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1.
Feasibility of similarity coefficient map for improving morphological evaluation of T2* weighted MRI for renal cancer 下载免费PDF全文
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using a similarity coefficient map(SCM) in improving the morphological evaluation of T2* weighted(T2*W) magnatic resonance imaging(MRI) for renal cancer.Simulation studies and in vivo 12-echo T2*W experiments for renal cancers were performed for this purpose.The results of the first simulation study suggest that an SCM can reveal small structures which are hard to distinguish from the background tissue in T2*W images and the corresponding T2* map.The capability of improving the morphological evaluation is likely due to the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and the carrier-to-noise ratio(CNR) by using the SCM technique.Compared with T2* W images,an SCM can improve the SNR by a factor ranging from 1.87 to 2.47.Compared with T2* maps,an SCM can improve the SNR by a factor ranging from 3.85 to 33.31.Compared with T2*W images,an SCM can improve the CNR by a factor ranging from 2.09 to 2.43.Compared with T2* maps,an SCM can improve the CNR by a factor ranging from 1.94 to 8.14.For a given noise level,the improvements of the SNR and the CNR depend mainly on the original SNRs and CNRs in T2*W images,respectively.In vivo experiments confirmed the results of the first simulation study.The results of the second simulation study suggest that more echoes are used to generate the SCM,and higher SNRs and CNRs can be achieved in SCMs.In conclusion,an SCM can provide improved morphological evaluation of T2*W MR images for renal cancer by unveiling fine structures which are ambiguous or invisible in the corresponding T2*W MR images and T2* maps.Furthermore,in practical applications,for a fixed total sampling time,one should increase the number of echoes as much as possible to achieve SCMs with better SNRs and CNRs. 相似文献
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Y. -Q. Song L. Venkataramanan M. D. Hürlimann M. Flaum P. Frulla C. Straley 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2002,154(2):261
Spin relaxation is a sensitive probe of molecular structure and dynamics. Correlation of relaxation time constants, such as T1 and T2, conceptually similar to the conventional multidimensional spectroscopy, have been difficult to determine primarily due to the absense of an efficient multidimensional Laplace inversion program. We demonstrate the use of a novel computer algorithm for fast two-dimensional inverse Laplace transformation to obtain T1–T2 correlation functions. The algorithm efficiently performs a least-squares fit on two-dimensional data with a nonnegativity constraint. We use a regularization method to find a balance between the residual fitting errors and the known noise amplitude, thus producing a result that is found to be stable in the presence of noise. This algorithm can be extended to include functional forms other than exponential kernels. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm at different signal-to-noise ratios and with different T1–T2 spectral characteristics using several brine-saturated rock samples. 相似文献
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Halse M Goodyear DJ MacMillan B Szomolanyi P Matheson D Balcom BJ 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2003,165(2):219-229
Two rapid, pure phase encode, centric scan, Single Point Ramped Imaging with T1-Enhancement (SPRITE) MRI methods are described. Each retains the benefits of the standard SPRITE method, most notably the ability to image short T2* systems, while increasing the sensitivity and generality of the technique. The Spiral-SPRITE method utilizes a modified Archimedean spiral k-space trajectory. The Conical-SPRITE method utilizes a system of spirals mapped to conical surfaces to sample the k-space cube. The sampled k-space points are naturally Cartesian grid points, eliminating the requirement of a re-gridding procedure prior to image reconstruction. The effects of transient state behaviour on image resolution and signal/noise are explored. 相似文献
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ShaoKuan Zheng Yang Xia 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2009,198(2):188-196
The multi-components of T2 relaxation in cartilage and tendon were investigated by microscopic MRI (μMRI) at 13 and 26 μm transverse resolutions. Two imaging protocols were used to quantify T2 relaxation in the specimens, a 5-point sampling and a 60-point sampling. Both multi-exponential and non-negative-least-square (NNLS) fitting methods were used to analyze the μMRI signal. When the imaging voxel size was 6.76 × 10−4 mm3 and within the limit of practical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in microscopic imaging experiments, we found that (1) canine tendon has multiple T2 components; (2) bovine nasal cartilage has a single T2 component; and (3) canine articular cartilage has a single T2 component. The T2 profiles from both 5-point and 60-point methods were found to be consistent in articular cartilage. In addition, the depletion of the glycosaminoglycan component in cartilage by the trypsin digestion method was found to result in a 9.81–20.52% increase in T2 relaxation in articular cartilage, depending upon the angle at which the tissue specimen was oriented in the magnetic field. 相似文献
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Guojian Wang Zhoubin Lin Lizhen Zhang Yisheng Huang Guofu Wang 《Journal of luminescence》2009,129(11):1398-1400
This paper reports the spectral properties and energy levels of Cr3+:Sc2(MoO4)3 crystal. The crystal field strength Dq, Racah parameter B and C were calculated to be 1408 cm−1, 608 cm−1 and 3054 cm−1, respectively. The absorption cross sections σα of 4A2→4T1 and 4A2→4T2 transitions were 3.74×10−19 cm2 at 499 nm and 3.21×10−19 cm2 at 710 nm, respectively. The emission cross section σe was 375×10−20 cm2 at 880 nm. Cr3+:Sc2(MoO4)3 crystal has a broad emission band with a broad FWHM of 176 nm (2179 cm−1). Therefore, Cr3+:Sc2(MoO4)3 crystal may be regarded as a potential tunable laser gain medium. 相似文献
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R.I. Chelcea R. Fechete E. Culea D.E. Demco B. Blümich 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2009,196(2):178-190
The single-sided NMR-MOUSE sensor that operates in highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields is used to record a CPMG 1H transverse relaxation decay by CPMG echo trains for a series of cross-linked natural rubber samples. Effective transverse relaxation rates 1/T2,short and 1/T2,long were determined by a bi-exponential fit. A linear dependence of transverse relaxation rates on cross-link density is observed for medium to large values of cross-link density. As an alternative to multi-exponential fits the possibility to analyze the dynamics of soft polymer network in terms of multi-exponential decays via the inverse Laplace transformation was studied. The transient regime and the effect of the T1/T2 ratio in inhomogeneous static and radiofrequency magnetic fields on the CPMG decays were studied numerically using a dedicated C++ program to simulate the temporal and spatial dependence of the CPMG response. A correction factor T2/T2,eff is derived as a function of the T1/T2 ratio from numerical simulations and compared with earlier results from two different well logging devices. High-resolution T1–T2 correlations maps are obtained by two-dimensional Laplace inversion of CPMG detected saturation recovery curves. The T1–T2 experimental correlations maps were corrected for the T1/T2 effect using the derived T2/T2,eff correction factor. 相似文献
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Tunneling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2 -y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor junctions 下载免费PDF全文
Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk (BTK) theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2-y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor (q/I/dx2-y2 + idxy) junctions. That is different from the case in d- and p-wave superconductor junctions. When the angle α between a-axis of the dx2-y2 wave superconductor and the interface normal is π/4, there follows a rather distinctive tunnelling conductance. The zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) may or may not appear in the tunnelling conductance. Both the interface potential z and the quasi-particle lifetime factor Γ are smaller, there is no ZBCP. Otherwise, the ZBCP will appear. The position of bias conductance peak (BCP) depends strongly on the amplitude ratio of two components for dx2-y2 + idxy mixed wave. The low and narrow ZBCP may coexist with the BCP in the tunnelling conductance. Using those features in the tunnelling conductance of q/I/dx2-y2 + idxy junctions, it can distinguish dx2-y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor from d- and p-wave one. 相似文献
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Jrg Lambert Stephan Haiber Helmut Herzog 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2001,150(2):175
A new two-dimensional pulse sequence for T2* measurement of protons directly coupled to 13C spins is proposed. The sequence measures the tranverse relaxation time of heteronuclear proton single-quantum coherence under conditions of free precession and is therefore well suited to evaluate relaxation losses of proton magnetization during preparation delays of heteronuclear pulse experiments in analytical NMR. The relevant part of the pulse sequence can be inserted as a “building block” into any direct or inverse detecting H,C correlation pulse sequence if proton spin–spin relaxation is to be investigated. In this contribution, the building block is inserted into a HETCOR as well as into a HMQC pulse sequence. Experimental results for the HETCOR-based sequence are given. 相似文献
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Precise measurement of magnetic moment of short-lived β-emitting nuclei12B ( I π=1+, T 1/2=20.18 ms)
Zhou Dongmei Zheng Yongnan Du Enpeng Xu Yongjun Zhu Jiazheng Yuan Daqing Wang Zhiqiang Luo Hailong Zuo Yi Ma Ruigang Duan Xiao M. Mihara M. Fukuda K. Matsuta T. Minamisono Zhu Shengyun 《中国科学G辑(英文版)》2004,47(5):531-539
The spin polarized β-emitting nuclei12B (I
π=1+,T
1/2=20.18 ms) were produced by the nuclear reaction11B(d, p)12B and by the selection technique of the incident deuteron energy and the12B recoil angle following the nuclear reaction. The nuclear magnetic moment of the short-lived nuclei12B was measured by β-NMR with the β-NMR and β-NQR setup established for the first time in China. The nuclear magnetic moment
of12B was determined to be μ=0.99993±0.00048 nm org=0.99993±0.00048 after the precise correction of the Knight shift. 相似文献
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Relaxation parameter estimation and brain activation detection are two main areas of study in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Relaxation parameters can be used to distinguish voxels containing different types of tissue whereas activation determines voxels that are associated with neuronal activity. In fMRI, the standard practice has been to discard the first scans to avoid magnetic saturation effects. However, these first images have important information on the MR relaxivities for the type of tissue contained in voxels, which could provide pathological tissue discrimination. It is also well-known that the voxels located in gray matter (GM) contain neurons that are to be active while the subject is performing a task. As such, GM MR relaxivities can be incorporated into a statistical model in order to better detect brain activation. Moreover, although the MR magnetization physically depends on tissue and imaging parameters in a nonlinear fashion, a linear model is what is conventionally used in fMRI activation studies. In this study, we develop a statistical fMRI model for Differential T2? ConTrast Incorporating T1 and T2? of GM, so-called DeTeCT-ING Model, that considers the physical magnetization equation to model MR magnetization; uses complex-valued time courses to estimate T1 and T2? for each voxel; then incorporates gray matter MR relaxivities into the statistical model in order to better detect brain activation, all from a single pulse sequence by utilizing the first scans. 相似文献
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W. Windig J.P. Hornak B. Antalek 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》1998,132(2):298-306
Antalek and Windig recently presented a fast method to resolve a series of NMR mixture spectra, where the contribution of the components varies with a decaying exponential [B. Antalek and W. Windig,J. Am. Chem. Soc.118, 10,331–10,332 (1996); W. Windig and B. Antalek,Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst.37, 241–254 (1997)]. The method was called DECRA (direct exponential curve resolution algorithm). In this paper DECRA will be applied to two series of magnetic resonance images. The signal of one series is based uponT2relaxation, and the other is based uponT1relaxation. In order to evaluate the technique, the magnetic resonance images of a phantom where used. A transformation is introduced to enable the application of DECRA to aT1series of magnetic resonance images. A separate paper in this issue will describe the application of the techniques to magnetic resonance images of the human brain. 相似文献
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Per Malmberg Heinrich F. Arlinghaus Jan Holmgren Håkan Nygren 《Applied Surface Science》2008,255(4):926-928
In the present study, SF5+ and C60+ were used as primary ions for sputtering and Bi3+ was used as primary ions for analysis. The depth profiling procedure was utilized to make 3D images of the chemistry of single cultured cells and tissue samples of intact intestinal epithelium.The results show sputtering of organic material from cells and tissue with both SF5+ and C60+ sources. Cholesterol fragments were found in the superficial layers when sputtering with C60+. Spectra were collected revealing the change in yield along the z-axis of the sample. 3D images of the localization of Na, K, phosphocholine and cholesterol were constructed with both ion sources for single cell cultures and the mouse intestine.Cryostate sections of mouse intestine were analysed in 2D and the results were compared with the 3D image of the intestine. The localization of cholesterol and phosphocholine was found to be similar in cryostate sections analysed in two dimensions and the sputtered, freeze-dried intestine analysed in 3D. The comparison of 2D and 3D images suggest that the phosphocholine signal faded with C60+ sputtering. In conclusion, both C60+ and SF5+ can be used as primary ion sources for sputtering of organic material from cells and tissues. Consecutive analysis with a Bi3+ source can be used to obtain image stacks that could be used for reconstruction of 3D images. 相似文献
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Carl D. Gregory 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》1997,129(2):173-183
Shimming is important. Noniterative methods are desirable. Such methods exist for shimming a spectrometer with pulsed field gradients, generally based on field maps made by spin-warp Fourier imaging. For spectrometers with no pulsed gradients (or for cases whereT2is too short to permit echo imaging), an alternative method is presented: projection-reconstruction spectroscopic imaging, which can be accomplished using only the shim coils of a conventional spectrometer. Images so acquired can be used to map the field, even in the presence of multiple spectral components. Noniterative optimization of the axial shims of a GN-300 spectrometer is demonstrated using 1D + 1D spectroscopic images. Prospects for extending the technique to include the radial shims using 3D + 1D spectroscopic images are discussed. 相似文献
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本文通过一个简单的、温和的方案制备了平均尺寸为120 nm,介孔结构的纳米粒子MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C. 粒子的细胞毒性微小,可以用作T1-T2*双模MRI造影剂. 酸性条件下MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C释放出大量的Mn2+缩短T1弛豫时间,提高成像分辨率. 超顺磁性的Fe3O4可以增强T2对比成像,检测病变组织. 类似于肿瘤微环境/细胞器的酸性PBS(pH=5.0)中Mn2+的释放率达到31.66%,约为中性条件(pH=7.4)下的7倍. 释放的Mn2+通过内吞作用被细胞摄取,经肾脏排出,细胞毒性实验表明,MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C具有低的细胞毒性,即使高浓度的200 ppm MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C对HeLa细胞的毒性也相对较小. 对荷瘤小鼠静脉注射定量MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C后,可以观察到一个快速增强的对比成像,给药24 h后,T1MRI信号显著增强,达到132%,而T2信号则明显降低至53.8%,活体MR成像证明了MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C可以同时作为阳性和阴性造影剂. 此外,得益于介孔MnSiO3优秀的酸敏感性,MnSiO3@Fe3O4@C可以作为一种潜在的药物载体,实现肿瘤的诊疗一体化. 相似文献
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报道了利用电子束蒸发的Mg/B多层膜作为前驱体,然后退火制备MgB2薄膜的工作. 实验中发现,采用翻转膜面的退火处理方式可以有效地避免降温过程中Mg蒸气在薄膜表面形成的颗粒凝结,由此稳定地实现了面积为10 mm×10 mm,均匀、平整的超导薄膜的制备,Tc达35 K,转变宽度为0.8 K,在5 μm×5 μm的区域内薄膜的平均粗糙度小于10 nm. 为了便于后续器件制作过程中的微加工工艺,研究了膜厚小于1000 ?时薄膜的成相规律,发现当样品厚度减薄后,Tc会有明显降低. 通过调整前驱薄膜中的不同分层厚度,仍可实现转变温度达30 K以上、厚度约600 ?的MgB2薄膜,在20 K时的临界电流密度为2.4×106 A/cm2. 相似文献
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In continuous magnetic fields H up to 28 T, we have studied the out-of-plane transport properties and tunneling characteristics of high-quality nondoped single crystals of the Bi-cuprate family: Bi2Sr2CuO6+δ (Bi2201), Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi2223) grown by an identical method. For all compounds the out-of-plane magnetotransport ρc(H) is negative in the temperature region where ρc(T) shows in the normal state a semiconducting-like temperature dependence. The negative magnetoresistance of ρc corresponds to the suppression of the semiconducting temperature dependence of ρc(T) which is found to be isotropic. For the Bi2201 compound, where the normal state can be reached in the available magnetic fields (28 T), a nearly complete suppression of the low-temperature upturn in ρc(T) is observed in the highest magnetic fields with a tendency towards a metallic behavior down to the lowest temperatures (0.4 K). Using the break-junction technique, especially for the Bi2212 and Bi2232 compounds, a clear superconducting gap structure can be observed. Both for temperatures above the critical temperature and for magnetic fields above the upper critical field, a pseudogap structure remains present in the tunneling spectra. The applied magnetic fields yield a stronger suppression of the superconducting state compared to that of the normal-state gap structures as manifested in ρc(T) transport and tunneling. 相似文献