基于高光谱成像技术的长枣不同保藏温度的可溶性固形物含量检测方法

应用高光谱成像技术对不同保藏温度的灵武长枣的可溶性固形物含量进行预测模型建立。提取图像中感兴趣区域的平均光谱数据,经过不同光谱预处理后,利用连续投影法(SPA)选择特征波长,对4℃冷藏光谱提取13个特征波段(421,426,512,598,641,670,675,723,814,906,944,978,982 nm),对常温保藏光谱提取12个特征波段(425,507,555,598,673,680,685,718,809,910,954,978 nm)。对于MSC处理、MSC+SPA处理、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理和SNV 4种预处理方法,筛选出的最优预处理方法是冷藏采用MSC处理、常温采用MSC+SPA处理。对应这两种最优预处理方法,分别建立偏最小二乘法(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)、主成分回归(PCR)3种预测模型。在以上获得的6个预测模型中,得出冷藏、常温保藏的最优模型分别为MSCPLSR模型(R2C:0.852,RMSEC:0.940;R2P:0.857,RMSEP:0.894)和MSC+SPA-PLSR模型(R2C:0.872,RMSEC:0.866;R2P:0.787,RMSEP:1.007)。结果表明:利用高光谱成像技术,结合多种预测模型建立,能够测定不同保藏温度下的灵武长枣可溶性固形物含量,实现对灵武长枣准确快速的无损检测。     

IPLS-SPA波长选择方法在近红外秸秆生物量中的应用研究

在近红外光谱分析模型中全谱信息通常含有大量冗余信息,会导致模型解析时间延长、 加大模型解析难度,因此如何快速有效地选取特征波长至关重要。采用基于间隔偏最小二乘(interval partial least squares, IPLS)结合连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)对小麦秸秆发酵过程微生物生物量进行特征波长选择,共制备85个样本,采用氨基葡萄糖法测定微生物生物量,选择68个样本作为校正集,17个样本作为验证集。首先对全谱区520个波长点根据间隔点大小10, 20, 30, 40进行分段建模,选取出4 450～4 925和9 194～9 993 cm-1两个波段范围作为特征波段,将选取出的特征波段再进行连续投影算法及遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)特征波长点选取,并进行综合分析对比。实验结果表明采用IPLS-SPA算法选择4 450～4 925和9 194～9 993 cm-1的组合波段具有最佳建模效果,相比于全谱建模其参与建模的波长点由520个减少到10个,模型验证集决定系数(R-Square, R2)从0.884 9提升至0.945 28,验证集均方误差根(root mean square error prediction, RMSEP)从11.104 9降至8.203 3,GA遗传算法虽取得了更优的模型精度,但其实验结果并不稳定且随机性较强,而IPLS结合SPA方法能够稳定而准确的(地)选择特征波长信息,提高模型运算速度并降低模型拟合难度,可以作为一种新的波段选择参考方法。结果表明采用近红外光谱分析方法对秸秆发酵生物量进行快速检测是可行的。     

Portable milk product quality analyzer based on spectrometry in the near IR range

We have used near IR spectrometry and multiple regression analysis to construct the calibration models for determining the weight fractions of the major components of milk blends, and we have used the latter to study the feasibility of using a portable spectrophotometer (designed at the Institute of Spectroscopy) based on a silicon CCD linear array as a working tool for monitoring the quality of biotechnological products. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 274–279, March–April, 2008.     

Accurate Measurement of Small Spin–Spin Couplings in Partially Aligned Molecules Using a Novel J-Mismatch Compensated Spin-State-Selection Filter

The accurate measurement of small spin–spin coupling constants in macromolecules dissolved in a liquid crystalline phase is important in the context of molecular structure investigation by modern liquid state NMR. A new spin-state-selection filter, DIPSAP, is presented with significantly reduced sensitivity to J-mismatch of the filter delays compared to previously proposed pulse sequences. DIPSAP presents an attractive new approach for the accurate measurement of small spin–spin coupling constants in molecules dissolved in anisotropic solution. Application to the measurement of ¹⁵N–¹³C′ and ¹H^N–¹³C′ coupling constants in the peptide planes of ¹³C, ¹⁵N labeled proteins demonstrates the high accuracy obtained by a DIPSAP-based experiment.     

Dynamics of Spin I=3/2 under Spin-Locking Conditions in an Ordered Environment

We have derived approximate analytic solutions to the master equation describing the evolution of the spin I=3/2 density operator in the presence of a radio-frequency (RF) field and both static and fluctuating quadrupolar interactions. Spectra resulting from Fourier transformation of the evolutions of the on-resonance spin-locked magnetization into the various coherences display two satellite pairs and, in some cases, a central line. The central line is generally trimodal, consisting of a narrow component related to a slowly relaxing mode and two broad components pertaining to two faster relaxing modes. The rates of the fast modes are sensitive to slow molecular motion. Neither the amplitude nor the width of the narrow component is affected by the magnitude of the static coupling, whereas the corresponding features of the broad components depend in a rather complicated manner on the spin-lock field strength and static quadrupolar interaction. Under certain experimental conditions, the dependencies of the amplitudes on the dynamics are seen to vanish and the relaxation rates reduce to relatively simple expressions. One of the promising emerging features is the fact that the evolutions into the selectively detected quadrupolar spin polarization order and the rank-two double-quantum coherence do not exhibit a slowly relaxing mode and are particularly sensitive to slow molecular motion. Furthermore, these coherences can only be excited in the presence of a static coupling and this makes it possible to discern nuclei in anisotropic from those in isotropic environment. The feasibility of the spin-lock pulse sequences with limited RF power and a nonvanishing average electric field gradient has been demonstrated through experiments on sodium in a dense lyotropic DNA liquid crystal.     

3D Analysis of Crystal/Melt Interface Shape and Marangoni Flow Instability in Solidifying Liquid Bridges

Solidification of gallium (Pr=0.02) in liquid bridges in zero-gravity conditions is investigated by numerical solutions of the three-dimensional and time-dependent flow-field equations. A single region (continuum) formulation based on the enthalpy method is adopted to model the phase-change problem. This paper analyzes the influence of the azimuthally asymmetric and steady first bifurcation of the Marangoni flow on the shape of the solid/melt interface during the crystal growth process. The numerical results show that this interface is distorted in the azimuthal direction. The distortion is related to the sinusoidal three-dimensional temperature disturbances due to the instability of the Marangoni flow. The three-dimensional flow field organization, related to the wave number, changes during the solidification process; this behavior is explained according to the variation of the aspect ratio of the solidifying liquid bridge. A correlation law is found for the azimuthal wave number of the instability as function of the melt zone aspect ratio.     

Moving Mesh Methods in Multiple Dimensions Based on Harmonic Maps

In practice, there are three types of adaptive methods using the finite element approach, namely the h-method, p-method, and r-method. In the h-method, the overall method contains two parts, a solution algorithm and a mesh selection algorithm. These two parts are independent of each other in the sense that the change of the PDEs will affect the first part only. However, in some of the existing versions of the r-method (also known as the moving mesh method), these two parts are strongly associated with each other and as a result any change of the PDEs will result in the rewriting of the whole code. In this work, we will propose a moving mesh method which also contains two parts, a solution algorithm and a mesh-redistribution algorithm. Our efforts are to keep the advantages of the r-method (e.g., keep the number of nodes unchanged) and of the h-method (e.g., the two parts in the code are independent). A framework for adaptive meshes based on the Hamilton–Schoen–Yau theory was proposed by Dvinsky. In this work, we will extend Dvinsky's method to provide an efficient solver for the mesh-redistribution algorithm. The key idea is to construct the harmonic map between the physical space and a parameter space by an iteration procedure. Each iteration step is to move the mesh closer to the harmonic map. This procedure is simple and easy to program and also enables us to keep the map harmonic even after long times of numerical integration. The numerical schemes are applied to a number of test problems in two dimensions. It is observed that the mesh-redistribution strategy based on the harmonic maps adapts the mesh extremely well to the solution without producing skew elements for multi-dimensional computations.     

Non-CPMG Fast Spin Echo with full signal

The standard Fast Spin Echo sequence used in MR imaging relies on the CPMG condition. A consequence of this condition is that only one component of the transverse magnetization can be measured. To counter this, some phase modulation schemes (XY, MLEV.) for the pulse train have been proposed, but they are useful only over a very restricted range, close to pi, of the refocusing pulse rotation angle. Some other solutions not relying on phase modulation have also been suggested, but they destroy one half the available signal. Revisiting the phase modulation approach, J. Murdoch ("Second SMR Scientific Meeting," p. 1145, 1994) suggested that a quadratic phase modulation could generate a train of classical echoes. We show here that indeed a quadratic phase modulation has a very suitable property: after an adequate change of frame, the dynamic of the system composed of all the protons situated in one pixel can be seen as stationary. If the parameter of the quadratic phase modulation is well chosen, it is then possible to put the dynamic system in a combination of two suitable states and obtain a signal identical to the signal of a classical spin echo, at least for nutation of the refocusing pulse higher than, approximately, two radians.     

Simultaneous selective detection of multiple quantum spectra

A three-dimensional multiple-quantum NMR experiment that produces individual spectra of all quantum orders is described. The separation of different quantum orders is accomplished via Fourier transformation with respect to the phase of the first two pulses of a generic three-pulse multiple-quantum sequence. This dramatically reduces the time required to obtain several selectively detected spectra and enhances the sensitivity and digital resolution from that obtained using the original two-dimensional technique. The experiment is demonstrated on the protons of para-chlorotoluene dissolved in the nematic liquid crystal Merck ZLI-1132.     

Circularly Polarized RF Magnetic Fields for Spin-1 NQR

The low sensitivity of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of powders is due, in part, to the inability to efficiently excite and detect nuclei at all crystal orientations. Here we describe the use of circularly polarized RF magnetic fields for excitation followed by detection of the resultant circular RF magnetization in I=1 NQR to increase the fraction of nuclei excited and detected. We show that the technique can greatly improve the effective RF field homogeneity and increase the largest signal amplitude by a factor of 1.72. In favorable cases, the resulting circularly polarized NQR signal can be separated from linearly polarized magnetoacoustic and piezoelectric ringing artifacts that occur in some NQR materials detection applications.     

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of paramagnetic metallocenes

The paramagnetic metallocenes and decamethylmetallocenes (C(5)H(5))(2)M and (C(5)Me(5))(2)M with M=V (S=3/2), Mn (S=5/2 or 1/2), Co (S=1/2), and Ni (S=1) were studied by (1)H and (13)C solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. Near room temperature spinning sideband manifolds cover ranges of up to 1100 and 3500 ppm, and isotropic signal shifts appear between -260 and 300 ppm and between -600 and 1640 ppm for (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, respectively. The isotropic paramagnetic signal shifts, which are related to the spin densities in the s orbital of ligand atoms, were discussed. A Herzfeld--Berger spinning sideband analysis of the ring carbon signals yielded the principal values of the paramagnetic shift tensors, and for metallocenes with a small g-factor anisotropy the electron spin density in the ligand pi system was determined from the chemical shift anisotropy. The unusual features of the (1)H and (13)C solid-state NMR spectra of manganocene were related to its chain structure while temperature-dependent (1)H MAS NMR studies reflected antiferromagnetic interaction between the spin centers.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合偏最小二乘法定量分析脐橙中Cd含量

基于激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对赣南脐橙中Cd元素进行定量分析. 利用LIBS获取样品中Cd元素的特征谱线信息, 并结合原子吸收分光光度计测量样品中Cd元素的真实含量.采用五点平滑法和中心化法对样品光谱数据进行预处理, 基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)对其中的39个样品建立Cd元素的定量分析模型, 在该模型的基础上预测另外13个样品的Cd含量, 并对PLS模型进行对比验证. PLS模型中拟合曲线的相关系数为0.9806, 12个样品的验证结果的相对误差为10.94%.研究结果表明, 激光诱导击穿光谱技术能够准确的检测农产品中重金属含量, 为农产品的安全检测提供技术方法. 关键词： 激光诱导击穿光谱 Cd 定量分析 偏最小二乘法     

连续投影算法及其在小麦近红外光谱波长选择中的应用

采用全谱建立多元校正模型时,通常计算量大,模型不够稳健,而且模型的预测精度往往也不能达到最优。文章介绍一种新的波长选择方法：采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm),并将其集成偏最小二乘(partial least squares)多变量校正技术构成SPA-PLS方法,用于谷物小麦近红外光谱波长优化选择及其与水分含量的定量分析。结果表明：在经SPA算法后,光谱波数可削减97.72%,后继的定量校正模型结构得到显著简化,模型的稳健性也大大增强;同时,被选取的波长物理意义明确,模型的解释能力增强,而模型的预测性能也与GA-PLS方法相当。     

光谱技术结合BiPLS-GA-SPA和ELM算法的生菜冠层氮素含量检测研究

氮素是影响生菜产量和品质的重要因素,光谱技术是检测作物氮素含量最有效的手段之一。通过获取不同氮素水平下生菜冠层的反射光谱,对其进行FDSGF（first-order derivative based savitzky-golay filt）滤波后,利用后向区间偏最小二乘算法（BiPLS）、遗传算法（GA）及连续投影算法（SPA）对特征波长进行梯度提取,最终从2 151个波长点中提取了8个与生菜氮素最为相关的特征波长。分别利用多元线性回归（MLR）、径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）及极限学习机（ELM）三种算法建立了基于特征波段或特征波长的8个生菜冠层氮素含量检测模型。结果表明： BiPLS-GA-SPA-ELM模型（RMSEC=0.241 6%,R_c=0.934 6,RMSEP=0.284 2%,R_p=0.921 8）的预测结果优于其他模型,为指导合理施肥和开发便携式仪器提供了理论基础。     

L 1 范数支持向量机在代谢组学中的应用

代谢组学是关于生物体内源性代谢物质的整体及其变化规律的科学,也是一个数据密集型的研究领域,由此使得模式识别在代谢数据处理中有重要作用．L₁ 范数支持向量机(L₁-Norm Support Vector Machines, L₁-norm SVMs)作为在模式识别领域中准确、稳健的方法,在代谢组学中的应用较少．该文应用L₁-norm SVM 方法对小鼠感染血吸虫后的代谢数据进行了分析,分析结果显示L1-norm SVM 在聚类与特征选择方面具有优势,并表明它在代谢组学领域的应用有着潜力和前景．     

可见-近红外反射光谱用于疾病快速筛查

为了探讨基于舌诊的疾病快速筛查,运用可见和近红外光谱仪,采集149名志愿者舌尖的反射光谱并且进行反射率归一化处理.根据临床诊断结果将样本分为4组:健康组、高粘血症倾向组、脂肪肝患者组和冠心病患者组.运用主成分分析(PCA)结合人工神经网络(ANN)方法、偏最小二乘(PLS)方法和间隔偏最小二乘(iPLS)方法3种方法建...     

贮藏期内灵武长枣果糖含量的高光谱预测

高光谱成像可将图像和光谱相结合,同时获得目标对象的图像和光谱信息,已在农产品定性和定量分析检测方面得到广泛利用。利用可见-近红外高光谱成像结合化学计量学方法对贮藏期内灵武长枣果糖含量进行无损检测。采用高效液相色谱测量长枣果糖含量的化学值,可见-近红外高光谱系统采集长枣的高光谱图像,提取每个样本感兴趣区域的平均光谱;建立长枣贮藏期的径向基核函数支持向量机（radial basis kernel function support vector machine,RBF-SVM）模型;分别选用正交信号校正法（orthogonal signal correction,OSC）、多元散射校正（multiplicative scatter correction,MSC）、中值滤波（median-filter,MF）、卷积平滑（savitzky-golay,SG）、归一化（normalization,Nor）、高斯滤波（gaussian-filter,GF）和标准正态变换（standard normalized variate,SNV）等方法对原始光谱进行预处理;为减少数据量,降低维度,提高运算速度,采用反向区间偏最小二乘法（backward interval partial least squares,BiPLS）、间隔随机蛙跳算法（interval random frog,IRF）和竞争性自适应加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）对光谱数据提取特征变量;建立全波段和特征波段的偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）和主成分回归（principle component regression,PCR）长枣果糖含量预测模型。结果表明：RBF-SVM判别模型校正集准确率为98.04%,预测集准确率为97.14%,能很好地预测长枣的贮藏期;利用BiPLS, IRF及CARS进行降维处理,提取特征波长个数为100, 63和23,占原光谱数据的80%,50.4%和18.4%;为简化模型运算过程并提高模型精度,采用CARS算法对BiPLS及IRF算法所选取的特征波长进行二次筛选,分别优选出18和15个特征波长,占原光谱数据的14.4%和12%,显著减少特征波长数;将全波段光谱与提取出的特征波长分别建立长枣果糖含量的PLSR及PCR预测模型,优选出CARS提取特征波长建立的PLSR模型效果最优,其中校正集的相关系数R_c=0.854 4,均方根误差RMSEC=0.005 3,预测集的相关系数R_p=0.830 3,均方根误差RMSEP=0.005 7,说明CARS有效地对光谱进行降维,简化了数据处理过程。研究表明,利用可见-近红外高光谱成像结合化学计量学方法及计算机编程,可以有效的实现灵武长枣果糖含量的快速无损分析,为灵武长枣内部品质的检测提供理论依据。     

基于异谱二维NIR-IR相关判别掺杂牛奶

为更快、更准确的判别掺杂牛奶和纯牛奶,将二维异谱NIR-IR相关谱与多维偏最小二乘判别(NPLS-DA)相结合,建立了掺杂牛奶与纯牛奶NPLS-DA模型。首先,准备并配置纯牛奶和浓度范围为0.01~1g·L-1掺杂淀粉牛奶样品各36个,并在室温的条件下采集所有样品的一维近红外透射光谱和中红外衰减全反射光谱。接着,计算了所有样品在4 200~4 800和900~1 700cm-1范围的同步二维NIR-IR相关谱,研究了其二维相关谱特性,并指出虽然该技术可提供更多的信息,但由于掺杂物微量,仍旧无法根据相关图谱直接对比判定牛奶是否掺杂,需要借助模式识别的方法进行判别。最后,将同步二维NIR-IR相关谱与NPLS-DA结合建立掺杂牛奶与纯牛奶的判别模型,该模型对校正集内部样品和预测集外部样品的判别正确率分别为95.8%和100%。此外,为了比较,分别建立了基于二维NIR和IR相关光谱的NPLS-DA模型,两模型对未知样品的判别正确率均为95.8%。研究结果表明:采用NIR-IR相关谱的NPLS-DA模型能提供更好判别结果。该方法可有效提取食品中掺杂物的特征信息,为检测掺杂食品提供了一个新的方法。