等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

酵母对抑制剂耐受的系统分析

纤维素生产乙醇的关键问题之一是水解产生的抑制性物质对乙醇发酵具有明显的抑制效应,因而引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注.研究发现,在抑制剂存在下,酵母在基因表达水平,蛋白水平和代谢物水平都有相应的耐受响应,且这些响应错综复杂.从系统角度运用组学的方法研究这一体系将有助于全面深入了解酵母的耐受机制.本文综述了系统研究的思路和方法在酵母对抑制剂耐受方面的研究状况;对主要研究手段和成果进行了回顾;并对酵母发酵乙醇系统分析的前景进行了展望.     

Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

C60离子束撞击固体表面的坍塌沉积(I)共焦显微拉曼光谱研究

Raman spectroscopy was applied to characterize the species deposited from the mass-selected C60 ion beam which was accelerated to 900 eV. The substrates for the deposition were (0001) surface of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite and (111) surface of gold crystal. The species do not exhibit the Raman scattering features of buckminsterfullerene, but displays peaks at 1585 and 1332 cm-1 instead. The former peak is the chararteristic Ranan peak of hexagonal graphite, and the latter can be attributed to the amorphous carbon in sp3 hybridization. The result reveals that C60 was collapsed to form a new phase when it collides on the solid surface.     

C_(60)离子束撞击固体表面的坍塌沉积(Ⅰ)共焦显微拉曼光谱研究

为了研究C60的结构特性，我们最近在实验中将加这后的C60离子束沉积在固体表面，对其沉积后的形态进行了共焦显微拉曼光谱的表征．在记录的光谱中已检测不出C60原有的特征谱问，说明C60离子在高速憧击固体表面后，已经完全失去了原有的球状构型．C60的t）［R实验在自制的串级飞     

He+C60↔(He@C60)的反应势垒研究

The reaction barriers of (He+C60(He＠60)) have been calculated by the quantum-chemical method EHMO/ASED in the following four paths: (1) penetrate through the pentagon on the C60 cage; (2) penetrate through the hexagon on the C60 cage,(3) penetrate through the short bond; (4) penetrate through the long bond. Corresponding to each path, there are two choices: (a) while He penetrate C60 cage, the distances of the C’s which are the most adjacent to He are changed with a planar extension and a concerned window is formed; (b) while He penetrate C60 cage, the distances of the C’s which are the most adjacent to He are changed with a spherical extension and a concerned window is formed. The results are given in Figs. 1-2 and Tables 1-2. It is shown that the reaction through path(4) with choice (a) has the least reaction barrier, being optimum. At that case, a window of 9-membered ring is formed. Because the window extension of C6H6 is more free than that of C60, the barrier of He penetrating through C6H6 will be lower than that of He penetrating through C60.     

内嵌复合物X@C60中相互作用的变化规律与键本质

系统地研究了内嵌复合物Ｘ＠Ｃ６０（Ｘ＝第ＩＡ簇或第ＶＩＩＡ族元素）形成过程的能量变化,以及其中笼环境下Ｘ与Ｃ６０间相互作用的变化特征与键本质。结果表明：（１）Ｃ６０笼环境力场具有球对称性;（２）各种分解与总相互作用与内嵌原子的原子序数或原子半径呈现出规则的递变规律;（３）除Ｉ外,其余元素原子与Ｃ６０间的作用对各自复合物的稳定性都有正效应的较大贡献;（４）Ｘ在Ｃ６０笼环境中居心或偏心的稳定位置是各种     

C60微电极伏安法研究

The microdisk electrode voltammetric behaviors of C_(60) are reported in this communication. This was accomplished by use of a mixed solvent system as Acetonotrile:Xylene=1:4 and a supporting electrolyte as 0.1 mol·L~(-1) Bu_4NPF_6. Au, Pt and Hg (Pt) were used as working electrode. In this new conditions, the successive six step reduction of C60 were obtained at below 15 ℃. It was found that the former five steps are all the single electron reversible reduction, but behaviors of the sixth steps are like EC' processes. Several electrochemical data were determined.     

Preparation and study of hydrides of fullerenes C60 and C70

Fullerene hydrides were prepared by hydrogenation of fullerences C₆₀ and C₇₀ using proton transfer from 9,10-dihydroanthracene to fullerene and were studied by mass spectrometry (electron impact, field desorption), IR, UV, and¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The main product of the hydrogenation of C₆₀ is C₆₀H₃₆, which is sufficiently stable. Hydrogenation of fullerene C₇₀ gives a series of polyhydrides C₇₀H _n (n=36–46), and the main product is C₇₀H₃₆. The dehydrogenation of C₆₀H₃₆ by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone is not quantitative and results in the formation of fullerene derivatives along with C₆₀. The comparison of the IR and¹H and¹³C NMR spectral data for solid C₆₀H₃₆ with the theoretical calculations suggests that the fullerene hydride has aT-symmetric structure and contains four isolated benzenoid rings located at tetrahedral positions on the surface of the closed skeleton of the molecule. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 4, pp. 671–678, April, 1997.     

Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3上表面氧物种脱附及其对催化性能的影响

采用ＸＲＤ,ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ和ＴＰＲ方法研究了ＺｒＯ２的改性对ＣｕＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上铜物种人散状态,表面氧物种的脱附和恢复性能,铜物种还原再氧行为的影响,并ＣＯ氧化反应为探针考察了催化剂的氧化活性,结果表明,ＺｒＯ２的存在的铜物种在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体上的分散容量降低,促进ＣｕＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上表面氧物种的脱附,同时有效地促进铜物种的还原,从而增加ＣＯ的氧化活性,实验还发现热处理条件对催     

固相浸渍法制备NiO/CeO2催化剂及其在CO氧化反应中的应用

采用固相浸渍法制备了一系列NiO/CeO2催化剂,并通过与常规湿浸渍法比较,考察了制备方法对催化剂和CO氧化反应性能的影响.同时结合X射线衍射(XRD),N2吸附-脱附(BET),透射电镜(TEM),氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR),拉曼(Raman)光谱,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构和表面物种分散状态进行了表征.CO氧化活性测试结果表明,当镍负载量相同时,固相浸渍法制备的催化剂相比于湿浸渍法表现出更好的催化性能.TEM、XPS、H2-TPR结果表明,固相浸渍法更有利于加强镍铈间的相互作用和得到高分散的镍物种,从而促进镍物种的还原.Raman结果表明固相浸渍法相比于湿浸渍法能产生更多氧空位,这有利于氧气在催化剂表面的活化,使得CO氧化反应更容易进行.     

三维有序结构In掺杂TiO_2薄膜的可见光催化活性

采用自组装生长聚苯乙烯胶体模板和溶胶-凝胶法,制备出三维(3D)有序结构In掺杂TiO2(IO-TiO2-In)薄膜可见光催化剂.光催化实验证明,IO-TiO2-In薄膜降解甲醛的可见光活性是TiO2和三维有序结构TiO2(IOTiO2)薄膜的5倍.利用X射线电子衍射(XRD)谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射吸收光谱确定了催化剂的晶相结构、表面微结构和能带结构.结果表明,IO-TiO2-In薄膜具有锐钛矿型三维有序结构,与TiO2相比,增加了比表面积,提高光的利用率;掺入的In离子在薄膜表面形成In2O3和O-In-Clx(x=1,2)物种,既增强可见光的吸收,又有效地促进了光生载流子的分离,提高了光生载流子在固/气界面参加光催化反应的利用率,使催化剂的可见光催化活性显著提高.     

以C60为媒介的网状金纳米粒子聚集体的构筑

通过全甲基化环糊精和卟啉之间的"Click"反应,合成了一种不对称环糊精修饰的卟啉衍生物,并对其结构进行了表征.该化合物与氯金酸作用可以形成平均粒径为5 nm的水溶性金纳米粒子,该金纳米粒子进一步与C60作用形成网状纳米聚集体,并通过紫外光谱和透射电子显微镜验证了聚集体的结构.