水平空气层自然对流换热的分岔和振荡

本文用SIMPLE算法对底部加热的水平空气层的自然对流换热进行了数值计算,研究了这种空气层的流动与换热数值解的振荡和分岔问题。结果表明,对流与换热存在分岔情况。分岔存在一个临界Ra。分岔的临界值与Pr相关,随着Pr的增大,其相应的临界Ra也增大。但当Ra取到5×10~6,这种空气层的对流和换热没有发生振荡。     

非等温竖壁的自然对流与辐的复合换热

采用数值计算与差分干涉方法,对非等温竖壁的自然对流与辐射的复合换热进行了理论和实验研究,由于冷凝器水平排管的影响,竖壁温度沿高度产生周期性变化;局部对流换热系数呈起伏振荡和下降分布,水平排管的间距对局部对流换热系数有明显的影响,辐射换热的存在使得竖壁平均温度降低;在Ra=2.5×10~7-5.0×10~8,s/d=6-16范围内,辐射换热量的份额随Gr数的增大而有所增加,给出了计算非等温竖壁平均换热系数的准则关系式,为设计该类冰箱背壁散热提供了依据。     

封闭方腔热磁对流强化换热的实验研究

自然对流是由非保守体积力驱动的流体流动,这种体积力可以是重力、离心力以及电磁场力等;通过外加梯度磁场来影响流体的流动,产生强化换热效果的方法是一种新型的强化技术．本文利用永磁体产生0．3 g左右的加速度,采用马赫干涉仪对封闭方腔内空气的热磁对流的强化换热现象进行了实验研究,得到了温度场的干涉图像,并与理论模拟结果进行了比较,发现磁场对空气的自然对流换热有一定的强化作用．     

具有蜂窝状结构夹板的空气层复合传热的研究

本研究在考虑了辐射换热的条件下对带六角形蜂窝状结构的竖直空气层的复合传热进行了数值解析蜂窝状芯材的温度是通过对流和辐射之间的热平衡来决定的，因此，在芯材极其薄的情况下，辐射换热将对自然对流产生影响。本文通过对辐射率ε＝０．０３～１．０，Ｐｒ＝０．７，Ｒａ＝１０３～１０５的各种组合条件下的计算，解明了辐射换热对对流换热所产生的影响。     

上游边界层对向上散热的水平热板自然对流换热影响的研究

论文对具有上游边界层场合的水平加热表面向上对流换热的自然对流进行了实验研究,采用全息干涉法测定温度场,对侧壁高度为50,100,150毫米三种情况进行了实验测定,发现其边缘效应与无侧壁时的水平板情况不同,在6×10~3相似文献   

自然对流的LB方法模拟及其非线性特性

采用LB方法和QUICK差分方法模拟了方腔内竖直平板自然对流和底部加热方腔内自然对流换热问题.实现了LB方法对具有孤立体的封闭空间内耦合的流动和传热问题的数值模拟,所得数值结果与QUICK差分方法的数值结果及已有的烟可视化实验结果一致;两种方法对底部加热方腔内自然对流问题的预测结果均出现了静态分岔和动态分岔;根据底部加热方腔内自然对流换热数值结果给出的极限环型速度相图和功率谱表明,两种方法得到的数值结果的非线性特性一致.     

矩形窄通道空气自然对流换热特性实验研究

以电加热的方式,对高为800mm,宽为60 mm,间隙分别为1.0 mm,1.8 mm和2.5 mm的竖直矩形流道内空气自然对流换热特性进行了实验研究,同时考察了在实验段出口是否有绝热烟囱对自然对流换热特性的影响。结果表明,在流道间隙为1.0 mm和1.8 mm的情况下,烟囱对自然对流换热特性的影响不明显。在间隙为2.5 mm时,烟囱的存在削弱了自然对流换热。同时所有实验数据可以按照有无烟囱的情况分别用统一的实验关联式进行拟合。     

纵向涡强化换热的M-Z干涉流动显示技术

本文采用M-Z干涉测量的方法,研究了半三角形翼片纵向涡发生器强化换热方案对矩形通道内气体流动换热的影响,获得了安装纵向涡发生器前后对流换热温度场的M-Z干涉图像.通过对实验获得的干涉图像进行分析处理,表明安装纵向涡发生器后,通道内入口段流动的热边界层明显变薄,反映了纵向涡对流动换热的强化作用,验证了将M-Z干涉测量方法应用于纵向涡强化换热研究的可行性.     

3ω法研究微尺度下铂丝自然对流换热

建立了测量微细丝表面空气自然对流换热系数3ω法模型。利用3ω法测量了直径为10.6μm水平和垂直方向铂丝表面室温下的空气换热系数。水平和垂直铂丝产生的三次谐波比较接近,结果说明,微尺度下空气的自然对流换热以导热为主,自然对流作用可以忽略。基于3ω线法原理,引入形状因子并提出了微尺度下铂丝表面换热系数的理论计算模型。空气自然对流换热系数远大于大尺度下的值,主要原因是铂丝的面积体积比值大。     

热面向上水平小尺寸平板的自然对流换热研究

本文对热面向上水平小尺寸平板的自然对流换热进行了实验研究。改进了现有文献的试验方法,提高了测量精度。用激光干涉技术测定了局部换热系数,并用热平衡法测定了平均换热系数。实验表明,平板上的流动和换热呈现随机不稳定性特征,但这种随机不稳定性随瑞利数减小而减弱,直至消失。拟合了热面向上水平小尺寸平板的对流换热关系式,填补了现有文献的空白。本文结果对微电子器件冷却的设计有参考价值。     

Simulation and visualization of the refraction effects in the thermal boundary layer near a heated horizontal down-facing disk

The simulation and optical visualization of the refraction effects in an axisymmetric temperature field was undertaken in the case of free convection from a heated horizontal down-facing disk. Temperature and related refractive index fields have been calculated using a mathematical model based on the coupled flow and heat transfer equations. To avoid the complex and time-consuming computation of ray trajectory using the differential ray equation, we developed a simple method based on the application of the standard Snell law at each surface isotherm in the medium. Using this technique, we plotted the trajectory of rays bundle traveling in the medium and calculated the deflection angle. Comparison with shadowgraph images showed a good agreement with the simulation and explained the existence of a caustic induced by the thermal boundary layer acting as a schlieren lens.     

Thermal diffusion and the Marangoni-Benard instability of a two-component fluid layer heated from below

Predictions are given on stability conditions for experiments in standard and reduced-gravity conditions when the Soret effect is operating in a horizontal binary liquid layer heated from below and open to the ambient air.     

A simple Abel inversion method of interferometric data for temperature measurement in axisymmetric medium

In this work, we describe a simple method of Abel inversion for temperature measurement in a natural convection axisymmetric flow. The essence of the method is that the measured lateral fringe shift profile is fitted with a polynomial with only even powers and then Abel inverse integral is evaluated analytically. This technique is compared with recent existing methods to test the accuracy and error propagation using a simulated interferogram of natural convection flow below a downward-facing heated horizontal disk in air. For this comparison, lateral fringe profiles are simulated using temperature fields computed by solving Navier Stokes and energy equations. Through random-number generation, noise profile is artificially added to the simulated noise-free lateral fringe shift profile. The results showed that the proposed technique for Abel inversion leads to accurate temperature profiles when the lateral fringe shift profile is fitted with even-power polynomials having degrees ranging from 20 to 30.     

Ultrasonic imaging in air using fan-beam tomography and electrostatic transducers

Air-coupled ultrasonic capacitance transducers operating at frequencies of up to 1 MHz have been employed in a fan-beam configuration for the cross-sectional tomographic imaging of temperature fields and flow fields in air, and the location of solid objects. Separate transmitter and receiver transducers were manufactured using thin polymer dielectric membranes and polished metal backplates, and used to acquire through-transmission data. The fan-beam reconstruction was developed in LabVIEW using a re-bin routine combined with a filtered backprojection algorithm and a difference technique to generate the cross-sectional images. The system was first used to reconstruct images showing the locations of solid objects positioned within the scanned region through interpretation of the arrival time of the transmitted ultrasound. The technique was then extended to image the temperature fields produced in air above a small heat source and the flow field produced by a nozzle connected to a regulated compressed air source. Reconstructed temperatures were within 4% of the measured background air temperature and 9% of the air temperature measured above the heat source. Reconstructed images of the flow field above a small nozzle were also presented, showing that the horizontal component of the flow velocity could be resolved using this method.     

Heat transfer and fluid flow of benard-cell convection in rectangular container with free surface sensed by infrared thermography

The natural convection flow phenomena that occur inside an enclosed space are very interesting examples of complex fluid systems that may yield to analytical, empirical and numerical solutions, and many reports have looked into this basic problem. In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow for natural convection in a horizontal rectangular container with a free surface are investigated using infrared thermography. The temperature field was measured and visualized at a gas-liquid (air — silicon oil) interface using infrared thermography. The heat transfer phenomena were also investigated by statistically analyzing the temperature data. The applicability of the infrared thermography to quantitative heat transfer measurement at the gas-liquid interface was evaluated. It is revealed that infrared thermography is effective not only in visualization of a gas-liquid interface but also in heat transfer measurement. A new heat transfer correlation is proposed for the gas-liquid interface of this flow system. The coefficient of heat transfer can be summarized by a specific heat transfer correlation formula regardless of several conditions, including container aspect ratio, fluid viscosity and fluid layer depth.     

Imaging of a convective field in a rectangular cavity using interferometry, schlieren and shadowgraph

The present study is concerned with the quantitative imaging of buoyancy-driven convection in a fluid medium that is confined in a horizontal differentially heated rectangular cavity. The horizontal surfaces of the cavity provide a temperature difference, for initiating convection in the fluid. The vertical side walls are thermally insulated. Three imaging techniques, namely laser interferometry, schlieren, and shadowgraph have been utilized. Experiments have been conducted in a cavity of length 447 mm and 32 mm vertical height. The cavity is square in cross-section, and the imaging direction is parallel to its longer side. Convection in air and water have been investigated. Temperature differences in the range of 5–50 K for air and 3–10 K for water have been employed in the experiments. Quantities of interest are the temperature profiles in unsteadiness in the thermal field. At lower temperature differences across the fluid region, temperatures as recorded by interferometry and schlieren are in good agreement with each other. Further, they match the numerical predictions, as well as correlations available in the literature. Imaging based on shadowgraph is not as satisfactory at lower temperature differences. At larger cavity temperature differences, the shadowgraph images become clear enough for quantitative analysis, but the flow becomes time-dependent. The three techniques reveal similar trends in terms of the spatial distribution of temperature gradients and the time scales of unsteadiness. The schlieren and shadowgraph are more suitable for high gradients and interferometry is suitable for low gradients and all these three techniques are not flow visualization tools alone but are appropriate for quantitative imaging of thermal field.     

Experimental Investigation of Opposing Mixed Convection in a Channel with an open Cavity Below

Abstract

In this article, mixed convection in an open cavity with a heated wall bounded by a horizontal unheated plate is investigated experimentally. The heated wall is on the opposite side of the forced inflow. The results are reported in terms of wall temperature profiles of the heated wall and flow visualization. The range of pertinent parameters used in this experiment are Reynolds numbers (Re) from 100 to 2,000 and Richardson numbers (Ri) from 4.3 to 6,400. Also, the ratio between the length and the height of cavity (L/D) ranges from 0.5–2.0, and the ratio between the channel and cavity height (H/D) is equal to 1.0. The lack of experimental results on mixed convection in a channel with an open cavity below was an impetus for investigating this configuration when one cavity vertical wall is heated at uniform heat flux. The present results show that at the lowest investigated Reynolds number, the surface temperatures are lower than the corresponding surface temperatures for Re = 2,000 at the same ohmic heat flux. The flow visualization shows that for Re = 1,000, there are two nearly distinct fluid motions: a parallel forced flow in the channel and a recirculation flow inside the cavity. For Re = 100, the effect of a stronger buoyancy determines a penetration of thermal plumes from the heated plate wall into the upper channel. Moreover, the flow visualization shows that for lower Reynolds numbers, the forced motion penetrates inside the cavity, and a vortex structure is adjacent to the unheated vertical plate. At higher Reynolds numbers, the vortex structure has a larger extension while L/D is held constant.     

Visualization of turbulence structure in unsteady non-penetrative thermal convection using liquid crystal thermometry and stereo velocimetry

Temperature and velocity fields in unsteady non-penetrative turbulent thermal convection of a horizontal fluid layer are measured in horizontal and vertical planes simultaneously using the combined liquid-crystal thermometry and stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) with high spatial and temporal resolution. The result shows the formation of convection pattern across the fluid layer, which originates from the spoke structure over the heated surface. The upward fluid motion is generated from the intersection of the bursting lines of the spoke structure, while the downward motion is induced by the low temperature fluid directing toward the center of the spoke structure. Thus, the large-scale convective motion is produced in the fluid layer through the motion of spoke structure. The POD analysis of the temperature and velocity eigenfunctions shows the existence of large-scale motion in the fluid layer, which supports the observed convection pattern near the heated boundary and in the middle of the fluid layer.     

Deterministic and stochastic effects near the convective onset

The pure conduction state of a horizontal layer of fluid heated from below becomes unstable with respect to a convecting state when the temperature difference exceeds a critical value. We examine the question of how real, physical systems evolve from conduction to convection. Most experimental cells contain geometric or thermal inhomogeneities which render the bifurcation to convection imperfect. In that case the pure conduction state never exists and the convecting state evolves continuously and smoothly as the temperature difference is raised. When a sufficiently perfect experimental cell is constructed to eliminate this route to convection, then dynamic imperfections will usually prevail. When the temperature difference across the cell is raised, the vertical gradients in the sidewalls evolve at a rate which differs from that in the fluid. The resultingtransient horizontal thermal gradients initiate the convective flow. This phenomenon can be eliminated by providing sidewalls which have the same thermal diffusivity as that of the fluid. When that is done, the convective flow is started by random noise which exists in any experimental system. Analysis of experiments shows that the noise source is considerably stronger than thermal noise, but its origin is unclear at this time.     

Two-dimensional measurement of density,velocity, and temperature in turbulent high-speed air flows by UV rayleigh scattering

Instantaneous cross-sectional images of turbulent air flows with densities on the order of one atmosphere or less can be obtained in a straightforward manner using far ultraviolet Rayleigh scattering. These images give quantitative values for the air density and show the details of turbulent structure, shock structure, and shock wave/boundary layer interactions. Two-dimensional spatial correlations taken from multiple images give the shape and extent of average turbulent structure as well as the coupling between turbulent structure and other flow features. This technique may be extended to observe velocity fields by either double pulsing the illumination source or by using a narrow linewidth atomic or molecular filter window in front of the detector array. The latter approach also yields temperature. Used in conjunction with flow marking techniques such as RELIEF, coupling between turbulent structure and velocity fluctuations can also be determined. These diagnostic techniques can be extended to combusting flows to observe instantaneous structure, mixing, flame front location, and velocity fields.