芴羟甲基化合成9-芴甲醇过程中脱水产物生成的影响因素及机理

以多聚甲醛为羟甲基化试剂,在碱催化下芴一步生成9-芴甲醇过程极易发生单分子共轭碱消除,脱水生成富烯化合物,导致9-芴甲醇的选择性下降.为实现对该过程的调控,本文考察了温度、碱的种类、乙醇和多聚甲醛的添加等对9-芴甲醇脱水反应的影响,并结合动力学计算和同位素示踪,推测了芴羟甲基化合成9-芴甲醇过程中副产物生成的机理.结果表明,升高温度、增加碱性和添加甲醛有利于脱水反应发生.乙醇通过氢键作用促进脱水反应,添加量大时会导致芴负离子和9-芴甲醇负离子发生质子化作用.中间体可能会发生分子内氢传递或者夺取芴和9-芴甲醇的9位氢,促进脱水反应发生.     

游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂醇解制备生物柴油的酶促反应动力学

探究了游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂甲(乙)醇解制备生物柴油的反应历程,并对该体系进行了酶促反应动力学研究.结果表明,催化过程中油脂同时存在酯交换及先水解再酯化两种反应历程.在以甲醇或乙醇作为酰基受体的反应过程中,酯交换反应速率明显大于水解反应速率.进一步研究表明,油脂甲醇解反应速率常数大于乙醇解,揭示了以甲醇或乙醇为不同酰基受体时反应速率存在差异的主要原因在于乙醇解反应的酯交换过程较慢.     

鉴别甲醇和乙醇的新方法

据文献记载,鉴别甲醇和乙醇的方法通常有三种。(1>使甲醇和乙醇分别与碘和氢氧化钠反应,有黄色晶体生成者为乙醇,无此现象者为甲醇,亦即碘仿反应方法。(2)将甲醇和乙醇分别用热铜丝或氧化铜氧化,随后加入品红试剂,当滴加稀硫酸溶液紫色不消失者为甲醇,紫色消失者为乙醇o (3)分别向甲醇和乙醇中加入铬酸及几滴浓硫酸,温热后溶液呈紫色者为甲醇,无此现象者为乙醇。本文介绍一种适合中学化学教学的鉴别甲醇和乙醇的新方法。该方法操作简便,反应时间短,现象明显。操作步骤如下。     

在线气体分析的电晕放电大气压电离质谱

研制了适合在线气体分析的电晕放电大气压电离源(corona discharge atmospheric pressure ionization source)及其与商品质谱仪(LTQ-MS)的接口,对其试剂离子的产生机理进行了研究,以H2O. (H2O)为试剂离子,对乙醇气体进行检测,并分析了该离子的产生机制。实验结果表明:在潮湿氮气中电晕放电产生的主要试剂离子是m/z36、37和55;而在含丙酮的潮湿氮气中则产生m/z59和76等离子。利用静态顶空-电晕放电大气压电离质谱对不同浓度的乙醇水溶液进行分析,结果表明:以m/z64为检测对象,乙醇气体浓度的最低检出限可达2.4×10-7g/L;而以m/z47为检测对象,检出限为5.9×10-6g/L。同时还利用动态顶空-电晕放电大气压电离质谱对栀子花香气成分进行了检测,为生物挥发性物质的在线检测提供了一种新方法。     

芳基甲酰甲酸作为酰基化试剂应用的研究进展

近几年,芳基甲酰甲酸开始作为一种新的酰基化试剂应用于有机合成中。与其他酰基化试剂相比,其可以通过脱羧过程以亲核试剂的形式参与反应,具有反应活性高、反应条件温和的特点,大大拓展了酰基化反应的应用范围。本文综述了近几年芳基甲酰甲酸在偶联反应和碳氢键活化反应研究中的新应用和新进展。     

卡尔费休法测定丁醛中微量水分

卡尔费休法被广泛用于液体、固体、气体中水分含量的测定,经典的卡尔费休滴定剂由碘、吡啶、二氧化硫和甲醇配制而成,由于大多数样品可溶于甲醇,且甲醇可以使滴定终点指示灵敏、可靠,因此通用的卡尔费休滴定选用甲醇作为溶剂,但是甲醇与含有活泼羰基的醛酮类物质会生成缩醛和缩酮,导致含水量测定偏差大,因此在滴定中需选用专用的溶剂。市场上有多种牌号的醛酮专用溶剂,某些含卤醇类试剂如2-氯乙醇、三氟乙醇能抑制缩醛或缩酮的生成,适用于配制测定含醛或酮样品的卡尔费休试剂,所以醛酮试剂的溶剂大多由2-氯乙醇和三氯甲烷配制而成,国家标准中提到用乙二醇甲醚代替甲醇配制的卡尔费休试剂,可用于含活泼羰基的化合物中水分的测定,试剂的稳定性也得到改善。     

CuMgAlO_x复合氧化物催化甲醇乙醇Guerbet反应:M~(2+)/Al~(3+)比的影响

以类水滑石为前驱体,通过调控M~(2+)/Al~(3+)比制备了系列具有不同表面性质的MgAlO_x(MA)和CuMgAlO_x(CMA)催化剂,并分别应用于甲醛乙醛缩合反应(甲醇乙醇Guerbet反应的第二步反应)和甲醇乙醇Guerbet反应。采用NH_3/CO_2-TPD、XPS、H_2-TPR和H_2-TPD技术对催化剂表面酸碱性以及铜物种的性质进行了表征。结果表明,甲醇乙醇Guerbet反应性能与催化剂表面Cu~0比表面积和中强碱数目有关,提高Cu~0比表面积有利于甲醇乙醇脱氢生成甲醛和乙醛,增强中强碱数目能促进甲醛乙醛缩合反应。     

食品包装污染物双酚A及其结构类似物的SERS干扰研究

4种极性不同的常用溶剂—甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和二甲亚砜,研究了对双酚A(BPA)的SERS图谱增强的干扰。其中用甲醇作为溶剂时干扰BPA增强的最小。用金胶试剂作为SERS的增强试剂,通过改变增强试剂与样品及HNO3的不同配比,进一步确定对BPA的增强干扰程度最小的3种试剂的最佳配比,从而为BPA的痕量检测提供依据。同时探讨了BPA的两种结构类似物对BPA增强的干扰。     

超高效液相色谱－串联质谱法测定食品接触用纸和纸制品中乙烯亚胺的迁移量

采用超高效液相色谱－串联质谱（UPLC－MS/MS）建立了食品接触用纸和纸制品中乙烯亚胺迁移量的测定方法。以0.1%（体积分数）甲酸水溶液和甲醇作为流动相,使用电喷雾离子源对目标物进行电离,采用多反应监测模式进行测定。结果表明,乙烯亚胺在4%乙酸、10%乙醇、95%乙醇与异辛烷模拟物中的线性范围为0.003 ~ 0.05 mg/L,检出限为1 μg/L;在橄榄油模拟物中的线性范围为0.003 ~ 0.05 mg/kg,检出限为1 μg/kg。各食品模拟物中,乙烯亚胺的加标回收率为96.0% ~ 102%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.6% ~ 5.9%。采用该方法对20批次实际样品进行检测,有2批次检出乙烯亚胺。该方法简单快速,具有较高的准确性、灵敏度,适用于食品接触用纸和纸制品中乙烯亚胺迁移量的检测。     

甲氯喹酮的可见光诱导需氧氧化合成

报道了一种在无过渡金属条件下,以邻氨基苯甲酰胺和乙醇为底物,可见光诱导需氧氧化一锅合成甲氯喹酮的新方法。该方法在可见光诱导下,光敏剂作为分子间氢原子转移试剂,氧气作为氧化剂实现了乙醇到乙醛的氧化,然后乙醛与邻氨基苯甲酰胺反应形成甲氯喹酮。由于该反应条件简单、绿色,因此具有较好的应用前景。     

Hydrazide and hydrazine reagents as reactive matrices for MALDI‐MS to detect gaseous aldehydes

The reagents 19 hydrazide and 14 hydrazine were examined to function as reactive matrices for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) to detect gaseous aldehydes. Among them, two hydrazide (2‐hydroxybenzohydrazide and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid hydrazide) and two hydrazine reagents [2‐hydrazinoquinoline and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)] were found to react efficiently with carbonyl groups of gaseous aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde); these are the main factors for sick building syndrome and operate as reactive matrices for MALDI‐MS. Results from accurate mass measurements by JMS‐S3000 Spiral‐TOF suggested that protonated ion peaks corresponding to [M + H]⁺ from the resulting derivatives were observed in all cases with the gaseous aldehydes in an incubation, time‐dependent manner. The two hydrazide and two hydrazine reagents all possessed absorbances at 337 nm (wavelength of MALDI nitrogen laser), with, significant electrical conductivity of the matrix crystal and functional groups, such as hydroxy group and amino group, being important for desorption/ionization efficiency in MALDI‐MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report that gaseous molecules could be derivatized and detected directly in a single step by MALDI‐MS using novel reactive matrices that were derivatizing agents with the ability to enhance desorption/ionization efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection of intermediates for the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction by liquid-phase reactive desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) has been developed dramatically as a powerful tool for the rapid analysis of samples in their native environment. Here a novel application of DESI-MS was demonstrated for direct probing of the reactive intermediates in the liquid-phase Eschweiler-Clarke reaction, a reductive amination reaction whereby a primary (or secondary) amine is successively N-methylated using excess formaldehyde and formic acid. The intermediates ion species of sodiated amino alcohol ([I + Na](+)) and iminium ([II](+)), along with the corresponding protonated molecules of amine reactant ([M + H](+)) and end product ([III + H](+)), were simultaneously and unambiguously characterized by the positive ion DESI-MS in the native liquid-phase reactive condition. The operating variables were optimized for better analytical performance including the spray solvent composition (such as formic acid concentration, proportion of methanol-water), voltage applied, spray spatial distance and incident angle. The feasibility of the reactive DESI-MS detection of acid-formaldehyde methylations was further validated using amines of a large variety of chemical types (2 primary and 3 secondary amines). Thus, the liquid-phase reactive DESI-MS technique allows the direct analysis of reaction intermediates occurring in complex liquid solutions without sample preparation to provide a valuable insight into chemical reaction mechanisms.     

Highly powerful and practical acylation of alcohols with acid anhydride catalyzed by Bi(OTf)(3).

Bi(OTf)(3)-catalyzed acylation of alcohols with acid anhydride was evaluated in comparison with other acylation methods. The Bi(OTf)(3)/acid anhydride protocol was so powerful that sterically demanding or tertiary alcohols could be acylated smoothly. Less reactive acylation reagents such as benzoic and pivalic anhydride are also activated by this catalysis. In these cases, a new technology was developed in order to overcome difficulty in separation of the acylated product from the remaining acylating reagent: methanolysis of the unreacted anhydride into easily separable methyl ester realized quite easy separation of the desired acylation product. The Bi(OTf)(3)/acid anhydride protocol was applicable to a wide spectrum of alcohols bearing various functionalities. Acid-labile THP- or TBS-protected alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, and geraniol could be acylated as well as base-labile alcohols. Even acylation of functionalized tertiary alcohols was effected at room temperature.     

Determination of aliphatic alcohols after on-line microwave-assisted derivatization by liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection

In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with continuous derivatization for the determination of aliphatic and polyethoxylated alcohol is reported. Reaction of alcohol group with phenyl isocyanate or benzyl chloride reagents assisted with microwaves (MW) irradiation is carried out in an on-line system coupled to HPLC with photodiode array detection (PDA). Reactor was placed into a microwave oven at 450 W. The flow rate, reagent amounts, irradiation time, and chromatographic conditions were optimized. The continuous analysis using the system MW-HPLC-PDA provided high sensitivity, reduce the amount of reagents and analysis time. This proposed method can be used for the analysis of commercial alcohol polyethoxylated mixture.     

Identification of new phthalexons

Three organic reagents of the phthalexon class were synthesized and identified by the purity grade, elemental analysis, the positions and numbers of substituents, absorption spectra, and ionization constants. The reagents were proposed as acid-base indicators.     

Fragmentation behavior of a thiourea‐based reagent for protein structure analysis by collision‐induced dissociative chemical cross‐linking

The fragmentation behavior of a novel thiourea‐based cross‐linker molecule specifically designed for collision‐induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments is described. The development of this cross‐linker is part of our ongoing efforts to synthesize novel reagents, which create either characteristic fragment ions or indicative constant neutral losses (CNLs) during tandem mass spectrometry allowing a selective and sensitive analysis of cross‐linked products. The new derivatizing reagent for chemical cross‐linking solely contains a thiourea moiety that is flanked by two amine‐reactive N‐hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester moieties for reaction with lysines or free N‐termini in proteins. The new reagent offers simple synthetic access and easy structural variation of either length or functionalities at both ends. The thiourea moiety exhibits specifically tailored CID fragmentation capabilities—a characteristic CNL of 85 u—ensuring a reliable detection of derivatized peptides by both electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry and as such possesses a versatile applicability for chemical cross‐linking studies. A detailed examination of the CID behavior of the presented thiourea‐based reagent reveals that slight structural variations of the reagent will be necessary to ensure its comprehensive and efficient application for chemical cross‐linking of proteins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione in red wines using methanol chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

A compound associated with oxidized flavor in red wines was recently-identified as 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND). In order to quantify it, positive chemical ionization (PCI) in an ion trap was studied using conventional liquid reagents such as methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone, as well as non-conventional liquid reagents such as ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, pentane, isohexane, and heptane. Under laboratory conditions, very different response factors were obtained with MND depending on the gas. We also compared the detection limit of conventional CI with hybrid chemical ionization (HCI). Finally, this compound was quantified in red wines by liquid/liquid extraction without any derivatization steps, followed by GC/MS-CI analysis, using methanol as the reagent gas. Coelutions of compounds with the same m/z were checked using methanol-d(4). The method we developed was linear in the 10-300 ng/L range of MND concentrations, with satisfactory repeatability. The detection limit was 4.3 ng/L, over 3 times lower than the olfactory perception threshold of this compound (16 ng/L). The suitability of this method for assaying this diketone in red wine was demonstrated by the analyzing many wines from different vintages.     

Synthese de polymeres possedant des fonctions du type carbonate-alcool et thiol carbonate-alcool en extremites de chaines

Anionic polymerization permits the synthesis of polymers having various functional endgroups by deactivation of living polymers with the aid of electrophiles. These functional end-groups, as in the case of low molecular weight polymers, are easily accessible to reagents and can be subjected to chemical modification. Using this method, it is possible to obtain oligomers carrying functional end-groups of types which cannot be created by direct polymerization. This technique was applied to the synthesis of polydienes having carbonate alcohol and thiolcarbonate alcohol functional end-groups. These end functions were obtained by chemical modification of existing alcohol groups. In order to specify the experimental conditions, a model study of such a reaction was carried out. The polymers and their models are characterized by NMR, i.r. and physico-chemical measurements. This type of chemical modification leads to prepolymer having easily hydrolysed carbonate and thiolcarbonate linkages, reactive points for the subsequent degradation of the corresponding reticulated systems.     

Methanol chemical ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and its degradation products

Mass spectrometric analysis of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) degradation products by electron ionization produces extensive fragmentation with little or no molecular ion information making product identification difficult. Milder chemical ionization (CI) is commonly used to provide molecular mass and structure confirmation. In this study, methanol was used as a CI reagent in combination with an ion trap detector for detection and identification of over 30 compounds present in a thermally degraded sample of VX. The use of methanol provides superior results for this class of compounds with less fragmentation than commonly observed with gas reagents and offers logistical advantages for on-site analysis by being easier to transport and safer to use than gas cylinders.     

Reactions of Microsolvated Organic Compounds at Ambient Surfaces: Droplet Velocity,Charge State,and Solvent Effects

The exposure of charged microdroplets containing organic ions to solid-phase reagents at ambient surfaces results in heterogeneous ion/surface reactions. The electrosprayed droplets were driven pneumatically in ambient air and then electrically directed onto a surface coated with reagent. Using this reactive soft landing approach, acid-catalyzed Girard condensation was achieved at an ambient surface by directing droplets containing Girard T ions onto a dry keto-steroid. The charged droplet/surface reaction was much more efficient than the corresponding bulk solution-phase reaction performed on the same scale. The increase in product yield is ascribed to solvent evaporation, which causes moderate pH values in the starting droplet to reach extreme values and increases reagent concentrations. Comparisons are made with an experiment in which the droplets were pneumatically accelerated onto the ambient surface (reactive desorption electrospray ionization, DESI). The same reaction products were observed but differences in spatial distribution were seen associated with the “splash” of the high velocity DESI droplets. In a third type of experiment, the reactions of charged droplets with vapor phase reagents were examined by allowing electrosprayed droplets containing a reagent to intercept the headspace vapor of an analyte. Deposition onto a collector surface and mass analysis showed that samples in the vapor phase were captured by the electrospray droplets, and that instantaneous derivatization of the captured sample is possible in the open air. The systems examined under this condition included the derivatization of cortisone vapor with Girard T and that of 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide and 2-phenylacetophenone vapors with ethanolamine.