无机氧化还原反应的专题复习

氧化还原反应知识是一条贯穿高中化学始终的“动脉” ,其重要性不言而喻 ,有必要进行专题复习。1　概念体系在氧化还原反应中 ,氧化剂表现氧化性、还原剂表现还原性。2　反应类型为了研究的方便 ,可以把氧化还原反应按不同的标准分类 ,如 :3　反应规律3.1　表现性质规律 :元素处于最高价时只具有氧化性、处于最低价时只具有还原性、处于中间价态时既具有氧化性又具有还原性。3.2　性质强弱规律 :在“氧化剂 +还原剂→还原产物 +氧化产物”中 ,氧化性 :氧化剂 >氧化产物 ;还原性 :还原剂 >还原产物。3.3　正易逆难规律 :若“氧化剂 +e- →还…     

季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯的合成和表征

以季戊四醇和丙烯酸为原料直接酯化合成了季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯,考察了原料配比、溶剂用量、催化剂、阻聚剂、温度、脱色剂、反应时间等因素对反应的影响,得到较佳反应条件.季戊四醇/丙烯酸/甲苯=1:3.6:1.86(物质的量之比),催化剂选用对甲苯磺酸,季戊四醇质量的4％,采用复合阻聚剂,加入量为丙烯酸质量的3.5％,反应时间6 h,脱色剂TSJ-1用量为季戊四醇用量的3％,产率较高,可达77.1％,副反应少,产品色度较浅可达20号色,生产产品质量达到国际先进水平.     

“氧化数”及其与“价”的区别

在化学学科中,为了能不详细研究化合物的结构,反应机理,而能方便地: 1.定义氧化剂、还原剂以及氧化还原反应, 2.配平氧化还原反应, 3.计算氧化还原当量, 4.分类、比较元素化合物, 引进了“氧化数”的概念。虽然它是很有用     

GoAggⅡ体系催化氧化环己烷为环己酮

研究了Gif体系成员之一GoAggⅡ体系催化氧化环己烷为环己酮的反应.考察了催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、溶剂配比、反应温度和反应时间等对产率的影响.最佳反应条件为:1 40 mmol,催化剂[NH4Fe(SO4)2]1mmol,氧化剂[30%H2O2]80 mmol,溶剂[y(吡啶):V(乙酸)=5.6:1.0]33 mL,于40℃反应16 h.在此条件下,收率达10.33%,n(环己酮):n(环己醇)=5.61.     

2,3,5-三甲基氢醌的绿色合成工艺研究

以偏三甲苯(TMB)为原料,冰醋酸为溶剂,过氧化氢(50%)为氧化剂,通过直接氧化合成了2,3,5-三甲基氢醌(TMHQ);考察了反应温度、反应时间以及氧化剂和溶剂用量等对TMHQ收率的影响,确定了优化的氧化反应条件.结果表明,最优的氧化反应条件为:反应温度85℃,反应时间3h,TMB与冰醋酸的物质的量之比1∶12,TMB与过氧化氢的物质的量之比1∶11.     

梳理知识提高应用能力——小议"氧化还原反应"的专题复习

氧化还原反应是极为重要的化学反应类型,也是历年高考的重要考点。对此考试大纲明确提出:“理解氧化还原反应,了解氧化剂和还原剂等概念;掌握重要的氧化剂和还原剂之间的常见反应;能判断氧化还原反应中电子转移的方向和数目,并能配平反应的化学方程式”等5项考点。另一方面新课     

NaY型沸石分子筛催化环己胺氧化制备环己酮肟

考察了系列氧化剂、催化剂和溶剂对环己胺液相氧化制备环己酮肟的影响,发现以乙腈为溶剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,NaY型沸石分子筛对该反应具有优良的催化性能。 对该反应体系进行了五因素四水平的正交实验,确定了适宜的催化剂用量、溶剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和氧化剂用量,比较分析了各因素对环己胺转化率和环己酮肟选择性的影响。 确定了环己胺液相氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为：环己胺为3 mL,催化剂为03 g,环己胺、溶剂和氧化剂的体积比为1∶3∶3,65 ℃反应2 h。 讨论了环己胺液相催化氧化的反应机理。     

环氧丙烯酸酯的紫外光固化

制备了适于配制紫外光固化涂料的环氧丙烯酸酯，研究了反应温度、阻聚剂、催化剂等因素对环氧树脂与丙烯酸反应的影响；讨论了反应机理和动力学；并利用红外光谱观察了产物的紫外光固化行为。季铵盐能有效地催化环氧树脂和丙烯酸的反应，当其用量为０．６％～１．２％时，在９０～１１０℃反应４．５～８小时后，环氧基转化率大于９７％。由此配制的光固化涂料经紫外光辐照能快速固化。     

3,3′-(1,1′-二苯基-4,4′-二基)-二丙烯酸的合成新方法

通过Heck反应,以4,4′-二碘联苯和丙烯酸为原料,壳聚糖负载钯为催化剂,合成了3,3′-(1,1′-二苯基-4,4′-二基)-二丙烯酸.考察了反应温度、时间、原料配比等因素对产率的影响.结果表明最佳反应条件为:反应温度为100℃,时间为20h,原料配比为1∶3.测试了壳聚糖负载钯催化剂的重复使用性能,并用IR、1 H NMR和MS对产物进行了表征.     

酯交换法合成碳酸甲乙酯

以碳酸钾为催化剂,在一定温度下乙醇和碳酸二甲酯进行酯交换反应合成了碳酸甲乙酯。系统地研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量和反应时间等因素对反应的影响,讨论了产物分离的工艺条件。当碳酸二甲酯用量为528mmol,n(碳酸二甲酯)：n(乙醇)=4：1,1K2CO3的摩尔百分用量为0．015％,反应7h,乙醇的转化率为86．9％,碳酸甲乙酯的产率为86．5％,选择性为99．7％。同时,产物的分离简捷。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。