基于双F-P干涉仪的多普勒测风激光雷达的性能分析

 自行研制了一台基于双边缘技术的多普勒激光雷达，用于测量对流层大气风场。该雷达采用具有高光谱分辨率的双Fabry-Perot干涉仪来检测气溶胶后向散射的多普勒频移量。给出了多普勒测风激光雷达的结构和参数。利用干涉仪参数讨论了雷达系统的测量精度。实验测定了双干涉仪的频谱曲线。通过计算和分析，由测量的干涉仪频谱曲线的的标准偏差引起的系统测量误差为0.5 m/s。系统的测量误差随着测量的高度和所测速度的增加在增大，在高度10 km测量50 m/s的风速时系统的测量误差小于2 m/s。     

相干多普勒激光测风雷达系统研究

大气中风速和风场分布的精确测量具有重要的军用和民用价值。近20年来,相干激光雷达对风场的遥测被经常用于大气边界层风场的精确测量。首先介绍了相干激光测风雷达的工作原理;然后对其相关的指标体系进行了详细的分析和论证,主要包括工作波长、探测灵敏度、测速精度以及作用距离与发射功率的关系等技术指标;最后给出了目前较优的相干激光测风雷达系统的技术方案和技术途径。在此基础上,采用1.5μm窄线宽激光光源设计了一套全固态、小型化激光相干测风实验装置,并进行了相关实验。     

Accuracy analysis and stabilization design of the Fabry–Perot frequency discriminator in double-edge wind lidars

The measurement error of a double-edge wind lidar caused by a disturbed Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) is analyzed. Several error sources such as air pressure variations, temperature changes, and mechanical vibrations are considered in the measurement-error model. The simulation results show that a double-edge wind lidar is so sensitive to environmental variations that the measurement error reaches ±60 m/s if the FPI is not stabilized. In order to compensate the external disturbance acting on the FPI, a nonlinear proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control scheme is designed based on the transmission measurement of the calibration channel. An arc tangent function is used to improve the feedback gain of the usual PID control design. The results show that with the new controller the measurement accuracy of the wind lidar can be improved 4–5 times in comparison with the usual control design, and the range of the measurement error is only ±3 m/s.     

机载光纤多普勒测风激光雷达风场反演及实验验证

通过分析1 550 nm全光纤机载多普勒测风激光雷达系统的测量模式特征,给出飞机速度校正方法、机载系统风场反演模型和算法,实现了机载大气三维风场的反演和显示软件。利用机载激光雷达的飞行试验数据,结合实时测量的小球测风数据,进行了风场信息的反演和结果的对比印证,统计4个架次的风廓线测量结果,两者的水平风速标准偏差小于1.4 m/s,风向标准偏差小于10°,相关系数都达到0.95以上,从实验结果上验证了激光雷达的工作性能和数据反演算法的准确性。     

Noise reduction in LOS wind velocity of Doppler lidar using discrete wavelet analysis

The line of sight (LOS) wind velocity can be determined from the incoherent Doppler lidar backscattering signals. Noise and interference in the measurement greatly degrade the inversion accuracy. In this paper, we apply the discrete wavelet denoising method by using biorthogonal wavelets and adopt a distance-dependent thresholds algorithm to improve the accuracy of wind velocity measurement by incoherent Doppler lidar. The noisy simulation data are processed and compared with the true LOS wind velocity. The results are compared by the evaluation of both the standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The results suggest that wavelet denoising with distance-dependent thresholds can considerably reduce the noise and interfering turbulence for wind lidar measurement.     

Wind profiling from high troposphere to low stratosphere using a scanning Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A scanning mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on the molecular double-edge technique is developed for wind measurement from high troposphere to low stratosphere in 5–35 km. To get higher optical efficiency and make the system more stable, a non-polarized beam splitter cube optically contacted to the FPI is used. This layout also provides a convenient method for null Doppler calibration. The laser frequency drift is measured by a wavelength meter and laser frequency locking is performed and an accuracy of ±?0.5 m/s are obtained in 10 h. Horizontal wind velocity and direction retrieval is described for a detecting method of scanning in four directions. To validate the performance of the lidar, comparison experiments were carried out in in Jiuquan (39.741°N, 98.495°E), Gansu province, northwest of China, from 16th October to 12th November 2015, which showed good agreement with radiosonde.     

Mobile Rayleigh Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique

<正>We describe a mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar(DWL) based on double-edge technique for wind measurement of altitudes ranging from 10 to 40 km.A triple Fabry-Perot etalon is employed as a frequency discriminator to determine the Doppler shift proportional to the wind velocity.The lidar operates at 355 nm with a 45-cm-aperture telescope and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner that provides full hemispherical pointing.To guarantee wind accuracy,a single servo loop is used to monitor the outgoing laser frequency to remove inaccuracies due to the frequency drift of the laser or the etalon.The standard deviation of the outgoing laser frequency drift is 6.18 MHz and the corresponding velocity error is 1.11 m/s.The wind profiles measured by the DWL are in good agreement with the results of the wind profile radar(WPR).Evaluation is achieved by comparing at altitudes from 2 to 8 km.The relative error of horizontal wind speed is from 0.8 to 1.8 m/s in the compared ranges.The wind accuracy is less than 6 m/s at 40 km and 3 m/s at 10 km.     

连续模式相干测风激光雷达性能优化分析及实验研究

基于风场探测的需求,采用1 550 nm波长连续激光种子源搭建了一套全光纤结构多普勒相干测风雷达系统。从雷达方程出发,对连续激光相干雷达载噪比方程和不同雷达收发望远镜聚焦位置下风速合成权重进行了分析。针对测风雷达要求设计了5~200 m的变焦激光收发望远镜模块。扩束系统采用伽利略折射式结构,发射光束准直下扩束比为23,光学质量接近衍射极限。标定测试通过对旋转电机圆盘转速测量完成。转盘转速范围为-3 000 r/min到+3 000 r/min,转盘直径为26 cm。在视向速度多普勒频移分别为正向和负向时,雷达系统速度测量结果与通过圆盘转速计算值的相关系数为0.998与0.993,标准差为0.151 m/s和0.229 m/s。使用该测风激光雷达开展室外大气风速探测实验,取得了良好效果。     

基于单Fabry-Perot标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达数据反演技术

本文导出了大气后向散射信号光入射到Fabry-Perot (F-P)标准具的有效透过率表达式. 在基于单F-P 标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达系统中, 采用平均值法定量分析了瑞利后向散射信号对风场测量准确度的影响. 提出了同时反演风速和后向散射比的非线性迭代方法, 并通过仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性. 同时, 导出了径向风速和后向散射比测量误差的具体表达式, 并据此进行了仿真. 仿真结果表明: 若假定望远镜接收到的总后向散射光子数为50000, 径向风速测量误差随后向散射比的增大迅速减小, 在±25 m/s的风速测量动态范围内, 当R_β > 1.2时, 误差小于3 m/s; 后向散射比测量误差随后向散射比的增大而增大, 与径向风速大小几乎无关, 当R_β<10时, 相对误差小于13%. 关键词： 多普勒激光雷达 Fabry-Perot标准具 边缘技术 双频率     

扫描式测风激光雷达的风场反演

为了解决扫描式测风激光雷达斜上方空域三维风场分布探测的难题,提出采用多点规则采集、四波束分组结算、多区域融和的方式进行观测区域的风场反演。以速度可控的硬目标作为研究对象,通过比较合成后的风速大小与控制速度的差异验证了该反演方式的有效性。通过设计精度试验,对实际风场进行测量。对雷达测量结果与三维超声波风速风向仪测量数据进行对比,结果表明：采用该风场反演技术对距离400 m内的风场进行推算,风向精度优于5°,风速精度优于2 m/s,能够准确描绘探测区域的风场信息。     

Development of all-solid coherent Doppler wind lidar

A 1 064-nm pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) prototype is developed to measure short range wind speed in the lower altitude troposphere layer. The CDL system adopts an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser with the pulse duration of 80 ns, single pulse energy of 0.5 mJ, and pulse repetition rate of 200 Hz. Speed calibration experiments are implemented to obtain a speed accuracy of 0.3 m/s using a hard target. Data analysis results show that the CDL system can obtain a line-of-sight wind velocity at a range of 30 to 500 m with the range resolution of 40 m and 38 pulses accumulation.     

Accuracy Analysis of the Fabry–Perot Etalon Based Doppler Wind Lidar

A direct detection Doppler wind lidar with the dual Fabry–Perot technique has been built in Hefei, China, and the system is described in this paper. A dual, air-spaced Fabry–Perot etalon is designed as the frequency discriminator and the transmission characteristics are measured with a stabilized cw laser and a pulse laser. The experimental data are found to be in agreement with the designed parameters. The Doppler shift is measured by taking the ratio of the transmitted intensities from the dual etalon. Analysis of the accuracy of Doppler measurement is made by considering the factors of the number of iterations in converting the measured ratio to the Doppler shift, the laser intensity fluctuation and the signal-to-noise ratio. In the sufficient signal-to-noise ratio the velocity accuracy of the Doppler lidar system is estimated to be better than 0.5 m/s.     

空间多普勒激光雷达海表面散射信号分析

为了验证受海表面风速驱动的海表面反射率模型和计算海表面信号进行零风速校准的精度,开展了激光雷达海表面散射信号强度和速度特征的分析。在强度特征信息方面,进行了海表面反射率仿真模型和机载激光雷达海面散射信号实测数据的对比,考虑激光水下散射,参考QuikSCAT的海表面风速大小,测量结果和模型曲线基本吻合。在速度特征方面,通过海表面运动波形的仿真和海表面速度信息的提取,考虑波面的垂直和水平运动,采用时间积分的海表面探测信号零风速校准误差小于0.2 m/s。     

基于星载激光雷达数据的海面风速探测

使用新版(Version 3.01)星载激光雷达CALIPSO Level 1剖面数据和Level 2的大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据反演全球海面风速。将AOD数据用于大气双程透射率的校正。对CALIPSO所采集的2007年1月、4月、7月和10月532nm波长无云激光测量数据进行应用计算,采用532nm退偏比经验修正海面白帽及水下次表层水体散射的影响,同时选用准同步的AMSR-E海面风速测量值为真值进行对比。对应2007年的4个月,由CALIPSO星载激光雷达532nm单脉冲测量数据反演海面风速的标准偏差分别为1.24、1.24、1.24、1.20m/s,由5km滚动平均数据反演海面风速的标准偏差分别为0.98、1.02、0.98、0.94m/s。结果表明,采用的数据反演方法可行且数据利用率得到提高。     

米散射多普勒激光雷达性能改进

介绍了自行研制的米散射多普勒激光雷达的系统结构。针对系统存在的问题,对接收机子系统、工作时序、扫描方式等方面作了改造。实验结果表明:改造后系统光学鉴频器的频谱稳定性提高了2.8倍;消除了系统近距离的探测盲区;在0~2.5 km的高度范围内,当垂直距离分辨力为21.2 m、脉冲累积数为9 000发时,改造后的米散射多普勒激光雷达系统连续30 min测量的水平风速大小和方向的标准偏差的最大值分别小于1 m/s和18.3°,平均值分别小于0.43 m/s和7.7°;与探空仪的风场对比测量结果吻合得很好;当每个径向脉冲累积数为1 000发时,采用四波束扫描获得的2 km以下东西方向径向风速的相关系数为0.99,偏差为-0.038 m/s,标准偏差为1.34 m/s。     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(Ⅱ):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh通道大气风速反演研究

基于星载激光多普勒测风雷达工作原理,构建了基于连续双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Rayleigh通道大气风速反演算法,系统分析了Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号对Rayleigh通道反演大气视线(LOS)风速的影响,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Rayleigh通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.结果表明,基于连续双通道F-P标准具的Rayleigh通道可反演中高层大气风速;Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号影响Rayleigh通道LOS风速反演精度;Rayleigh通道风速反演对温度精度要求最高,在晴空条件下可忽略Mie干扰信号的影响;不考虑Brillouin效应时,高度2 km以下Rayleigh通道无法反演HLOS风速,高度2 km以上Rayleigh通道反演的HLOS风速误差小于0.4 m·s-1,风速标准差在1—4 m·s-1之间;同Mie通道一样,气溶胶和云的分布影响Rayleigh通道HLOS风速反演误差.研究结果对发展星载激光雷达测风技术具有重要参考意义.     

Lidar observations of wind over Xin Jiang,China: general characteristics and variation

The mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on a Fabry–Perot etalon is developed for wind measurement. The structure and technical parameters of this lidar system are described in brief. The 1740 wind profiles from 8 to 40 km altitudes by the lidar in Xinjiang, China, were obtained in 2010 and 2011, and were used to analyze the characteristics and variations of wind. The results shown that the wind velocity is within a three-layer structure: westerly jet layer (9–14 km), quasi-zero velocity layer (18–22 km) and gale layer (22–40 km). In August and September, the wind direction is within a three-layer structure: zonal westerly wind layer (5–18 km) where wind direction is west, zonal wind reverse layer (18–22 km) where wind direction is unstable and easterly wind layer (22–40 km) where wind direction is east. In October, wind direction is west (8–40 km). Wind observations by lidar are a realistic offset to the rawins.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Wind and Aerosol Backscattering in the Troposphere by High Spectral Resolution Lidar with Iodine Filter

We propose a high spectral resolution lidar system which is capable of measuring aerosol backscattering and line-of-sight wind velocity in the troposphere. An iodine vapor filter is used to separate the aerosol and Rayleigh scattering components as well as to discriminate the Doppler shift frequency. The performance of the lidar system is estimated with reasonable parameters. The error of horizontal wind velocity below an altitude of 6 km is less than 0.5 m/s, and accuracy of the aerosol backscattering coefficient is better than 40% below 10 km. This system is particularly suitable for the study of aerosol transportation in the troposphere.     

光谱稳定性对直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达的影响研究

从种子注入固体激光器的不稳定和多普勒频移检测干涉仪的光谱漂移出发,模拟和分析其对基于双边缘探测技术的直接探测多普勒激光雷达风速测量准确度的影响. 模拟结果显示,在5 min积分时间的30 000个脉冲内,如果达到风速准确度1 m/s,要求激光器出现多纵模的脉冲不能超过总脉冲个数的0.06％.在干涉仪光谱稳定方面,使用两级温控可以将干涉仪温度控制在±0.002℃,对应风速误差为±0.226 m/s.同时提出通过监视种子注入过程中的脉冲建立时间和干涉仪温度,可以在数据反演时,消除激光频率跳动和干涉仪光谱漂移对风速测量准确度的影响.     

Performance comparison of Fabry–Perot and Mach–Zehnder interferometers for molecular Doppler lidar based on fringe-imaging technique

Fringe-imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer (FIFPI) and fringe-imaging Mach–Zehnder interferometer (FIMZI) used as frequency discriminator for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar were analyzed, respectively. For a pure molecular backscattered signal, performances (wind measurement sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio) of both FIFPI and FIMZI systems were simulated based on the U.S. standard atmospheric model. Comparisons of two systems were made under the same emitting and receiving parameters with certain wind speed dynamic range. Simulated results show that, though relatively lower sensitivity to Doppler shift, the single-channel FIMZI system provides a factor of 1.3 times smaller error in the horizontal wind velocity than that of FIFPI at a range of 20 km. We expect that the FIMZI frequency discriminator would provide an effective technique to improve the measurement accuracy for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar.