开放型办公室掩蔽语音环境下工作效率的客观评价方法

本文研究了开放型办公室中平稳噪声掩蔽语音环境下噪声可懂度的客观评价指标与工作效率之间的关系。文章通过对三种客观评价指标:Speech Transmission Index(STI),Perceptually Evaluation of Speech Quality(PESQ)和modified Normalized Covariance Method(mNCM)与专门设计的主观实验结果相对比,得到了该条件下客观评价指标与主观烦扰度和工作效率之间的关系。结果显示,客观评价指标与主观实验结果均具有较高的相关性,说明利用客观评价指标来预测、评估工作效率具有可行性。实验结果还初步揭示了噪声的语言可懂度和工作效率之间的变化规律:在噪声的语言可懂度的中间区域,工作效率变化显著;但噪声的语言可懂度高于一定值以后,工作效率趋于稳定。     

利用卷积网络的高速列车主观声品质预测

随着高速列车在中国的高速发展,乘客对舒适性的要求不断提高。因此高速列车内声学舒适性是一个需要研究和解决的问题。首先,该文基于声学人工头设备,获取了高速列车行驶在350 km/h速度下不同车厢、不同区域的双耳噪声样本,并对其分别开展了主观声学评价和基于响度、尖锐度、粗糙度和抖动度等参数的客观声品质分析。结果表明,350 km/h速度下高速列车车内噪声能量集中在3000 Hz以内,风挡区域是舒适性评价较差的位置,而响度是影响主观评价最大的因素。其次,利用卷积神经网络算法将主观评价结果与高速列车噪声样本相关联,建立了车内噪声主观声品质预测模型,并与基于BP神经网络的预测模型进行了对比。结果表明,基于卷积神经网络的主观声品质预测模型具有更高的预测精度,更适宜用于指导高速列车车内声学舒适性的优化设计。     

语音清晰度和平均混响时间在车内声学中的应用

乘用车的车内声学性能直接影响人的主观感受,但仅靠主观评价来判定是不够的;必须通过引入有力的客观参量来刻画车内听觉的舒适度效果。而如何来设计车内噪声试验方案来诊断和改善声学水平则成了一个重要的环节。在乘用车车内噪声品质的开发过程中,综合应用语音清晰度和平均混响时间两个指标对车内吸声性能进行了对比分析。通过对实车主观评价和客观测试,讨论了语音清晰度、车内平均混响时间、吸声系数和声压衰减斜率的概念及相互关系,从而确定了高速道路行驶工况下的语音清晰度主要取决于车内吸声材料的性能。提出了将车内相关部位进行材料吸声改进作为改善语音清晰度的主要措施之一。     

数值仿真生成的汽车后空调气动噪声预测及评价

为解决需要项目开发后期样车完成后才能进行整车空调气动噪声性能测试及评价的滞后性问题,针对某SUV整车后空调高档范围工作产生的气动噪声,提出了一种基于空调整车计算流体动力学和FW-H声类比方程的气动噪声仿真计算分析和神经网络的主观评价预测方法。首先采用计算流体动力学和FW-H声类比相结合的方法仿真计算和验证后空调高档运行时车内产生的气动噪声特性;然后将仿真得到的时域气动噪声样本转化成声频格式,并开发GUI程序界面进行噪声样本主观评价和客观参数计算;最后建立基于遗传算法优化的主客观映射神经网络预测模型以实现车内后空调气动噪声性能的预测评价。仿真计算及预测评价结果表明：该方法计算的气动噪声仿真误差在10%以内,主观预测误差在0.5分以内,可有效指导汽车空调气动噪声性能的前瞻性预测开发。     

采用生理响度感知机制的车内噪声声品质预测

现有车内噪声声品质预测的响度计算中没有考虑真实人耳生理解剖结构的传声特性,因此提出了一种基于生理响度感知模型的车内噪声声品质预估方法。首先,采集两款轿车的车内噪声样本,并通过主观评价试验得到车内噪声的主观评价烦恼度。之后,整合中耳集总参数模型与耳蜗传输线模型,构建生理响度模型。然后,以生理响度模型的响度计算值为主要参数,结合尖锐度、粗糙度与车内噪声的主观评价值,通过TabNet模型构建了车辆声品质预测模型。最终,对比分析了所构建声品质模型与基于现有标准响度模型所构建的声品质模型的预测效果。结果表明,采用生理响度模型的声品质预测平均误差百分比仅有4.73%,优于采用Moore响度(6.13%)与Zwicker响度(6.94%)的声品质预测结果。此外,所构建的TabNet声品质预测模型的平均误差百分比也低于基于BP神经网络模型的平均误差百分比(7.60%)。采用生理响度模型的TabNet声品质预测能够提高车内噪声声品质客观评价的准确率。     

混合算法优化的乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度神经网络建模

针对传统乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度量化模型精度低的问题,提出了一种利用混合算法优化的神经网络模型预测舱内噪声感知烦恼度的评价方法。此混合算法融合麻雀搜索算法(SSA)和遗传算法(GA),对反向传播(BP)神经网络进行优化,根据声品质主客观评价数据,建立SSA-GA-BP网络的乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度客观量化模型,与BP模型、GA-BP模型、SSA-BP模型进行对比分析。结果表明, SSA-GA-BP模型能够实现更高的预测精度,更接近主观评价数值,泛化能力更强,可替代传统的声品质主观评价实验。     

重庆地区住宅噪声、隔声调查报告

一九六四年五月我们对重庆解放后建的十多个住宅区近500户居民进行了主观调查。统计居民对噪声、隔声的主观评价。对噪声的响度、讨厌程度及结构隔声的好坏程度分1,2,3,4,5级评定。被调查的总人数是2907人,其中小孩1606人,占55.1％。     

利用自相关函数和双耳自相关函数分析对交通噪声特征参量的提取~

对实地双通道测量获得的道路交通噪声和铁路噪声信号样本进行了自相关函数和双耳自相关函数(Interaural CrossCorrelation Function)的分析。进而通过对噪声样本时间因子和空间因子的相关性分析、主成分分析和主观评价实验,得到了3个铁路噪声源特征参量物理因子和4个道路交通噪声源特征参量物理因子。发现与传统的声压级测量相比,表征声音信号时间特性和空间特性的这7个物理量可以更全面、准确地表征交通噪声的特性。在对道路噪声进行测量或分析时,掌握与声源视觉宽度和音调感相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和初始能量,就可获悉与人的主观评价相一致的道路交通噪声特征信息;对铁路噪声而言,掌握与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和声音的重复性特征,就可以得到与入主观评价相一致的铁路噪声特征信息。综合道路噪声特征参量和铁路噪声特征参量可以发现,双耳时延和与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子是与人的主观反应最为一致的主成分指标,说明噪声中决定人的评价的最主要的因素是代表空间特征的信号因子。      

汉语通信系统客观音质评价方法

提出一种使用语音频谱动态特性的倒谱距离测量对通信系统或通信设备进行客观音质评价方法．它是在对语音通信中主、客观音质评价的研究并在使用LPC倒谱距离评价普通话语音质量的基础上发展起来的。语音频谱动态特性是利用倒谱系数对时间的回归分析来表示的．这种方法中，使用倒谱系数，回归系数和能量三个参数计算距离。比较了四种距离估算方法和主观音质评价（MOS）的相关性，结果表明该方法的综合评价与MOS得分的相关性最好，相关系数为0．954，取得了客观评价方法与主观评价方法一致的结果。     

车辆噪声烦恼度的音色表达

烦恼度作为评价噪声对人影响的重要指标,受到广泛重视并获得应用。通过主观评价实验和数据统计分析,从音色角度对城市典型车辆噪声烦恼度进行建模并给予物理解释。研究发现:(1)车辆噪声烦恼度音色空间由四个维度构成;(2)利用多元线性回归方法给出的车辆噪声烦恼度模型与声样本烦恼度拟合较好;(3)烦恼度空间维度与特定频谱特性具有较高的相关性。研究结果为车辆噪声烦恼度建模及降噪设计提供了新的思路。      

Development of a highway traffic noise prediction model that considers various road surface types

A highway traffic noise prediction model has been developed for environmental assessment in South Korea. The model is based on an outdoor sound propagation method and is fully compliant with ISO 9613 and the sound power level (PWL) estimation for a road segment, as suggested in the ASJ Model-1998 that is based on PWLs. Due to that model’s selection of two pavement types, such as asphalt or concrete pavement, an unacceptable traffic noise prediction is made in cases where the road surface is different from that on which the model is based. In order to address this problem, several road surface types are categorized, and the PWL of each surface type is determined and modeled by measuring the noise levels obtained from newly developed methods. An evaluation of the traffic noise prediction model using field measurements finds good agreement between predicted and measured noise levels.     

低频纯音不愉悦感主观评价的实验研究

本文提出分别采用“不愉悦度”和“不愉悦概率”作为衡量低频噪声主观感觉的整体评价指标,并确定出评价等级与相应的计算公式。在此基础上,以人工产生的低频纯音为研究对象,结合“5点4级”评价尺度,采用语义细分法,设计并完成了实验室主观评价实验。分析处理实验数据后发现：（1）“不愉悦度”与“不愉悦概率”两种感觉指标的评价结果之间及其各自所确定的评价等级之间存在较高相关性;（2）A,C及线性声级均可用于衡量低频纯音的不愉悦度,三者的衡量效果基本一致;（3）不同频率低频纯音的不愉悦度随声压级的变化趋势不同。     

Sound radiation and sound quality characteristics of refrigerator noise in real living environments

The characteristics of various types of refrigerator noise were investigated in an anechoic chamber and in a real living environment - a 100 m² apartment which is a common size in Korea. It was found that the sound pressure level of the refrigerator noise in the real living room was about 10 dB higher than the level in the anechoic chamber at the same position (1 m in front of refrigerator). In addition, a tolerance level for refrigerator noise was determined by subjective evaluation experiments. Refrigerator noise was presented by a loudspeaker placed in the kitchen where the refrigerator is normally located. Level 2 responses to the subjective evaluation (“hardly perceivable”) corresponded to a sound pressure level of about 26 dB(A), for which 90% of participants were satisfied with the level of refrigerator noise. A semantic differential test using various adjectives was also conducted to evaluate the sound quality of refrigerator noise. With the semantic differential and the factor analysis, adjectives used in this experiment were grouped into three factors. From the results of correlation and multiple regression analyses on the psychoacoustical parameters and subjective evaluations of 30 kinds of refrigerators, sound quality index which predict the subjective rating score were proposed.     

Reduction of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels by porous elastic road surfaces

A porous elastic road surface (PERS) is superior to drainage asphalt pavement for reducing highway traffic noise. In earlier research and development, for example using a test track, the difference in sound power level (Lw) of cars has been regarded as the noise reduction effect since it was not possible to measure the change in equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (Leq) for a series of vehicles on such a limited length of surface. As the result of a comparatively major test construction on a highway, have measured the noise reduction effect of PERS as the difference in Leq. First, we measured the motor vehicle Lw and Leq on each section. However, we found that the neighbouring paved sections also influenced Leq. Next, we calculated Leq according to a highway traffic noise model, using the values of Lw measured in the different paved sections. Since the calculated Leq corresponded approximately with the measured Leq, we could verify the validity of the measured Lw. We again calculated Leq, assuming that each pavement is infinitely long. We assumed the improvement of noise reduction effect of PERS was indicated through the calculated Leq. Consequently, we have found that the noise reduction effect of drainage asphalt pavement was 5-6 dB, whereas that of PERS was 7-9 dB.     

Highway traffic noise prediction using method fully compliant with ISO 9613: comparison with measurements

In this study, we introduce outdoor sound simulation that is fully compliant with ISO 9613 yet with some complementary methods that enhance its applicability; for example, calculation of sound attenuation due to undulating terrain in octave bands, geometric divergence in the near-field of the source, and short-term wind effects. Using the method, we have carried out highway traffic noise prediction and measurement for 12 sites with representative road shapes and structures. In the prediction, the sound power level for a road segment was estimated by the method suggested in ASJ Model-1998 with experimental corrections to the overall noise level and spectrum. Comparing results between predicted and measured noise levels show good correspondence at direct, diffracted and reflected sound fields within 30m from the center of the near side lane.     

公路交通噪声频率特征及等效频率研究

为了确定不同车型在不同行车速度下的噪声频率分布特性及等效频率值,更加准确的对交通噪声的影响进行评估,本文对单车稳态辐射噪声的频率特性进行了现场测定,并对不同类型车辆的频率特性数据进行了分析。结果表明,不同类型车辆车速与频带声压级之间的相关性随频带中心频率的变化而变化。FHWA模型对公路交通噪声中介于500 Hz～2000 Hz频段的噪声有较好的预测效果,而对低于500 Hz和高于2000 Hz的交通噪声的预测精度较差。车辆类型不同,车辆产生噪声的中心频率、声能量集中分布的频率范围以及等效频率均不相同。     

Exploratory laboratory studies of the relative aversiveness of traffic sounds.

Two experiments examined the acoustical correlates of traffic sound aversiveness. In experimnet I all pairs of 13 45-s traffic sound recordings were presented; subjects chose the sound of each pair to which they would rather be exposed and judged the relative similarity of the sounds. The energy equivalent sound level, Leq, accounted for choice and similarity judgments better than any other noise index, and there was no substantial improvement in ability to account for subjective judgments when other indices were used in conjunction with Leq. In experiment II subjects judged the same sounds which had been made equal in Leq level. Responses were nonrandom, showing that Leq is not the only subjectively important information in traffic sounds, but no acoustical measure employed in the study captured that information. Instead, two subjective measures of information content accounted best for the data of experiment II. Response data for the equal Leq sounds were less structured than for the sounds differing in Leq. The data of the two experiments were statistically related; it is argued that the data sets were related via the measure of information content. Experiment I replicated a previously reported study, while experiment II failed to replicate the results of a second study.     

Reliability improvement of a sound quality index for a vehicle HVAC system using a regression and neural network model

The reduction of vehicle interior noise has long been the main interest of noise and vibration harshness (NVH) engineers. A driver’s perception of vehicle noise is largely affected by psychoacoustic noise characteristics and SPL. Among the various types of vehicle interior noise, the sound of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is a source of distraction for drivers. HVAC noise is not as loud as the overall noise level; however, it affects a driver’s subjective perception and may lead to feelings of nervousness or annoyance. Therefore, vehicle engineers work not only to reduce noise, but also to improve sound quality. In this paper, HVAC noise samples were taken from many types of vehicles. Objective and subjective sound quality (SQ) evaluations were obtained, simple and multiple regression models were generated, and these were used with the Semantic Differential Method (SDM) to determine what characteristics trigger a “pleasant” response from listeners. The regression analysis produced diagnostic statistics and regression estimates. In addition, neural network (NN) models were created using three objective numerical inputs (loudness, sharpness, and roughness) of the SQ metrics and one subjective output (“pleasant”). The NN model was used primarily because human perceptions are very complex and often hard to estimate. The estimation models were compared via correlations between SQ output indices and hearing test results. Results demonstrated that the NN model is most highly correlated with SQ indices, which led to determination of suggested methods for SQ metrics prediction.     

Effects of different noise combinations on sleep, as assessed by a general questionnaire

In the present study, the effects of different noise combinations on sleep were assessed in two contexts, with a single noise source and with combined noise sources. Road traffic noise, and construction or movie noise combined with road traffic noise were used as the single noise source and the combined noise sources, respectively. When the sound pressure level of road traffic noise was kept constant, levels of the construction and movie noise were changed. Twenty participants were followed for approximately 2 weeks, during which their sleep was evaluated using a questionnaire, including questions on sleeping behavior, premature awakening, and subjective responses. The results showed that the combined noise sources including construction noise decreased the number of participants who fell asleep within an hour and increased the number that were awakened prematurely compared to the effects of road traffic noise combined with movie noise. However, similar tendencies were observed while evaluating sleep quality, sleep disturbance, and annoyance.