不确定度评估在中药近红外定量分析中的应用

采集六一散混合过程中样品近红外光谱,建立甘草酸含量近红外(NIR)偏最小二乘(PLS)定量模型。结果校正集相关系数r_cal=0.998 5,RMSEC=0.044 0 mg·g-1,预测集r_val=0.947 4,RMSEP=0.124 mg·g-1,表明近红外光谱法可作为六一散混合过程中甘草酸含量的快速测定方法。在定量模型建立的基础上,设计验证试验,采用由Liao等提出的基于蒙特卡罗仿真的方法,估计β-容度-γ-置信容许区间,并计算NIR定量分析不确定度,绘制不确定度轮廓。结果表明甘草酸含量高于1.56 mg·g-1时,测量不确定度在可接受范围(λ=±20%)内,表明所建不确定度评估方法可有效评价不同浓度水平下的甘草酸含量NIR定量模型的准确性和可靠性,可为其他中药NIR定量分析方法的不确定度评估提供借鉴。     

近红外光谱技术在线监测积雪草药材活性成分的大孔树脂分离纯化过程

利用近红外(NIR)光谱技术研究并建立可在线监测积雪草药材活性成分———羟基积雪草苷和积雪草苷的大孔树脂分离纯化过程的方法。收集积雪草药材提取物的50%乙醇大孔树脂洗脱液,并采集其近红外光谱信息,建立上述收集液中羟基积雪草苷、积雪草苷的高效液相色谱(HPLC)含量测定方法;然后,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立上述收集液的NIR光谱与其中羟基积雪草苷及积雪草苷含量的线性关系。建模过程中,以相关系数(R2)、交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为指标,确定用于建模的最优近红外波段和光谱预处理方法,即羟基积雪草苷和积雪草苷模型的最佳建模波段分别为12 000.8～7 499.8cm-1和12 000.8～9 750.3cm-1;R2分别为96.44和96.07;RMSECV分别为0.084 80和0.000 99。将上述模型用于在线监测积雪草药材提取物大孔树脂分离纯化过程中羟基积雪草苷及积雪草苷的含量,结果表明此模型预测效果良好。该方法快速、简便、准确,可用于生产过程中羟基积雪草苷及积雪草苷的在线检测和质量控制。     

动物粪便近红外光谱的应用潜力

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)以其低成本、高效、环保、无损的优势在日粮和畜产品品质分析中得到广泛应用。饲料品质参数(如粗蛋白)的获取对于日粮营养的合理搭配不可或缺,传统的近红外光谱技术将日粮的近红外光谱与日粮品质参数的化学测定值进行回归,建立预测模型对日粮品质参数进行检测。然而,在放牧条件下日粮近红外光谱的难以获取限制了这一传统建模方法在动物营养中的应用。作为动物代谢性产物,动物粪便不仅包含有日粮信息也携带有动物自身信息。近年来,基于动物粪便近红外光谱和日粮信息(日粮植物学成分、化学成分及其消化率)建立的回归模型,也已被用于动物日粮信息的检测。简要介绍F.NIRS在动物性别、品种鉴定及繁殖和寄生虫感染状态检测中的应用。NIRS在动物粪肥分析中的应用结果表明NIRS能够对粪肥中主要成分含量进行快速分析。尽管F.NIRS预测准确性有待提高,但已显示出其作为快速、有效的分析工具用于检测日粮品质参数及动物生理状态的潜力。相关的英文评述性文章业已出版,但在中国F.NIRS的研究和应用非常欠缺。期望本文的呈现有助于F.NIRS在国内的发展。推荐将NIRS作为快速分析工具用于对粪肥主要成分(DM,OM,TS,VS,TN,TKN和NH₃-N)含量进行检测。     

近红外光谱判别分析滤波器的设计与应用

近红外光谱(NIRS)在定量和判别分析中已得到广泛应用,化学计量学在其中发挥了重要作用,但仍需要建立基于新原理的方法,简化数据处理和建模过程,使近红外光谱分析更加方便、更加快速.多元光学计算(M O C)技术通过设计合适的光学滤波器可以在光谱测量的同时,根据光谱的整体形状得到定性定量结果.作为一种新的测量和计算方式,近...     

番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物近红外光谱同时在线检测

可溶性固形物和碰伤是影响番茄品质的两个主要因素。研究的目的是探索可见近红外漫透射光谱同时在线检测番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物的可行性。在单通道送果速度5个每秒条件下,采集番茄近红外漫透射光谱。对比分析碰伤与正常番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱特性,结果表明,碰伤与正常番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱在光强上存在明显差异,碰伤果光强要强于正常果,其原因可能是碰伤后果肉变软,透光性变强;在650和675 nm处碰伤果比正常果要多两个吸收峰,可能是碰伤后,番茄表皮颜色发生变化所致。选取贡献率占比最多的前三个主成数,对正常果与碰伤果近红外漫透射光谱主成分定性分析,正常果与碰伤果不能有效聚类,故近红外漫透射光谱主成分定性分析效果不明显,需选择建立高维近红外漫透射光谱定性判别模型。故建立了碰伤番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型,误判率为0%,能正确判别碰伤果,故选用碰伤番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型作为番茄碰伤果在线剔除分选模型。通过对未参与建模的样品进行验证,能正确识别出碰伤果。经近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型剔除碰伤果后,按照可溶性固形物指标进行分级。分别使用全部波段和606～850 nm的波段进行建模预处理,且对全部波段和606～850 nm波段光谱进行2阶导数预处理,前后平滑设为9,利用连续投影算法与遗传算法优选可溶性固形物的光谱建模变量,对比发现,利用未经算法筛选过的606～850 nm波段光谱变量进行建模,效果最好,建立了可溶性固形物在线检测模型,预测集均方根误差为0.43 Brix°。采用未参与建模的样品进行碰伤和可溶性固形物同时在线检测验证,碰伤样品的分选准确率达96%,可溶性固形物样品的分选准确率达91%。表明：番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物近红外漫透射光谱同时在线检测是可行的。     

秸秆热值近红外光谱模型的外部验证结果间的统计比较分析

从全国24个省(市)收集到222个秸秆样品,包括172个稻秸样品和50个麦秸样品。采用近红外光谱技术,结合主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归和改进的偏最小二乘回归建立了秸秆热值的定量分析校正模型。近红外光谱模型的建立与优化过程中使用了不同的散射校正方法和光谱导数处理来帮助改善模型精度。对得到的54个模型采用统计学的方法分析外部验证的结果,通过比较外部验证的系统偏差(Bias)和Bias校正的预测标准差(SEP(C)),考察了不同光谱预处理和回归方法对秸秆热值的近红外模型预测性能的影响。结果表明:近红外光谱技术能够快速、准确地分析秸秆的热值,模型的SEP(C)在134～178 J·g-1之间;对外部验证结果的统计分析,能够有效地选择较好的建模方法,确定较优模型。     

烟叶中六种成分OSC-PCR定量模型的研究

采用近红外光谱技术对烟草中常规化学成分总糖、 还原糖、 烟碱、 总氮、 淀粉和挥发性碱进行测定。利用正交信号校正法(OSC)对烟叶的近红外光谱进行预处理,再使用主成分回归方法(PCR)建立烟叶中六种化学成分的定量分析模型,采用蒙特卡洛交互验证作为集成的建模策略优化模型参数,使用外部预测的相对预测性能(RPD)评价模型。结果表明,OSC有效解决了PCR投影方向并非浓度相关性最大方向的问题,同时解决了噪声、 基线漂移、 杂散光等问题。OSC-PCR建立的模型能够有效检测烟草常规化学成分。该研究方法通过确定化学值的波动范围初步监控烟叶中常规成分的含量,对于烟草品质评价和控制质量稳定性以及烟草香气成分分析具有重要意义。     

NIRS法对栀子不同炮制品栀子苷含量的快速检测

以96批栀子不同炮制品为研究对象,高效液相色谱测定栀子苷含量为参考值,利用近红外光谱仪积分球漫反射测定其光谱图,建模波段取8 660~7 500,6 650~5 600和4 900~4 000 cm-1,以标准正态变换(SNV)和二阶导数法(2nd derivative)为预处理方法,主成分数为8,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对83批栀子样品建立栀子苷的定量校正模型,最终以13批栀子不同炮制品对模型进行验证。结果,定量模型的内部交叉验证决定系数(R2)为0.992 85,校正均方差(RMSEC)为0.240,预测均方差(RMSEP)为0.254,内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)为0.386 91,RMSEP/RMSEC=1.06。模型验证得到的相对分析误差(RPD)为8.81,绝对偏差范围-0.39%~0.23%,说明模型预测性较好。通过相关系数法,优选样品装样量、扫描次数、重复次数、分辨率实验条件;并由近红外一阶导和二阶导图,除去温湿度和样品水分影响波段,结合栀子苷对照品近红外光谱图,确定建模波段。首次利用NIRS法建立栀子不同炮制品栀子苷定量校正模型,方法简单快速,模型稳定可靠、准确性高,可同时应用于不同炮制品栀子中栀子苷含量的预测。     

一种近红外光谱在线监测新方法及其在中药柱层析过程中的应用

近红外光谱(NIRS)广泛应用于生产过程分析与监测,常需事先建立定量校正或定性判别模型,并需在生产条件变化后调整模型,使用较复杂。本文从相异度和相似度两个对立互补的角度,提出自适应移动窗口标准差法和过程光谱相似度法,并以此为基础建立一种针对生产过程的无需校正模型的简易光谱在线监测方法。论文以中药柱层析过程为例,对监测过程作NIRS自适应移动窗口标准差趋势图和过程光谱相似度趋势图,并通过HPLC离线分析所得的多指标成分含量变化趋势图进行对比验证,发现可用于工艺状况实时监测,指导收集起点、终点、溶液相变点的判断,表明论文提出的方法合理可行。该方法亦可用于紫外/可见、红外、拉曼、荧光等光谱及色谱、质谱等其他过程分析技术。     

近红外光谱分析技术在辛硫磷农药残留检测中的应用

采用近红外光谱分析法直接用于痕量农药辛硫磷的定量检测。通过引入一种样品预处理方法,将待测样品与硅胶混合,硅胶作为吸附剂,用来富集待测农药化合物,然后直接采集其漫反射光谱。用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法建立模型、留一交互验证法来对模型进行评价。通过两批次实验,浓度梯度为0.5 mg·L-1的21个样品的交互验证相关系数为0.958,RMSECV为 0.872 mg·L-1;浓度梯度为0.25 mg·L-1的41个样品的交互验证相关系数为0.924,RMSECV为1.15 mg·L-1。随着浓度梯度的降低,模型的预测能力有所下降,但模型的相关系数仍然较高。结果表明利用硅胶作为待测样品吸附剂的预处理方法,可以有效降低近红外光谱分析技术的检测限,在农药残留等低含量样品检测中有实际应用价值。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.