高电压锂离子正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4高温特性

随着新能源电动汽车和大容量储能的快速发展,亟需开发高能量密度、高功率密度的锂离子电池。镍锰酸锂(LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄)由于具有高电压平台(4.7V)、较高的能量密度和功率密度、资源丰富、成本低等优点,被认为是最具潜力的锂离子电池正极材料之一。然而,在高温条件下,LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄会与电解液发生严重的界面副反应,导致循环性能变差,这严重制约了其商业化进程。因此,改善LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的高温特性成为锂离子电池领域的研究热点之一。本文对近期LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料相关研究的主要成果进行综述,以LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的基本特性和现存挑战入手,着重关注离子掺杂、表面包覆和表面掺杂等策略提升材料的高温性能,并为后续研究提出建议和展望。     

磷酸钐包覆对高电压镍锰酸锂正极材料电化学性能的影响

尖晶石型镍锰酸锂(LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄)因制备成本低、 放电平台高及循环寿命长等优点, 越来越多地应用于大型储能设备、 能量转换设备、 动力汽车等领域. 然而LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄在高电压(5 V)充电状态下电解液易分解, 从而导致比容量降低以及循环性能衰退. 针对以上问题, 采用水热法制备磷酸钐(SmPO₄)表面包覆改性LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄正极材料, 研究了SmPO₄包覆量对LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, 当SmPO₄包覆量为0.5%(质量分数)时, 改性材料(LNMO@SP-0.5)的电化学性能最优, 在0.2C和5C倍率下的放电比容量分别为129.2和90.9 mA?h/g, 而未包覆的材料Pristine LNMO的放电比容量分别仅有114.2和77.7 mA?h/g. 在常温1C倍率下循环200次后, LNMO@SP-0.5的容量保持率为93.4%, 而Pristine LNMO的容量保持率仅为86.6%. 这归因于SmPO₄包覆能够有效缓解LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料与电解液之间的副反应, 降低电极的极化程度和电荷转移电阻, 增加了Li⁺的扩散系数.     

尖晶石LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料首周充放电过程的结构与动力学研究

以NaOH为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备尖晶石LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄正极材料,使用X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶转换红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电镜（SEM）分析材料结构与表面形貌. 结果表明,该材料属于空间群的无序尖晶石LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料,由八面体粒子团聚成3 ~ 6 μm的大粒子. 恒电流充放电结果显示,材料在0.1C倍率下首周放电比容量为121.5 mAh·g^-1,经过150周充放电后,材料比容量无明显衰减,其容量保持率为99%. 用PITT和原位XRD联用技术研究了充放电过程中材料的结构与锂离子扩散系数之间的关系. PITT法测得材料中锂离子的扩散系数为10^-10 ~ 10^-11 cm²·s^-1.     

高倍率球形锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用碳酸盐共沉淀-高温固相法制备得到了颗粒平均尺寸约5 μm振实密度为2.1 g·cm^-3的均匀微球形高镍LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂材料.X射线衍射（XRD）分析和透射电镜（TEM）结果表明这种微球状LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂材料具有完善的层状α-NaFeO₂结构,过渡金属层原子呈[√3×√3]R30°排布.电化学性能测试结果证实了该材料具有优异的循环稳定性和高倍率性能.具体而言,在2.7~4.3 V,1C下循环100次后的放电比容量为150 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为94.6%,在30C的超高倍率下,放电比容量还能达到96 mAh·g^-1.同时,该材料的储能能力也非常突出,在0.1C时比能量密度为687.83 Wh·kg^-1（体积能量密度为1444.45 Wh·L^-1）,在30C时仍达335.27 Wh·kg^-1（体积能量密度为704.07 Wh·L^-1）,非常有潜力应用于商业化高能量密度锂离子电池.     

锂离子电池正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂

提高电压是提高锂离子电池比能量的重要途径之一。例如,LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄(4.7 V)、LiNiPO₄(5.1 V)和富锂锰基等电极材料在较高的充电截止电压下表现出较高的能量密度和较低的成本,具有很好的应用前景。另外,提高LiCoO₂和三元电池体系的充电截止电压是提升电池能量密度的简单有效措施。但是,当电池充电截止电压提高时,不仅会造成电解液在正极/电解液界面的氧化分解,还会加速正极中金属阳离子在电解液中的溶解,造成电池循环性能和安全性下降。采用不同的正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂,既可以有效钝化正极/电解液界面,抑制电解液的分解,还可以有效抑制正极结构的破坏。本文从添加剂的分子结构出发,介绍了磺酸酯、硼酸酯、磷酸酯、氟代碳酸酯、腈类、酸酐和锂盐等添加剂在正极界面的相关研究成果,并对不同添加剂的作用机理进行了详细的解释和归纳;另外,介绍了添加剂的联用技术在不同电池体系中的最新研究成果;最后,对新型正极界面修饰用电解液添加剂的开发进行了展望。     

锆掺杂以提升LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2正极材料的高温电化学性能

为解决LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂正极材料在高温下循环性能差的问题,本文通过固相法对材料进行锆掺杂改性,研究了不同掺杂量对LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂晶体结构和电化学性能的影响。研究表明,当锆掺杂量为1% (x)时,可以降低LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂结构中的Li⁺/Ni²⁺离子混排,有助于材料电化学性能的提高,尤其是高温循环性能。在25 ℃、3.0-4.3 V下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环95次后容量保持率为92.13%,优于未掺杂样品(87.61%)。在55 ℃下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环115次后容量保持率仍有82.96%,远高于未掺杂样品(67.63%)。因此,少量锆掺杂对提升LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂的高温循环性能有积极作用。     

LiV3O8在Li2SO4水溶液中的电化学性能

采用低温固相法合成了具有纳米结构的LiV₃O₈材料.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及透射电子显微镜（TEM）测试显示该材料具有纳米结构.X射线衍射（XRD）表明该材料属于单斜晶系,P2₁Im空间群.并采用循环伏安法（CV）及电化学阻抗谱图测试对该材料在1、2 mol·L^-1Li₂SO₄水溶液及饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液中的电化学行为进行了研究.结果表明,LiV₃O₈在饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液中具有最好的电化学性能.以LiV₃O₈作为负极材料,LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂作为正极材料,饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液作为电解液组成了水性锂离子电池,进行恒流充放电测试,结果表明,在0.5C(1C=300 mA·g^-1)的充放电倍率下,该水性锂离子电池的首次放电比容量为95.2 mAh·g^-1,循环100次后仍具有37.0 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量.     

不同形貌结构Li4Ti5O12负极材料的最新进展

由于电子和信息行业的需要, 过去十年锂离子电池得以快速发展. 目前, 锂离子电池仍呈现需求量增长的趋势, 对锂离子电池的安全性要求也越来越高. 因此促使寻找一种比碳/石墨材料更安全, 循环性能更理想的锂离子电池负极材料以满足电动汽车等新兴行业的需求. 尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂作为“零应变材料”具有优异的循环稳定性、价格便宜、容易制备、较高的平台电压和良好的安全性, 已成为锂离子动力电池负极材料的研究热点, 被认为是目前最具应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料. 由于形貌选择对于Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的电化学性能有着至关重要的影响, 本文综述了球形、多孔(中空)结构、纳微结构、核壳结构等不同形貌Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的合成及其性能研究的最新进展; 总结了各种形貌的优点, 已解决和待解决的问题, 常用合成方法以及各自的适应领域; 并对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

ZrO2包覆高镍LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2正极材料提高其循环稳定性的作用机理

高镍三元材料作为一种锂离子电池正极材料,因其较高的放电比容量而得到科学界和工业界的广泛关注。研究表明,高镍三元材料的比容量与材料中的Ni含量呈正相关,但Ni含量的增加也会加剧循环过程中的界面副反应,材料表面释氧以及结构转变等问题。本文采用ZrO₂包覆LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂材料,利用X射线衍射证明,在高温处理下ZrO₂包覆物中的Zr⁴⁺会掺杂进LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂材料表面晶格中,使得X射线衍射谱中的(003)衍射峰左移。电化学测试证明在4.3和4.5 V的截止电压下,改性最优的材料在1C循环100周后容量保持率分别从84.89%和75.60%提高到97.61%和81.37%,同时发现循环稳定性的提升主要来自材料表面的Zr⁴⁺掺杂。X射线光电子能谱证明Zr⁴⁺表层掺杂后材料的Ni化合价由Ni3+向Ni²⁺转变,透射电子显微镜观察到Zr⁴⁺的表层掺杂使得材料表面的层状结构发生重构,从而稳定了材料体相结构,提高了材料整体的循环稳定性。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2研究进展

富锂锰基正极材料Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂因具有超过250 mA·h·g^-1的可逆比容量和高工作电压(>3.5 V. Li/Li⁺)以及经济成本低的特点，在便携式电子设备中发挥着重要的作用，也被认为是下一代混合动力汽车(HEV)和电动汽车(EV)的理想动力源，是一种有前途的正极材料。由于富锂锰基正极材料存在低倍率容量、电压衰减严重、初始容量损失大的问题，因此提高电池的容量和寿命是目前研究的重点。为此综述了锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂的储锂机理、制备方法以及改性研究。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.