绿色化学理念在高分子化学实验教学中的渗透

绿色化学是促进人类与自然和谐发展的化学,培养绿色化学意识是实现社会可持续发展的基本要求。高分子化学实验是高等院校高分子材料专业或材料化学高分子方向本科生开设的一门必修课,对学生进行绿色化学教育具有非常有利的条件。文章分析了在高分子化学实验课程中开展绿色化学教育的必要性与可行性;介绍了高分子化学实验教学中开展绿色化学教育的具体措施。通过绿色化学理念在高分子化学实验教学中渗透,在提高学生动手能力的同时,又增强了学生的绿色化学意识。     

物理化学实验中的绿色化学教育

根据绿色化学的原则,对物理化学实验中的实验装置、实验内容进行“绿色化”改造,在实验中,要求学生运用化学基本知识,认识绿色化学的重要性,并将绿色化学的前沿内容引入物理化学实验中,丰富物理化学实验的内容。     

绿色化学在我国化学实验教学改革中的应用

介绍绿色化学的内涵和绿色度的定量评估。介绍国内近10年绿色化学实验教学在培养学生绿色化学理念、改进实验方法、改变实验条件以及实验＂三废＂处理中取得的成效,并对未来化学实验绿色化的发展提出几点建议。     

美国Beyond Benign推进高中绿色化学教育的实践与启示

Beyond Benign是美国的一个推进绿色化学教育的非盈利性组织。从什么是绿色化学、工业中的绿色化学和绿色化学替代实验练习3个方面概述了该组织针对高中师生开展的绿色化学教学方案;从先进绿色化学模块素材开发、志愿者推广、暑期实习生研习、网络研讨会或专题论坛、在线课程培训、绿色化学训练营或实地考察等方面探讨了该组织推进高中绿色化学教育的举措;针对国内中学的绿色化学教育,提出了引导民间力量和民间组织参与绿色化学教育、构建较系统的高中绿色化学教学方案、对高中教师进行绿色化学多样化培训以及引导学生在课外活动和第二课堂中开展绿色化学训练等建议。     

剖析师生对绿色化学的认知偏差

在绿色化学思想逐渐普及的同时,发现许多学生和教师对“绿色化学“和“绿色化学实验”的认知存在偏差。学生错误地认为“绿色化学”就是任何时候都禁止排放任何废物的化学;教师错误地认为：实施绿色化学实验教学时,不能向教室或实验室泄漏一丁点废气,致使学生的嗅觉等感官体验被剥夺,造成他们对事物的感知不完整。     

高职高专药学基础化学实验课程的改革和实践

对高职高专药学及相关专业基础化学实验的教材和教学进行了有益的改革探索和实践.通过改进教学方法,整合实验项目,优化教学内容,调动了学生实验积极性,增强了学生实验动手能力,提高了实验教学质量,取得了良好的教学效果,使课程具有较强的专业服务性,真正发挥基础化学对后续课程的学习和实际工作的作用,并积极倡导在实验教学中贯彻绿色化学思想.     

化学化工专业学生绿色化学认识的调查与思考

就化学化工专业学生对绿色化学认识的调查显示：多数学生对绿色化学的属性有较好的理解与认识;不少学生对绿色化学作用的理解与认识不足,甚至是错误的;对绿色化学的12条原则认识不全面。学校与教师应提高对学生进行绿色化学教育重要性的认识,通过开设专门的绿色化学课程,在化学理论课与实验课教学中自觉地渗透绿色化学理念,在实践中培养绿色化学意识。     

基于绿色化学的社会责任感教育——减量化、再利用、再循环原则在化工生产中的应用

从“绿色化学”概念出发，介绍了5R原则及可持续发展，构建了符合绿色化学发展观的“社会责任”素养模型。设计出贴近学生认知发展规律的绿色化学教学方案，引导学生运用减量化、再利用、再循环3个原则改进化工工艺。在教学中把绿色化学的精髓融入对学生的“社会责任”培育过程中，培养并完善学生的绿色化学观。     

推荐几个有关Knoevenagel缩合反应的绿色化学实验

推荐在水、离子液体绿色溶剂中的Knoevenagel缩合反应和无溶剂条件下的Knoevenagel缩合反应 (包括常规加热、微波辐射加热和红外辐射加热条件下的Knoevenagel缩合反应 )作为大学绿色化学的基础实验。这些实验涉及了目前绿色溶剂研究的几个主要方面 ,并具有操作简便 ,重现性好等特点。对学生了解绿色化学的本质提供了一个感性认知过程。     

绿色化学教育在“精细化工工艺学”教学中的渗透

实施绿色化学教育培养学生绿色化学素养是社会发展的需要。结合教学实践,探研了在“精细化工工艺学”教学中渗透绿色化学教育的具体措施。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.