固相基底电喷雾电离质谱的原理及应用

实际样品的直接质谱分析是质谱技术发展的重要趋势.固相基底电喷雾电离质谱是使用固相材料(如金属材料、多孔材料)承载样品进行电离的一类技术,可以直接分析各种形态的样品(如液态样品、黏性样品、固体样品、生物组织等),具有不同于传统毛细管电喷雾电离质谱的分析特性.近年来,固相基底电喷雾电离质谱受到越来越多的关注,并且已广泛地应用于生物、化学、药学以及食品等领域.本文着重介绍了几种典型固相基底电喷雾电离技术的原理及其应用,并且讨论了固相基底和溶剂在其中的作用以及固相基底电喷雾电离质的未来发展趋势.     

盐酸羟胺衍生化法在电喷雾质谱区分结构异构体中的应用

电喷雾质谱作为一种"软电离"技术,在天然产物分析中得到了广泛应用.利用衍生化技术等辅助手段后,电喷雾质谱的应用领域又得到了进一步扩充[1].     

质谱技术的新进展及其在生命科学中的应用

近年来,一系列质谱软电离技术得到了新的发展.这些包括电喷雾电离(Electrospray Ionization ESI)和基质辅助激光解吸电离(Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization MALDI)等.这些软电离技术的发展不但使质谱技术发生了突破性的革新,而且使质谱技术在生命科学中的应用得到了前所未有的扩展.质谱技术所能提供的精确分子量和分子结构信息及其微量鉴定的特点,使得它成为蛋白质组研究中两大支撑技术之一.其中电喷雾质谱更由于其易于与常规的高分辨率分离方法如高效液相色谱和毛细管电泳等实现在线连用而在多肽混合物的分析中得到了广泛的应用.因为在多肽混合物的高灵敏度分析中,将多肽与其他杂质分离对于获得准确的分析结果至关重要.     

软电离质谱在烟草化学中的应用进展

综述了软电离质谱技术原理和特点,及其在烟草及烟气中有害成分分析测定、实时在线卷烟烟气测定、致香物质的分离与鉴定、农残测定等方面展望了其在烟草化学中的应用,主要包括化学电离质谱、电喷雾电离质谱、大气压化学电离质谱、激光解吸电离质谱、单光子电离质谱等技术(引用文献54篇)。     

质谱技术在手性识别和分析中的应用研究进展

介绍了质谱技术,包括传统的化学电离质谱(CI-MS)以及快原子轰击质谱(FAB-MS)、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)等软电离质谱技术在手性识别和分析方面的研究进展,对质谱技术研究手性识别的原理、方法、特点、局限性及有待进一步发展的方向进行了总结,引用文献35篇。通过文献综述表明质谱技术尤其是电喷雾质谱技术是进行手性识别和分析的前沿技术,具有很大的发展空间。     

部分麻醉镇痛药物的电喷雾质谱研究

近年来,电喷雾质谱作为一种新的软电离技术,广泛应用于生物和药物领域,特别是电喷雾电离与多级串联质谱技术的联用,使药物化学及其药代动力学的研究发生了日新月异的变化^[4～6].     

原位电离与小型质谱在公共安全领域的应用

质谱作为一种具有高准确度、高灵敏度、高选择性的检测仪器,在公共安全领域有着重要的应用前景。公共安全领域的需求主要涉及毒品、毒物、爆炸物等化学物质的现场快速检测,因其影响广泛,检测结果需非常准确。作为实验室分析仪器,质谱的准确性和速度能满足公共安全的应用需求,但作为现场快速检测的仪器仍需要一定改进。现场快速检测一方面要求检测仪器的小型化,另一方面要求样品前处理的简单化,以使整个检测流程可以无需专业人员来完成。对于检测仪器的小型化,小型质谱的开发在近20年得到了充分发展;对于样品前处理的简单化,研究者发明了原位电离技术,使得基质复杂的被分析物无需前处理即可进行质谱检测。该文首先介绍了原位电离技术的发展及其在公共安全领域的应用,特别是对解吸附电喷雾电离、实时直接分析电离、激光烧蚀电喷雾电离、纸喷雾电离与纸毛细管喷雾电离等典型原位电离技术的原理、性能及在公共安全领域的应用进行了详细介绍,并讨论了几种原位电离现场定量方法。然后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了综述,从最初的小型化离子阱,到仅能检测可挥发有机物的小型质谱,再到可检测非挥发性物质的常规大气压电离源小型质谱,最后发展成为有原位电离源的小型质谱,历经20年的发展使得原位电离小型质谱得以出现和提升。并列举了原位电离小型质谱在毒品现场检测与吸毒人员排查、爆炸物现场侦察、食品安全之农用化学品检测、药物质量检查等公共安全领域的应用。最后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了展望,指出原位电离与小型质谱相结合是小型质谱发展的必然趋势,未来需使用更加智能化的原位电离小型质谱,结合云数据平台,实现更方便广泛的应用。     

飞行时间质谱仪新技术的进展及应用

本文介绍了近几年来发展应用于飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)仪中的软电离技术.质子转移电离实现了可挥发性有机物的高灵敏度分析;真空紫外灯电离源体积小、简单,利于便携式仪器;电喷雾解吸电离在线、无损和灵敏度高,在公共安全方面具有很大的发展潜力,而且还可以直接用于活的生物体表面分析;大气压下的在线直接分析电离技术利用载气分子的激发态使得被分析化合物电离得到分子离子.针对不同的电离方法简单评述了其性能及应用,同时介绍了飞行时间质谱在串联方面的新发展,以及TOF-MS在仪器微型化方面的进展及其应用,并对飞行时间质谱仪今后的发展作了展望.     

飞行时间质谱仪新技术的进展及应用

本文介绍了近几年来发展应用于飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)仪中的软电离技术.质子转移电离实现了可挥发性有机物的高灵敏度分析;真空紫外灯电离源体积小、简单,利于便携式仪器;电喷雾解吸电离在线、无损和灵敏度高,在公共安全方面具有很大的发展潜力,而且还可以直接用于活的生物体表面分析;大气压下的在线直接分析电离技术利用载气分子的激发态使得被分析化合物电离得到分子离子.针对不同的电离方法简单评述了其性能及应用,同时介绍了飞行时间质谱在串联方面的新发展,以及TOF-MS在仪器微型化方面的进展及其应用,并对飞行时间质谱仪今后的发展作了展望.     

质谱技术在糖类结构分析中的应用

综述了电子轰击、化学电离、快原子轰击、电喷雾离子化、基质辅助激光解吸、串联质谱等质谱技术在糖类结构分析中的应用。引用文献共53篇。     

Stable gradient nanoflow LC-MS

This paper demonstrates improved nanoflow LC-MS performance on a QqTOF instrument with the incorporation of a heated nanoflow interface (particle discriminator) and a nebulizer assisted sprayer. It is shown that the nebulizer broadens the usable range of electrospray potentials, simplifying the tuning procedure, particularly for negative mode nanoflow gradients. The improved desolvation capability with the particle discriminator results in signal/noise improvements of approximately 3.5x for negative ion mode samples prepared in predominantly acidified water as well as increased ion current stability. For nanoLC applications, the combined desolvation capabilities of a counter-current gas and heated laminar flow chamber provide reduced background, increased signal stability, reduced background drift, and improved protein sequence coverage when compared with data generated with only a counter-current gas for desolvation. This system is capable of subfemtomole nanoflow LC-MS sensitivity in both positive and negative ion mode across the solvent gradient.     

Chromatographic alignment of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS datasets by genetic algorithm feature extraction

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) datasets can be compared or combined following chromatographic alignment. Here we describe a simple solution to the specific problem of aligning one LC-MS dataset and one LC-MS/MS dataset, acquired on separate instruments from an enzymatic digest of a protein mixture, using feature extraction and a genetic algorithm. First, the LC-MS dataset is searched within a few ppm of the calculated theoretical masses of peptides confidently identified by LC-MS/MS. A piecewise linear function is then fitted to these matched peptides using a genetic algorithm with a fitness function that is insensitive to incorrect matches but sufficiently flexible to adapt to the discrete shifts common when comparing LC datasets. We demonstrate the utility of this method by aligning ion trap LC-MS/MS data with accurate LC-MS data from an FTICR mass spectrometer and show how hybrid datasets can improve peptide and protein identification by combining the speed of the ion trap with the mass accuracy of the FTICR, similar to using a hybrid ion trap-FTICR instrument. We also show that the high resolving power of FTICR can improve precision and linear dynamic range in quantitative proteomics. The alignment software, msalign, is freely available as open source.     

液相色谱-质谱法分析季戊四醇油酸酯

提出了高效液相色谱-质谱法测定单、双季戊四醇油酸酯中单酯、双酯、三酯和四酯的含量。样品经正己烷-异丙醇(9+1)溶剂溶解后,以Lichrospher Si100-5色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)为分离柱,以不同体积比的正己烷和异丙醇混合溶液为流动相梯度淋洗。采用总离子流图的峰面积归一化法对单、双季戊四醇油酸酯中单酯、双酯、三酯和四酯的含量进行定量,用质谱法做鉴别。     

Electron ionization in LC-MS: recent developments and applications of the direct-EI LC-MS interface

The purpose of this article is to underline the possibility of efficiently using electron ionization (EI) in liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS). From a historical perspective, EI accompanied the first attempts in LC-MS but, owing to several technical shortcomings, it was soon outshined by soft, atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques. Nowadays, two modern approaches, supersonic molecular beam LC-MS and direct-EI LC-MS, offer a valid alterative to API, and preserve the advantages of EI also in LC-MS applications. These advantages can be summarized in three crucial aspects: automated library identification; identification of unknown compounds, owing to EI extensive fragment information; inertness to coeluted matrix interferences owing to very unlikely ion–ion and ion–molecule interactions in the EI gas-phase environment. The direct-EI LC-MS interface is a simple and efficient solution able to produce high-quality, interpretable EI spectra from a wide range of low molecular weight molecules of different polarity. Because of the low operative flow rates, this interface relies on a nano-LC technology that helps in reducing the impact of the mobile phase on the gas-phase environment of EI. This review provides an extensive discussion on the role of EI in LC-MS interfacing, and presents in detail several performance aspects of the direct-EI LC-MS interface, especially in terms of response, mass-spectral quality, and matrix effects. In addition, several key applications are also reported.     

头孢孟多酯钠的LC-MS分析

头孢孟多酯钠(cefamandole nafate)是头孢孟多(cefamandole)的前体药物,头孢孟多对多数革兰氏阳性球菌有较强的抗菌作用,用于敏感菌所致的肺部感染、尿路感染、胆道感染等.     

乌头碱的LC-MS定量分析

乌头生物碱各成分毒性差异很大,其中乌头碱的毒性为其它成分的100-2000倍,是引起中毒和死亡的主要原因。乌头生物碱种类多,在煎煮或泡制过程中易水解产生不同水解产物,进入体内后代谢情况又不明,因此采用液相色谱方法对体内检材乌头碱成分仅靠保留时间确定依据不足,定量工作更是无法开展。但在现实生活中炮制后的乌头植物可入药,且炮制过的乌头植物也可检出少量原碱。遇到体内检材中检验出乌头生物碱成分时,办案单位往往希望有一个量的甄别。经查阅资料,未见体内检材(如血、肝、尿等)中乌头碱含量的报道。我们应用LC-MS,采用646.4单离子扫描方式对实际案例血中乌头碱含量进行了测定,为今后的进一步研究和同行提供数据积累。     

LC-MS Analysis of Antioxidant Plant Phenoloids

Extracts of selected medicinal plants with promising integral antioxidative capacity were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) and on-line mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or APCI-MS). These techniques allowed determination of the main components of each extract, which may serve us thereby providing a typical “finger-print” in the identification of the plants. More specifically various flavonol aglycones, flavon- and flavonol-glycosides, flavonol-diglycosides were detected in herbs of Solidago canadensis chemovarieties, in leaves of Filipendula ulmaria and in the herb of Viola tricolor species.     

In electrospray ionization source hydrogen/deuterium exchange LC-MS and LC-MS/MS for characterization of metabolites

A new method is described for performing hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The use of liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source and deuterium oxide (D2O) as the sheath liquid allows H/D exchange experiments to be performed on-line. This directly provides information for determining the number and position of exchangeable hydrogens, aiding in the elucidation of the structures of drug metabolites. To demonstrate the utility of this method, LC-mass spectrometry (MS) and LC-MS/MS experiments were performed using either H2O or D2O as sheath liquid on a matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor (PD 0200126) and its metabolites. Examination of the mass shift of the deuteriated molecule from that of the protonated molecule allowed the number of exchangeable protons to be determined. Interpretation of the production-spectra helped to determine the location of the exchanged protons and assisted in the assignment of the site(s) of modification for each metabolite.