高效液相色谱法同时测定尿液中4种肾脏病常用药物

建立了一种高效液相色谱同时测定尿液中4种肾脏病常用药物依那普利、氨苯蝶啶、呋塞米及缬沙坦含量的方法。色谱分离选用WondaSil C18-WR (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μ m);以10.0 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 3.90)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,于254 nm波长下检测,18 min内实现了4种药物的分离分析。结果表明依那普利、氨苯蝶啶、呋塞米、缬沙坦分别在0.15~300 mg/L、0.05~100 mg/L、0.75~750 mg/L、0.05~100 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限依次为1.38×10^-2、7.67×10^-3、3.69×10^-2、1.16×10^-2mg/L,平均加标回收率在89.49%~99.20%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=3)在4.12%~9.44%之间。结果表明该方法样品处理简便、快速,结果准确可靠,为肾脏病患者尿液中的治疗药物浓度监测提供了一种新方法。     

基质固相分散萃取和固相萃取-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆-复合线性离子阱质谱同时测定奶制品中6种雌激素

采用了基质固相分散萃取（MSPD）和固相萃取（SPE）技术分别对奶制品（奶粉和牛奶）中6种雌激素进行提取和净化。结果显示,MSPD适用于固体奶粉的处理,而SPE则适用于液体牛奶的处理。基于优化结果,利用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆-复合线性离子阱质谱（HPLC-Q-TRAP-MS）建立了在不同奶制品中同时测定6种雌激素含量的方法。方法学考察结果显示,建立的分析方法符合含量测定要求,在0.1~200 mg/L（雌三醇为0.1~20 mg/L）范围内线性关系良好（相关系数（R²）>0.99）;检出限（LOD,S/N=3）和定量限（LOQ,S/N=10）分别为0.01~0.05 mg/L和0.05~0.10 mg/L。在添加水平分别为1.0、5.0和10 mg/kg时,固态奶粉经MSPD处理后,6种雌激素的平均回收率为71.8%~106.0%（RSD为1.6%~9.2%,n=3）;液态牛奶经SPE处理后,6种雌激素的平均回收率为70.3%~108.4%（RSD为2.0%~11.0%,n=3）。该方法灵敏度和重复性高,适于分析复杂基质中雌激素的痕量残留。     

供体-锯齿型碳纳米管-受体的非线性光学响应对管径的依赖性

用密度泛函 B3LYP 方法得到一系列不同管径的氨基-硝基双取代纳米管NH₂-(n,0)CNT-NO₂ (n＝5～10)的几何结构. 用CAM-B3LYP 方法计算了体系的第一超极化率(β₀). 研究表明, β₀ 对管径大小有着极强的依赖性. 特别是对偶数纳米管(n＝6, 8 和10), 其β₀ (5.5×10³～9.8×10⁴ au)是奇数纳米管β₀ (1.0×10³～2.8×10³ au)的5～35 倍.     

毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外法快速测定食品中的甜蜜素

建立了毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外法快速测定食品中甜蜜素的新方法。液体样品用超纯水稀释后直接进样;固体样品经粉碎或剪碎后用超纯水超声提取后离心,上清液直接进样或用水稀释后进样。以未涂敷石英毛细管（80 cm×75 μm,有效长度：70 cm）为分离柱,以2 mmol/L苯甲酸钠+10 mmol/L碳酸钠+0.5 mmol/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分离缓冲液;于200 nm波长处检测。检出限为8.9 mg/kg （S/N=3）,定量限为26.7 mg/kg （S/N=9）。低、中、高添加水平的加标回收率分别为93.4%、100.3%及101.9%,相应的RSD分别为6.7%、2.0%及2.2%（n=5）。日内及日间精密度分别为2.6%和4.5%。整个分析过程无需有机溶剂。在能力验证样品的分析结果与国家标准方法的结果相吻合的基础上,分析了7件食品样品,获满意结果。     

几种抗生素与人血清白蛋白结合反应的研究

用荧光法研究了头孢噻肟钠、苯唑西林、阿莫西林、诺氟沙星、依诺沙星等五种抗生素类药物与人血清白蛋白的结合反应,测得26℃时的结合常数K_A分别为1.98×10⁴,1.01×10³,1.38×10³,5.97×10⁴和7.15×10⁴L·mol^-1,结合位点数n分别为1.16,0.86,1.19,0.91和0.93.确定了这些药物与人血清白蛋白之间的主要结合力为静电作用力.     

毛细管电泳法测定水体中四环素类抗生素的基质效应及场放大进样技术的应用

比较了毛细管电泳（CE）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对水体中4种四环素类抗生素（四环素、土霉素、金霉素及强力霉素）的分离效果。实验考察了水体的基质效应（pH值和水硬度）对分离的影响,优化了电泳条件,在压力进样模式（HDI）下,9.0 min内4种抗生素可达到基线分离,与HPLC相比,CE可以节省一半左右的分析时间。该方法具有良好的线性关系,检出限（LOD）在0.28~0.62 mg/L之间,迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）（n=6）分别为0.42%~0.56%及2.24%~2.95%;自来水和鱼塘水中加标回收率分别在96.3%~107.2%之间和87.1%~105.2%之间。此外,利用场放大电动进样（FASI）对目标物进行柱内预浓缩,检测灵敏度较HDI进样模式提高,LOD降至17.8~35.5 μg/L,迁移时间和峰面积的RSD（n=6）分别为0.85%~0.95%及1.69%~3.43%。CE具有样品前处理简单、分析速度快的特点,对环境水体中抗生素的检测具有明显的优势。     

修饰铂电极上Cd(Ⅱ)的示波双电位滴定法

制备了镉修饰铂电极, 用循环伏安法表征了Cd(Ⅱ)在该电极上的吸附特性, 探讨了电极的响应机理. 通过优化试验条件, 建立了一种新的测定Cd(Ⅱ)的示波双电位滴定法. 在1.0 mol/L 的六次甲基四胺溶液中(pH＝6.0), 用制备的修饰铂电极作为双指示电极, 以EDTA 标准溶液滴定Cd(Ⅱ), 利用示波器屏幕上荧光点的显著最大位移指示滴定终点.Cd(Ⅱ)在9.0×10^－4～3.5×10^－3 mol/L 时, 回收率为99.8%～100.3%. 该修饰电极具有良好的稳定性和重现性, 在含有1.0×10^－3 mol/L Cd(Ⅱ)的溶液中, 连续13 次测定, 所得终点电位值均在37 mV左右, 其相对标准偏差(RSD)0.02%. 应用该方法测定含镉样品, RSD 值(n＝7)小于0.81%, 回收率为99.71%～100.09%, 测定结果与指示剂法测定值相符.     

金纳米粒子催化鲁米诺-异烟肼化学发光反应及其分析应用

研究发现, 在金纳米粒子存在下, 异烟肼与鲁米诺反应可产生强的化学发光. 采用响应曲面优化法中的Box-Behnken设计, 对试剂浓度进行了优化. 在优化的实验条件下, 相对化学发光强度与异烟肼的质量浓度在5.0× 10^－9～3.0×10^－7 g/mL范围内呈线性关系. 方法的检出限为4.1×10^－9 g/mL异烟肼, 相对标准偏差为1.3% (1.0×10^－7 g/mL异烟肼溶液, n＝11). 该方法已用于片剂、注射液和人血清中异烟肼含量的测定. 同时, 对化学发光反应的可能机理也进行了讨论.     

同步-偏振-导数荧光法同时测定三种苯二酚异构体的研究

苯二酚的三种异构体, 由于其吸收光谱和荧光光谱均重叠严重, 不能用常规分光光度法和荧光法进行同时测定. 而以λ＝0 nm进行同步扫描时, 在350～500 nm之间具有相似的荧光光谱特征, 其荧光强度有良好的加和性, 可以对三者进行总量测定. 研究还发现三种苯二酚异构体与Cu^2＋和异烟肼形成1∶1∶2的配位合物时, 用Δλ＝30 nm进行同步扫描并采用偏振和一阶导数法, 间苯二酚的导数荧光峰位于260 nm处, 对苯二酚的导数荧光峰位于320 nm处, 两者能很好分开, 而此时邻苯二酚荧光峰消失, 因此可在三者的混合物中分别测定间、对苯二酚, 然后再从总量中减去间、对苯二酚的含量, 从而测到邻苯二酚的浓度, 因此本工作通过上述方法可对三种苯二酚异构体进行同时测定. 其线性范围均在3×10^－6～5×10^－4 mol/L之内, 间苯二酚和对苯二酚的检出限分别是2.5×10^－7 mol/L和3.1×10^－7 mol/L; 其混和物总量的检出限是4.5×10^－7 mol/L, RSD均在5%以下. 该方法简便快速, 有良好的准确性和重复性, 用于环境水样中三种苯二酚的同时测定, 获得满意结果.     

烟嘧磺隆分子印迹聚合物表面等离子共振传感器的制备与分析应用

利用分子印迹技术与表面等离子共振光谱联用, 建立了对磺酰脲类除草剂烟嘧磺隆的检测方法. 实验过程中, 探讨了pH值对分子印迹膜吸附目标化合物特性的影响, 并在最佳pH下对其吸附和选择性能进行了评价. 与非印迹聚合物相比, 烟嘧磺隆印迹聚合物对烟嘧磺隆吸附效率比烟嘧磺隆类似物高. 该方法的线性范围为5.0×10^－12～25× 10^－12 mol/L, 烟嘧磺隆和分子印迹聚合物之间的结合常数为1.6×10¹⁰ L/mol, 吉布斯自由能变化值为－58.148 kJ/mol. 研究结果表明该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度高、重复性好等特点, 适用于自来水和土壤中磺酰脲类除草剂烟嘧磺隆的测定, 基于信噪比为3时, 自来水和土壤的检出限分别为5.62×10^－14和1.01×10^－13 mol/L, 平均回收率分别为85.6%和76.6%, 相对标准偏差分别为1.78%和3.21%.     

液相色谱法测定果蔬汁中柠檬黄和日落黄方法优化

对液相色谱法测定果蔬汁中柠檬黄和日落黄进行了方法优化,对色谱条件进行了调整,采用ODS-C18型(250 mm×4.6 mm)色谱柱,流动相甲醇-0.02 mol/L乙酸铵(体积比40∶60,pH4),流速为0.6 mL/min。采用紫外检测器,柠檬黄检测波长为430 nm,日落黄检测波长为510 nm。该方法测定结果的相对标准偏差为柠檬黄1.3%(n=4)、日落黄2.3%(n=4)。柠檬黄和日落黄的平均回收率分别为84.17%、88.33%。该法满足实验要求。     

Large‐volume sample stacking with polarity switching for analysis of azo dyes in water samples by capillary electrophoresis

ABSTRACT

A simple, fast and efficient on-line pre-concentration method (large-volume sample stacking) by capillary electrophoresis was proposed for determination of azo dyes residues (allura red [AR], sunset yellow [SY] and tartrazine [TAR]) in water samples. Pre-concentration variables involved in the system were optimised using of a Box–Bhenken design. Under the optimal conditions: injection time 150.0 s, pre-concentration time 120.0 s and reverse potential ?8.0 kV, the proposed methodology improved the analytical sensibility achieving limits of detection of 21.0–41.4 µg L^?1 with enrichment factors of 82.1–210.8 fold. The large-volume sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis method was validated and applied to determine azo dyes residues in 20 water samples (bottled, spring and tap water). Two samples were positive for sunset yellow and tartrazine with a concentration of 25.3 and 30.2 µg L^?1 and % RSD less than 10.0% in all cases.     

Food dyes screening using electrochemistry approach in solid state: the case of sunset yellow dye electrochemical behavior

Concerning the importance of the identification and characterization of food dyes in food science, this work presents a screening method using voltammetry of immobilized microparticles for identification in solid state of sunset yellow, tartrazine yellow, brilliant blue, indigotine, and erythrosine in food matrices. Different aqueous supporting electrolyte were investigated for screening purpose and NaCl 0.1 mol L⁻¹ showed to be suitable for evaluating dyes in solid state. By using square wave voltammetry as detection mode was possible to establish qualitative diagnostic criteria for identification of dyes in commercials powder of food dyes samples using both anodic and cathodic scan. Moreover, based on the solid-state electrochemistry profile and due to the lack of information about the electrochemical behavior of these compounds in solid state, some oxi/reduction pathways could be elucidated, and special attention was given to the case of sunset yellow dye.

     

Study of uptake kinetics of vincristine for human erythrocytes by capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was employed for the determination of vincristine using electrochemical detection with a carbon fiber microdisk bundle electrode at a constant potential of 1.0 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The optimum conditions of separation and detection are 1.7×10⁻² Na₂HPO₄− 3.2×10⁻³ mol/l NaH₂PO₄ (pH 7.5) for the buffer solution, 20 kV for the separation voltage. The limit of detection is 5.0×10⁻⁷ mol/l or 2.2 fmol (S/N=3) for the injection voltage of 5 kV and the injection time of 10 s. The recovery of the method is between 95 and 101% for the vincristine taken by human erythrocytes. The method was applied to investigate uptake and accumulation behavior of vincristine for human erythrocytes. The advantages of the method are the small sample volume of CZE and the high selectivity and sensitivity of electrochemical detection.     

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminum and iron in calcium

A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described whereby micro amounts of aluminum and iron can be determined in calcium metal. The iron is determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbency of the reddish-orange color of the tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II)ion, [(C₁₂H₈N₂)₃Fe]⁺⁺. This complex effectively removes the iron interference, and the aluminum is determined spectrophotometrically in the solution remaining from the iron determination by extracting it with a chloroform solution of 8-quinolinol and measuring the absorbency of the yellow color of the tris(8-quinolinolo)aluminum(III) in the chloroform solution.     

Study of composition and structure of aluminum phosphate binder

In this article, theoretical analysis and different testing techniques were used to study the reaction pathways and synthesized products of phosphoric acid and aluminum hydroxide at different Al/P molar ratios. The results show that: (a) When the molar ratio of phosphoric acid/aluminum hydroxide is 1:3, the reaction will produce stoichiometric aluminum dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H₂PO₄)₃); (b) when Al(OH)₃ is excessive, an intermediate, monohydroxy aluminum dihydrogen phospate (HO-Al-(H₂PO₄)₂), will appear, which is unstable and will continue to react according to two reaction pathways, one is intramolecular dehydration to form phosphoric acid hydrogen-dihydrogen aluminum diphosphate (H₂PO₄)Al(HPO₄); the other is intermolecular dehydration cross-linking to form a polymeric macromolecular aluminum phosphate H-((HPO₄)(H₂PO₄)Al-O-HPO₄-Al(H₂PO₄)-O)- _nH. The ratio of the two pathways is affected by the excess of Al(OH)₃. When the excess of Al(OH)₃ continues to increase, the ratio of the second reaction path begins to increase and the viscosity of the product gradually increases. Adhesion experiments show that the aluminum dihydrogen phosphate has the best bonding performance benefiting from its lower viscosity.     

Azo dyes degradation using TiO2-Pt/graphene oxide and TiO2-Pt/reduced graphene oxide photocatalysts under UV and natural sunlight irradiation

The photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes with different structures (amaranth, sunset yellow and tartrazine) using TiO₂-Pt nanoparticles (TPt), TiO₂-Pt/graphene oxide (TPt-GO) and TiO₂-Pt/reduced graphene oxide (TPt-rGO) composites were investigated in the presence of UV and natural sunlight irradiation. The composites were prepared by a combined chemical-thermal method and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Infrared (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The modification of TiO₂-Pt with graphene oxide shifted its optical absorption edge towards the visible region and increased its photocatalytic activity under UV and natural sunlight irradiation. The efficiency of catalysts on azo dyes degradation (in similar conditions) reached high values (above 99%) under sunlight conditions, proving the remarkable photocatalytic activities of obtained composites. TPt-GO nanocomposite exhibited higher photoactivity than TPt or TPt-rGO, demonstrating degradation efficiencies of 99.56% for amaranth, 99.15% for sunset yellow and 96.23% for tartrazine. The dye photodegradation process follows a pseudo-first-order kinetic with respect to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism. A direct dependence between azo dyes degradation rate and chemical structure of dyes has been observed.     

Determination of tyrosine traces by adsorption voltammetry of its copper (II) complex

The electrochemical behavior of the copper-tyrosine complex has been studied by linear-sweep adsorption voltammetry. In 0.02 mol/L Na₂HPO₄ buffer solution (pH=9.6), the complex can be adsorped on a hanging mercury drop electrode and reduced at a peak potential of about –0.42 V (vs. SCE). The secondary derivative peak height is linear proportional to the concentration of tyrosine in the range 1.0×10^–7–5.0×10^–5 mol/L. The detection limit is 5×10^–8 mol/L.Project supported by the Provincial Science Foundation of Shandong Province     

三种食用色素的电化学行为的理论计算与验证

用量子理论计算柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红的相对焓（Hm）、相对熵（Sm），计算柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红的还原电位分别为-0．969，-0．901，-0．854V（vs．Ag／AgCl／Cl）。探讨了琼脂对色素的电催化机理，采用循环伏安法在玻碳琼脂电极上研究了食用色素柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红的电化学行为，分别于-1．064，-0．910，-0．882V（vs．Ag／AgCl／Cl）产生还原峰，理论预测与试验结果基本一致。     

Separation of Enantiomers by On‐Line Capillary Isotachophoresis‐Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

The ability of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled on‐line with capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) sample pretreatment in the column‐coupling capillary electrophoresis equipment to separate trace enantiomers present in samples of complex ionic matrices and enantiomers present in their mixtures at significantly differing concentrations has been studied. Enantiomers of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl labeled norleucine (DNP‐Nleu) and tryptophan enantiomers were employed as model analytes in this work while urine and mixtures of tryptophan enantiomers of differing concentrations served as model samples. Experiments performed with urine samples spiked with the DNP‐Nleu racemate at sub‐μmol/L concentrations demonstrated excellent sample pretreatment capabilities of ITP (concentration of the analytes, in‐column and post‐column sample clean up) when coupled on‐line with chiral CZE separations. In the CZE separations of enantiomers present in the samples at trace concentrations the sample pretreatment could be performed in both achiral and chiral ITP electrolyte systems. The use of a chiral electrolyte system was found to be essential in the ITP pretreatment of the samples containing the enantiomers at very differing concentrations. For example, a 2×10^–7 mol/L concentration of L‐tryptophan could be detected in the CZE separation stage of the ITP‐CZE combination in samples containing about a 10⁴ excess of D‐tryptophan only when the ITP pretreatment was carried out in the electrolyte system providing the resolution of enantiomers (α‐cyclodextrin served for this purpose in the present work). A post‐column ITP sample clean up was found effective in enhancing the destacking rate of the trace enantiomer in the CZE stage when the migration configuration of the enantiomers was less favorable (the trace constituent migrating behind the major enantiomer).