transform the 2D coordinates into 3D coordinates according to the different positions of the image in the CCD plane, and the measurement accuracy of is obtained experimentally. Finally, the experiment of scanning a lamina by the large depth-of-view portable 3D laser scanner used by an industrial robot IRB 4400 is also employed to demonstrate the effectiveness and high measurement accuracy of our scanning system.     

A performance evaluation test for laser line scanners on CMMs

This paper presents a performance evaluation test for laser line scanners on 3D coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Laser line scanners are becoming more popular in recent years, mainly for free form inspection tasks and reverse engineering. Error specification of these scanners is difficult because of many influencing factors like surface quality, surface orientation and scan depth. Therefore, procedures for evaluation and verification of conventional contact probes (e.g. touch-trigger probes) are not appropriate for non-contact laser line scanners. A straightforward test method that uses a planar test artefact is proposed. It enables to identify the influence of in-plane and out-of-plane angle, as well as scan depth on systematic and random errors of the laser scanner. Experimental results show that the tested commercial laser scanner, after calibration, exhibits systematic errors of about 10 μm.     

360°连续扫描的便携式三维激光雷达设计与开发

针对三维激光雷达在国内有巨大的应用市场,而国外商业三维激光雷达十分昂贵的现状,开发了一种360°连续扫描的便携式三维激光雷达系统。采用一个二维激光扫描仪与高精度转台连接,通过步进电机控制形成三维激光扫描。在分析系统误差来源的基础上,提出了系统误差校正方法,给出了三维坐标精确计算公式。实验结果表明,系统测量精度高,数据质量好。系统作用距离80 m,测距精度可达6 mm,测量速度每秒7256点,可满足室内室外大规模场景三维数据快速获取的需求,而成本仅是国外同类商业三维激光雷达价格的四分之一左右,且重量轻体积小,携带方便。     

3D displacement field measurement with correlation based on the micro-geometrical surface texture

Image correlation methods are widely used in experimental mechanics to obtain displacement field measurements. Currently, these methods are applied using digital images of the initial and deformed surfaces sprayed with black or white paint. Speckle patterns are then captured and the correlation is performed with a high degree of accuracy to an order of 0.01 pixels. In 3D, however, stereo-correlation leads to a lower degree of accuracy. Correlation techniques are based on the search for a sub-image (or pattern) displacement field. The work presented in this paper introduces a new correlation-based approach for 3D displacement field measurement that uses an additional 3D laser scanner and a CMM (Coordinate Measurement Machine). Unlike most existing methods that require the presence of markers on the observed object (such as black speckle, grids or random patterns), this approach relies solely on micro-geometrical surface textures such as waviness, roughness and aperiodic random defects. The latter are assumed to remain sufficiently small thus providing an adequate estimate of the particle displacement. The proposed approach can be used in a wide range of applications such as sheet metal forming with large strains. The method proceeds by first obtaining cloud points using the 3D laser scanner mounted on a CMM. These points are used to create 2D maps that are then correlated. In this respect, various criteria have been investigated for creating maps consisting of patterns, which facilitate the correlation procedure. Once the maps are created, the correlation between both configurations (initial and moved) is carried out using traditional methods developed for field measurements. Measurement validation was conducted using experiments in 2D and 3D with good results for rigid displacements in 2D, 3D and 2D rotations.     

Low-Cost Laser Scanning System Design

3D data is the main element of three-dimensional models that are commonly used in many different application areas such as architecture, archeology, medicine, film production, reverse engineering, etc. In this study, we discuss designing and utilizing opportunities for a low-cost triangulation-based laser scanner. To evaluate the system, a test object is specially designed, and the accuracy and operation of the system are verified by comparing the data output of the laser scanner with the terrestrial photogrammetric method. The designed system is also verified using different objects. At the end of the study, we calculate the precision of the scanned sample models to be 0.1–0.2 mm and RMS, 0.59 mm.     

Calibration of a multiple axes 3-D laser scanning system consisting of robot, portable laser scanner and turntable

A multiple axes 3-D laser scanning system consisting of a portable 3-D laser scanner, a industrial robot and a turntable is demonstrated. By using a criterion sphere, a robot tool center point (TCP) calibration approach is proposed to calibrate the relation between the laser 3-D scanner and the robot end-effector. In this approach, two different translational motions of robot are first made to determine the rotation part, and then at least three different rotational motions are made to determine the translation part. Meanwhile, by using the criterion sphere, a turntable approach is proposed to calibrate the pose of the turntable relative to the robot. In this approach, several rotational angles of turntable and two different heights of the sphere are made to determine the rotational axis of turntable. Experiment is performed on a portable laser scanner mounted on an industrial robot ABB IRB4400 with a turntable. The experiment results show that the two proposed calibration algorithms are stable and flexible. The application of 3-D measurement is also given to demonstrate the effectiveness and stability of the multiple axes 3-D laser scanning system.