HL—1装置放电坪区小破裂现象分析

HL-1装置上观测到大量放电破裂现象,其中一类出现在电流坪段的小破裂现象,在文献上讨论很少,其产生时的安全因子是2.5≤q_a≤4.5,密度为1×10~(13)cm~(-3)≤n<3×10~(13)cm~(-3)或n≥4×10~(13)cm~(-3), 在环压及软X射线上观测到几百毫秒的驰豫振荡。本文详细分析了这类现象的性质及特征,并讨论了其产生的原因。     

HL-1M装置锁模不稳定性研究

研究了HL－1M装置上锁模不稳定性和密度极限破裂。锁模不稳定性通常出现在低密度的实验中,在软X射线和Mirnov磁扰动上都观察到了频率相同的先兆振荡,其时间尺度为10ms。边3比温度的然下降是产生模不稳定性的重要标志。锁械出现几毫秒后时常发生大破裂。提出了抑制锁械的稳定性的建议。     

HL-2A装置破裂预报系统设计与研究

国际上现代聚变实验的大装置纷纷发现破裂放电而导致电流突然中止，造成装置遭受重大的危害。因而在HL-2A装置上建立一种预报放电破裂先兆的报警系统，设计并实现了MHD的实时检测与处理系统。研究结果表明，该系统可以实时地预报放电破裂先兆．避免能量与电流突然衰竭。     

HL—1M等离子体的复合锯齿振荡

用软X射线二极管阵列可以很容易地探测到在等离子体内部形成的软X射线辐射扰动的锯齿振荡波形,根据观测到的锯齿振荡的某些特征可以定性地确定等离子体芯部的磁场位形。在托卡马克等离子体加热过程中,电子加热和电流穿透使得电流分布不断峰化、中心磁轴附近的安全因子下降,当中心安全因子q(0)＜1时在q=1磁面附近形成磁岛,磁岛的增长和重联构成了一个完整的锯齿振荡波形。由于电流分布的峰化而形成的振荡被称为单锯齿振荡,振荡的周期和幅度具有单一的特性,尽管它们会随着放电条件的改变而变化,但振荡的单一性保持不变,破裂位于中心磁轴位置。在特定的条件下,当等离子体电流变成中空分布而且在等离子体内部出现两个q=1磁面时,复合锯齿取代常规的单锯齿,它们或者有规则地连续出现,或者间或地出现在单锯齿之间,这取决于中空电流分布的维持程度。我们在HL－1M装置上通过测量软X坶辐射扰动观测到等离子体的复合锯齿振荡。本文叙述的就是在离轴电子回旋共振加热期间所观测到的复合锯齿振荡及其产生的条件,并对锯齿产生的可能的机制作了定性的描述。     

HL—1M装置的密度极限研究

描述了ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置欧姆加热状态下的密度极限,该密度极限是放电破裂前的最高密度值。通过比较氘、氢放电,硅化前后的放电,超声分子束注入、冰弹丸注入和脉冲送气放电,发现ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置的壁条件、加料方式以及氢同位素对ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置的密度极限影响很大。产生密度极限破裂的原因主要是等离子体约束变差,总体辐射损失与欧姆加热功率平衡被破坏     

HL-1M弹丸加料等离子体中的蛇形振荡

根据PIN光二极管阵列探测器所探测到的1～10keV能量范围的软X射线辐射扰动．研究了HL-1M装置等离子体中在多发弹丸注入条件下产生的蛇形振荡不稳定性特性,对其机制进行了仔细讨论。实验表明,在中等密度欧姆放电中。高速弹丸注人能直接在等离子体芯部激发出蛇形振荡。对于较高密度的放电,在弹丸加料等离子体的后续演变中经常观测到锯齿稳定化结束时诱发出的准稳态大幅度蛇形振荡。     

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HL-2A和HL-1M装置采用了激光吹气注入高Z杂质来缓减大破裂中的等离子体电流衰竭,并给出了初步实验结果。在HL-2A装置上建立了利用MHD扰动的参量预报放电破裂先兆的报警系统,研制了MHD实时检测与处理系统,实现了放电破裂先兆的预报、快速触发激光吹气、形成阻性高辐射等离子体、消耗热能和磁能,缓减大破裂。实验证明,这是一种使得大型聚变实验装置在放电破裂之前显著减少等离子体中热能和磁能,而且能安全终止放电的简单、快速和有效的途径。     

HL—1M装置等离子体中类锯齿电子密度振荡

在欧姆放电和低杂波电流驱动（ＬＨＣＤ）及激光吹气注入杂质的联合实验中,首次在ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置上观测到了与软Ｘ射线对应得非常好的锯齿型密度振荡。这种类锯齿型的密度振荡存在于低杂波电流驱动与激光吹气等离子体中。分析表明,该锯齿不是通常的ｑ ＝ １ 有理面上的锯齿,而是在低杂波与杂质共同作用下产生的类锯齿型的密度振荡。一种可能的机制是低杂波电流驱动下杂质的中心积累及崩塌引起的扰动磁场导致了快电子的损失,从而使得密度发生振荡     

HL-1装置电流上升段MHD不稳定性

在托卡马克放电的初始阶段,由于存在变化的等离子体电流,一般会出现等离子体电流的趋肤分布,这种分布会导致MHD不稳定性的发展和产生破裂。早期的托卡马克实验,对放电初始阶段的MHD扰动现象做过许多讨论和研究。A1cator-A在电流上升段观测到的大多数破裂发生在q_L=1.6模处,同时观察到MHD扰动模式随时间从高模向低模的发展。电流初始阶段的上升率对平顶段的放电特性也有重大影响,在FT上,只有在等离子体电流上升率为1.2—2.6MA.s~(-1)时,才能实现低q_L的等离子体参数运行。     

HL—1装置的硬X射线锯齿振荡

软X射线的锯齿振荡,在ST,Pulsator和TEXT等装置上已观测到;在Pulsator和PLT上已研究了硬X射线锯齿波。PLT和Pulsator观测结果为,产生的硬X射线锯齿振荡为反锯齿和内破裂的软X射线锯齿相对应。Pulsator的硬X射线锯齿和软X射线锯齿一样,这种趋势一直持继到放电结束,而硬X射线峰值发生在软X射线内破裂后大约200μs。PLT的硬X射线锯齿比软X射线锯齿延迟1至5ms。本工作目的是在内破裂后,从软、硬X射线锯齿波对比,观测硬X射线到达峰值这段延迟时间,并以此来量度逃逸电子约束时间。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.